Search

Y-chromosome short tandem repeat (Y-STR) and Y-chromosome single nucleotide polymorphism (Y-SNP) are genetic markers on the male Y chromosome for individual identification, forensic applications, and paternal genetic history analysis. In this study we successfully genotyped 38 Y-STR loci and 24 Y-SNP loci of Pudong Han (n = 689) and Chongming Han (n = 530) in Shanghai. The haplotype diversity of the Y filer platinum genotyping system was the highest in the Han population in the Pudong area of Shanghai (0.99996) and Chongming Island (0.99997). The proportion of unique haplotypes was 97.10% (Pudong) and 98.49% (Chongming), respectively. The multidimensional scaling analysis and phylogenetic analysis were performed according to the genetic distance Rst, which was calculated based on the Y-STR gene frequency data. Moreover, we made a comparison on the frequency distribution analysis and principal component analysis of haplogroups in both populations. As a result, Shanghai Pudong Han, Chongming Island Han, and Jiangsu Han were determined to have a strong genetic affinity. The haplogroup distribution characteristics of the Pudong Han and Chongming Han populations were similar to those of the southern Han population. The results of haplotype network analysis showed that Jiangsu Wujiang Han and Jiangsu Changshu Han had more paternal genetic contributions to the formation of Shanghai Pudong Han and Chongming Island Han. Through the joint analysis of SNPs and STRs, this study deeply analyzed the paternal genetic structure of the Pudong Han and Chongming Han populations. The addition of Y-SNP haplogroups to forensic applications can provide information for pedigree investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Influenza B virus (IBV) belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family and generally causes sporadic epidemics but is occasionally deadly to individuals. The current research mainly focuses on clinical and pathological characteristics of IBV. However, to better prevent or treat the disease, one must determine the strategies developed by IBV to invade and disrupt cellular proteins and approach to replicate itself, to suppress antiviral innate immunity, and understand how the host responds to IBV infection. The B/Shanghai/PD114/2018 virus was able to infect alveolar epithelial cells (A549) cells, with good potential for replication. To identify host cellular responses against IBV infection, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained using RNA sequencing. The GO and KEGG pathway term enrichment analyses with the DEGs were performed, and we found that the DEGs were primary involved in metabolic processes and cellular function, which may be related to the host response, including the innate immune response against the virus. Our transcriptome analysis results demonstrated robust induction of interferon and interferon-stimulated gene expression by IBV in human cells during the early stages of infection, providing a foundation for further studies focused on antiviral drug development and interactions between the virus and host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct and indirect effects of complex urban land-use types on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including their total amount, composition, sources and sinks, were evaluated from 84 sampling points in the megacity of Shanghai. We measured the content and composition of PAHs adsorbed by the leaves of Cinnamomum camphora and established buffers of different radii at each point. The different land-use types areas were counted therewith to investigate their effects on the sources and sinks of PAHs in leaves. Results showed that the average value of PAHs in the leaves was 3014.06 ± 1879.713 ng g−1. The substance profiles were dominated by medium-molecular-weight (MMW, 54%) and high-molecular-weight (HMW, 45%) PAHs, and these fractions were much higher than that of low-molecular-weight (LMW, 1%) PAHs. Through correlation analysis, the land-use type of industry, road, business, and residential areas were initially assessed as the sources of PAHs, whereas water, farmland, and woodland areas were sinks. Lasso regression proved that road and residential areas have proven to be the main source of PAHs in Shanghai, rather than industry and business areas. Woodland was found to be a better sink for PAHs than water and farmland. Sources and sinks of PAHs with different benzene rings also differed greatly: the main sources of MMW PAHs were industrial emissions and commercial activities, with the main sinks being water and woodland; the primary sources of HMW PAHs were traffic emissions and residential activities, with the main sink being farmland. This study assessed the sources and sinks of PAHs in cities, from the perspective of varied effects of different urban land-use types on PAH composition and spatial distribution, and bridged the gap between urban PAHs alleviation and the land-use planning in megacity, with instructive significance for planning policy development. Image 1 • 1. The content of PAHs and land-use types of 84 sampling sites were calculated. • 2. PAHs in leaves were determined to characterize the content in the atmosphere. • 3. For MMW PAHs, industry served as main source, water and woodland served as sinks. • 4. The main source of HMW PAHs was road with the main sink being farmland. • 5. Land-use adjustment should be different in the urban stock land and incremental land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]