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Summary: This paper presents the work on the structural health monitoring design and operational modal analysis of a 250‐m super‐tall building situated in Shanghai, China. The building is a steel–concrete composite structure with a steel composite frame‐concrete core tube system. At the 21st and 36th–38th floors, outrigger trusses and ring‐shaped trusses are set to strengthen this structure. Because the height of this structure is overlimited and its lateral stiffness in the vertical direction is nonuniform, a SHM system was designed to monitor the structural condition and evaluate its safety. The SHM system is presented in this paper, and the instrumented equipment includes accelerometers and tilt sensors. The locations of sensors were well arranged so that SHM could be conducted using the least amount of sensors. On the basis of the system, an ambient vibration test was carried out to perform the analysis with four setups designed to investigate the modal parameters in the X and Y directions. The Fast Bayesian FFT method was employed to perform the operational modal analysis. The first 10 modes were identified. The modal parameters obtained by the Bayesian method are studied and discussed, and they are compared with the results obtained by other methods. Long‐term monitoring of this super‐tall building was also carried out to investigate the change of modal parameters in different stages. The results of this study are expected to provide a reference for model updating, damage detection, and SHM of this high‐rise building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]