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The freeway on-ramp merging section is often identified as a crash-prone spot due to the high frequency of traffic conflicts. Cars and trucks have different sizes and operation characteristics, but very few traffic conflict analysis studies considered different vehicle types at freeway merging sections. Thus, the main objective of this study is to analyze lane-changing conflicts between different vehicle types at freeway merging sections. Vehicle trajectories are extracted from the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) video data which are collected in Shanghai, China. Time-to-collision (TTC) is utilized as the surrogate safety measure (SSM) to analyze lane-changing conflicts. Results show that TTC values of car-car conflicts are the smallest, while truck-truck conflicts have the largest TTC values. Although traffic conflicts frequently occur at the on-ramp and additional rightmost lane, the spatial distribution of lane-changing conflicts is significantly different between different vehicle types. The findings of this study are useful for transportation management agencies to design proper strategies to improve traffic safety at freeway merging sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aimed to facilitate the understanding of the transmission route and risk factors that might contribute to the infection of Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: A cross-sectional study of 520 subjects was conducted in Shanghai, China in 2020. Plasma samples were collected and screened for KSHV, HIV, HBV, HCV, and syphilis. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore potential correlates of KSHV infection. Results: The overall seroprevalence of KSHV was 43.8%, with an adjusted value of 29.8% according to the sensitivity and specificity of the KSHV screening assay. Individuals with lower levels of monthly income (Chi-sqauretrend = 4.11, P = 0.043) and more male sex partners (Chi-sqauretrend = 6.06, P = 0.014) were more likely to be infected with KSHV. Also, KSHV seropositivity was positively associated with being a student (aOR = 1.96; 95%CI: 1.09–3.61), being coinfected with HCV (aOR = 2.61; 95%CI: 1.05–7.10), and syphilis (aOR = 2.91; 95%CI: 1.30–6.89). Conclusions: The prevalence of KSHV in MSM remains high. As a risky sexual behavior, having multiple male sex partners is a key contributor to KSHV infection among this population. Efforts designed to control modifiable risk factors in order to reduce the burden of KSHV infection are indispensable. High KSHV seroprevalence among students MSM deserves more attention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The burden of cancer-related mortality of common malignancies has been reported worldwide. However, whether bone cancer (BC), as a highly aggressive and heterogeneous group of rare cancers, followed a similar or distinct epidemiological pattern during such process remains largely unknown. We aimed to analyze the mortality and the temporal trends of BC in relation to gender, age, and premature death in Shanghai, China. Methods: We conducted a population-based analysis of the mortality data of BC in Shanghai Pudong New Area (PNA) from 2005 to 2020. The epidemiological characteristics and long-term trends in crude mortality rates (CMRs), age-standardized mortality rates worldwide (ASMRWs), and rate of years of life lost (YLL) was analyzed using the Joinpoint regression program. The demographic and non-demographic factors affecting the mortality rate were evaluated by the decomposition method. Results: There are 519 BC-specific deaths accounting for 0.15% of all 336,823 deaths and 0.49% of cancer-specific death in PNA. The CMR and ASMRW of BC were 1.15/105 person-year and 0.61/105 person-year, respectively. The YLL due to premature death from BC was 6,539.39 years, with the age group of 60–69 years having the highest YLL of 1,440.79 years. The long-term trend of CMR, ASMRW, and YLL rate significantly decreased by −5.14%, −7.64%, and −7.27%, respectively, per year (all p < 0.05) in the past 16 years. However, the proportion of BC-specific death within the total cancer-specific death dropped to a plateau without further improvement since 2016, and a remarkable gender and age disparity was noticed in the observed reduction in mortality. Specifically, the elderly benefited less but accounted for a larger percentage of BC population in the last decades. Although the overall mortality of BC decreased, there was still a significant upward trend toward an increased mortality rate caused by the aging of the BC patients. Conclusion: Our study provides novel insights on the epidemiological characteristics and longitudinal dynamics of BC in a fast urbanization and transitioning city. As a rare disease affecting all ages, the burden of BC among the elderly emerged to form an understudied and unmet medical need in an aging society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although some factors that predict the prognosis in pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor (pNET) have been confirmed, the predictive value of lymph node metastasis (LNM) in the prognosis of pNETs remains conflicting and it is not clear whether regional lymphadenectomy should be performed in all grades of tumors.Methods: We included pNET patients undergoing surgery in Shanghai pancreatic cancer institute (SHPCI). The risk factors for survival were investigated by the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression model. We evaluated the predictors of LNM using Logistic regression.Results: For 206 patients in the SHPCI series, LNM was an independent prognostic factor for entire cohort suggested by multivariate Cox regression analysis. LNM (P = 0.002) predicted poorer overall survival (OS) in grade 2/3 cohort, but there is no significant association between LNM and OS in grade 1 cohort. Grade (P < 0.001) and size (P = 0.049) predicted LNM in entire cohort. Grade (P = 0.002) predicted LNM while regardless of size in grade 2/3 cohort.Conclusions: Based on our own retrospective data obtained from a single center series, LNM seems to be associated with poorer outcome for patients with grade 2/3 and/or grade 1 > 4 cm tumors. On the other way, LNM was seems to be not associated with prognosis in patients with grade 1 tumors less than 4 cm. Moreover, tumor grade and tumor size seem to act as independent predictors of LNM. Thus, regional lymphadenectomy should be performed in grade 2/3 patients but was not mandatory in grade 1 tumors < 4 cm. It is reasonable to perform functional sparing surgery for grade 1 patients or propose a clinical-radiological monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to understand the demographics, functional disabilities, cognitive impairment, and depressive mood among stroke patients and to explore the correlation between functional disability and the other health conditions so as to provide some data for community rehabilitation among stroke patients. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the functional status of ischemic stroke patients with stroke history between 1 month and 2 years by applying the modified Rankin Scale (mRS). Data were collected during October 2016 and January 2017 from 11 communities in two districts of Shanghai, China. We used face-to-face questionnaire interviews to collect information on sociodemographics, vascular risks associated with stroke, cognitive function [Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE)], and depression [Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9)]; and we applied SPSS 24.0 for data analysis. Results: In this study, 305 patients with ischemic stroke were finally recruited, including 189 (61.97%) men, with an average age of 67 years. According to the mRS score, ischemic stroke patients were divided into patients without symptoms (controls, mRS = 0), patients without obvious disability (mRS = 1), and patients with mild to severe disability (mRS = 2–5). Ischemic stroke patients with different mRS levels demonstrated significant differences in age, tobacco smoke exposure, previous stroke history, cognitive function, and depression status. Compared with patients without symptoms (mRS = 0), patients with mRS = 1 had a lower MMSE score [odds ratio (OR): 0.48, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.26–0.90]; and patients with mRS = 2–5 had a lower MMSE score [OR = 0.16, 95% CI: 0.08–0.33], had a higher PHQ-9 score [OR = 5.36, 95% CI: 2.19–13.11], and were more likely to have previous stroke history [OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.01–4.79]. Conclusion: Lower degrees of functional independence are related to cognitive impairment, as well as the previous stroke history and depression status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: With the importance of early childhood development more recognized by the international society, low-cost and cross-culturally comparable measures of early childhood development is in great demand, both in China and worldwide. In this study, we aim to test the psychometrics of the Chinese version of The Early Human Capability Index (eHCI), which is designed as a measurement for school readiness in large population.Methods: We evaluated the internal consistency, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, factor structure, criterion-related validity, and discriminant validity of the eHCI in 20,324 preschool children in Shanghai. We also compared eHCI scores with test result of ASQ in 815 children in Yexian and EAP-ECDS in 6947 children in Daming.Results: The ICC between parents and teachers were 0.83 and 0.63 for Literacy Numeracy and Overall Development. The confirmatory factor analyses showed good model fit (χ2 = 509,323, p < 0.001; CFI = 0.901; RMSEA = 0.038). The correlations between the scores of eHCI and other ECD metrics ranged between r = - 0.42 and r = 0.53. The scale discriminated between children's developmental level based on sex, parental education, family income, family assets, and nutrition status.Conclusions: Results from Chinese population suggested that eHCI is valid and reliable for measuring early childhood development in children aged 3-6 years. The eHCI can be applied to map the global distribution of early childhood development for allocating scarce resources to help those in greatest demand. Longitudinal studies are warranted to test its predictive validity for later outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pagiophloeus tsushimanus is a new, destructive, and monophagous weevil pest that thrives on Cinnamomum camphora , found in Shanghai. The functions of chemosensory genes involved in the host location and intraspecific communication of P. tsushimanus remain unknown. The male–female transcriptomes of P. tsushimanus adults were assembled using Illumina sequencing, and we focused on all chemosensory genes in transcriptomes. In general, 58,088 unigenes with a mean length of 1018.19 bp were obtained. In total, 39 odorant binding proteins (OBPs), 10 chemosensory proteins (CSPs), 22 olfactory receptors (ORs), 16 gustatory receptors (GRs), eight ionotropic receptors (IRs), and five sensory neuron membrane proteins (SNMPs) were identified. PtsuOBPs comprised four subfamilies (20 Minus-C, one Plus-C, two Dimer, and 15 Classic). Both PtsuOBPs and PtsuCSPs contained a highly conserved sequence motif of cysteine residues. PtsuORs including one olfactory receptor co-receptors (Ptsu / Orco) comprised seven predicted transmembrane domains. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that PtsuOBPs , PtsuCSPs , and PtsuORs in P. tsushimanus exhibited low homology compared to other insect species. The results of tissue- and sex-specific expression patterns indicated that PtsuOBPs and PtsuORs were highly abundant in the antennae; whereas, PtsuCSPs were not only highly abundant in antennae, but also abdominal apexes, wings, and legs. In conclusion, these results enrich the gene database of P. tsushimanus , which may serve as a basis for identifying novel targets to disrupt olfactory key genes and may provide a reverse validation method to identify attractants for formulating potential eco-friendly control strategies for this pest. Unlabelled Image [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Anthropogenic groundwater recharge altered the recharge source of FSGD. • The flow pathways of SGD were significantly impacted by anthropogenic activities. • The contribution ratio of seawater exceeds 60% in most intertidal zones. • Stable isotopic is an effective tool for identifying the process of SGD. Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is recognised as a crucial factor influencing coastal ecosystems and biogeochemical processes. Anthropogenic activities not only discharge a large amount of nutrients and pollutants into oceans but also alter the hydrological processes of SGD. Changes in the recharge source and flow pathway of submarine groundwater under anthropogenic activities were revealed in this study by investigating the spatial and temporal isotopic, geochemical and hydrometric characteristics of various water types. The interaction between salt water and fresh water in the intertidal zone was also explored based on the law of isotopic mass conservation and the model of end-member mixing. Our results indicated that the shallow groundwater at depths of 4 m and 13 m is mainly recharged by local precipitation. The fresh submarine groundwater, river water, lake water and terrestrial groundwater at depths of 23 m and 60 m are largely recharged by the Yangtze River. The fresh submarine groundwater is mainly affected by artificially recharged with water from the Yangtze River, and its recharge pathway is relatively deep due to the impact of dam construction. Seawater contributes to more than 60 % of the SGD in most intertidal zones through the discharge processes of mixed salt water and seawater in the upper saline plume. Our study contributes to an improved understanding of anthropogenic impacts on SGD and has crucial implications for accurately tracing and quantifying the hydrological processes of SGD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We use emergy analysis model to evaluate the ecosystem services. • The services supply and flow between ecosystems and urban area were identified. • Urban ecosystem has gradually transformed from a positive to a passive participant. • Attention should be paid to water supply and retention service of the wetland. Chongming Island, the largest alluvial island in the world, is an ecologically sensitive area. Due to its green space, farmland, estuaries and coastal wetlands and its proximity to the city of Shanghai (45 km, home to 24.2 million people), the island supports important agricultural and fisheries economies. This paper carries out an evaluation of the ecosystem services (ES) on Chongming Island, Shanghai, based on the emergy analysis method, identifying the service supply and flow between ecosystems and urban area. Results show that from the ecosystem-type perspective, the tidal wetland ecosystem provides the most service to Chongming Island, accounting for 45.2% ES emergy in 2012, followed by the agricultural ecosystem (34.5%) and the freshwater wetland ecosystem (6.3%). From ecosystem service-type perspective, water supply, flood storage and aquatic product supply are the main emergy outputs of the wetland ecosystem and account for 51.1%, 17.6% and 25.2% of the emergy, respectively. Food supply is the main emergy of the cropland ecosystem output and accounts for 58% of the emergy. Organic matter production and water retention are the main services provided by the forest ecosystem, accounting for 33.6% and 30.0% of the total emergy respectively. Based on the systematic emergy dynamic analysis, on the one hand, the wetland and forest ecosystems played more significant roles in water supply and retention while the cropland ecosystem had a less important role in food supply from 2002 to 2012. On the other hand, the urban ecosystem has gradually transformed from a positive to a passive participant in the role of supplier and user for ecosystem services. Finally, policy options are proposed to promote land use planning and restore/maintain ecosystem services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diagnostic accuracy of COVID-19 varies among different assays. In this study, the analytical performance of 1 rapid nucleic acid detection assay (Coyote assay) and 2 routine RT-qPCR assays (BioGerm assay and DaAn assay) was evaluated, using 1196 clinical samples. Disagreement in the results of 2 paired targets occurred in all 3 assays. The Coyote assay failed to detect 15 samples, and the DaAn assay failed to detect 5 samples. The Cohen's kappa coefficient was 0.970 between the BioGerm and DaAn assays, 0.907 between the Coyote and BioGerm assays, and 0.936 between the Coyote and DaAn assays. The positive percent agreement, and negative percent agreement of the Coyote assay were 84.04%, and 100%, respectively. Our study revealed that the results of the Coyote, BioGerm, and DaAn assays were highly consistent, which provided reference for the application of these assays for diagnosis of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]