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Intensive blood pressure (BP) lowering in patients with hypertension has been associated with a lowered risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). It is still uncertain what is the optimal BP levels to prevent AF in the general elderly population. In the present prospective study, we investigated the association between incident AF and BP in an elderly Chinese population. Elderly (≥65 years) residents were recruited from 6 communities in Shanghai. 9019 participants who did not have AF at baseline and had at least one ECG recording during follow-up were included in the present analysis. During a median of 3.5 years follow-up, the overall incidence rate of AF was 5.6 per 1000 person-years (n = 178). Systolic BP was associated with increased AF risk (age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio [HR] per 20-mmHg increase for systolic BP 1.21, 95% CI 1.04–1.39, P = 0.01), but risk estimate was attenuated after adjustment for common AF risk factors. In categorical analyses, statistical significance was achieved for HR relative to optimal BP only in stage 2 or 3 systolic and diastolic hypertension (multivariate-adjusted HR 1.76, 95% CI 1.00–3.08, P = 0.05). The association between AF incidence and BP status tended to be stronger in the absence than presence of a history of cardiovascular disease at baseline (P for interaction = 0.06). In this Chinese population of 65 years and older, linear increases in systolic and diastolic BP were not independently associated with increased risk of AF, and only exposure to stage 2 or 3 hypertension carries a higher risk of AF. • Linear increases of BP were not independently associated with increased risk of AF. • Only stage 2 or 3 hypertension carries a higher risk of AF. • Stringent BP control may be more useful in younger patients to prevent AF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The undulator is a key luminous component of the Shanghai high repetition rate x-ray free electron laser and extreme light facility, and the motion control system is an important part of the undulator. The main task of the motion control system is to complete the high precision adjustment of the gap and taper between the upper magnetic pole girder and lower magnetic pole girder, so as to adjust the wavelength of the radiation light. According to the development requirements of the motion control system for the U26 undulator, which is a conventional permanent magnet, this paper proposes a new motion control system with double position feedback closed-loop control, including programmable logic controller (PLC) closed-loop control based on position feedback by a linear absolute encoder (LAE) and driver closed-loop control based on position feedback by a rotary absolute encoder (RAE) of a servo motor. Multiple motion tests of the U26 undulator have shown that the repeatability accuracy of the gap is ±50 nm and the gap drive can reach 0.1 µm step size, the error of which is about ±20 nm according to the feedback of the LAE. The conclusion can be drawn that the motion step size and repeatability accuracy of the motion control system for the U26 undulator are improved by one order of magnitude on the basis of meeting all technical requirements. At the same time, motor torque protection, motor temperature protection, and redundant position protection with RAE can further improve the reliability and safety of the motion control system for the U26 undulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea is a destructive disease in grapes. Although the preharvest use of pesticides can control it, fungicide resistance in B. cinerea is now common. We used an Effect and Less Spraying Control (ELSC) method for applying fungicides effective against B. cinerea on grapes. The spraying schedule was determined by exploring the key stages of B. cinerea invasion using field and in vitro inoculation tests. The results indicated that the stage most vulnerable to pathogen invasion is the full-bloom stage. The disease incidence/severity in this stage is highest compared with the pre-bloom, 10-days-after-full-bloom, bunch-closure and veraison stages. Given the inoculation results and the threat of residual infected petals, the ELSC method established an optimum spray schedule at full bloom and 10 days after full bloom. To evaluate the ELSC method, four kinds of fungicides were used in an experimental trial in Beijing in 2015 and 2017; Shanghai in 2016; and Hebei in 2019 and 2021. Fludioxonil was the most effective fungicide, followed by Pythium oligandrum (bio-fungicide), difenoconazole + azoxystrobin and pyraclostrobin. ELSC was more effective against B. cinerea than the traditional control schedule, when comparing the disease severity (i.e., 0.07 ± 0.10% in ELSC and 0.49 ± 0.014% in the traditional practice when using fludioxonil). The average yield per hectare in ELSC confirmed that spraying during flowering does not have a deleterious effect on grape yield. It produced a 1224.37 00 kg/ha greater yield than the control group when fludioxonil was applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Breeding habitat can influence rice frog abundance and morphology. • Rice frog in farmland ditches exhibited highest abundance and lowest body condition. • Diverse waterbody types in agricultural landscapes benefit rice frog population. Amphibians are threatened by the intensification of agriculture throughout the world. Several studies have considered the morphology of animals to be an indicator of the health of a population, but differences in anuran morphology (especially body condition) in different breeding habitats in agricultural landscapes remain largely unknown. In this study, we investigated differences in the abundance and morphology of the rice frog (Fejervarya multistriata) in three waterbody types (ten farmland irrigation ditches, ten fruit forest drainage ditches, and ten lotus ponds) in agricultural landscapes in Shanghai, China. We sampled the snout–vent length, body mass, and body condition index for 206 individual rice frogs from the three types of waterbody. Our results showed that the abundance of rice frogs was higher in farmland irrigation ditches than in the other two habitats, whereas the snout–vent length, body mass, and body condition index of rice frogs were lower in farmland irrigation ditches than in the other two habitats. Our results suggest that breeding habitats in agricultural landscapes have different effects on rice frog abundance and morphology, and that constructing diverse waterbodies (other than farmland irrigation ditches) in the same agricultural landscape might benefit the condition of rice frogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coilia nasus is a typical anadromous migratory fish found in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Every year, C. nasus clusters offshore and swims upstream along the Yangtze River into the tributaries and lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River to breed. In this study, female C. nasus were collected as study subjects from the Chongming section of Shanghai, the Taizhou section of Jiangsu, and the Anqing section of Anhui. Their ovaries were used to examine tissue sections and investigate gene expression, including the follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr), the luteinizing hormone receptor (lhr), kisspeptin-1 (kiss1), and forkhead box l2 (foxl2), which are related to reproductive development, while the serum levels of estrogen (including estradiol, E2) and progestins (including 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregenen-3-one, 17α,20β-DHP) were also analyzed. Our results showed that, first, the growth period of the oocytes was small in stage II of ovarian development, in which both E2 and 17α,20β-DHP levels and gene expression were low. Then, in stage III, the growth period of the oocytes became large, and the yolk granules and oil droplets began to appear. Simultaneously, E2 and the expression of kiss1 and foxl2 were significantly elevated. Finally, stage IV was the period of a large amount of accumulation of nutrients in the oocytes, and 17α,20β-DHP levels and the expression of fshr and lhr were significantly elevated. These results enrich the theoretical study of ovarian development in the natural population of C. nasus, supplementing the biological basis of C. nasus reproduction and scientifically supporting the study of C. nasus population ecology and resource conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spread of SARS-CoV-2 led to a global pandemic, and there remains unmet medical needs in the treatment of Omicron infections. VV116, an oral antiviral agent that has potent activity against SARS-CoV-2, was compared with a placebo in this phase 3 study to investigate its efficacy and safety in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. This multicentre, double-blind, phase 3, randomised controlled study enrolled adults in hospitals for infectious diseases and tertiary general hospitals in China. Eligible patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio using permuted block randomisation to receive oral VV116 (0·6 g every 12 h on day 1 and 0·3 g every 12 h on days 2–5) or oral placebo (on the same schedule as VV116) for 5 days. Randomisation stratification factors included SARS-CoV-2 vaccination status and the presence of high-risk factors for progression to severe COVID-19. Inclusion criteria were a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, an initial onset of COVID-19 symptoms 3 days or less before the first study dose, and a score of 2 or more for any target COVID-19-related symptoms in the 24 h before the first dose. Patients who had severe or critical COVID-19 or who had taken any antiviral drugs were excluded from the study. The primary endpoint was the time to clinical symptom resolution for 2 consecutive days. Efficacy analyses were performed on a modified intention-to-treat population, comprising all patients who received at least one dose of VV116 or placebo, tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid, and did not test positive for influenza virus before the first dose. Safety analyses were done on all participants who received at least one dose of VV116 or placebo. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT05582629 , and has been completed. A total of 1369 patients were randomly assigned to treatment groups and 1347 received either VV116 (n=674) or placebo (n=673). At the interim analysis, VV116 was superior to placebo in reducing the time to sustained clinical symptom resolution among 1229 patients (hazard ratio [HR] 1·21, 95% CI 1·04–1·40; p=0·0023). At the final analysis, a substantial reduction in time to sustained clinical symptom resolution was observed for VV116 compared with placebo among 1296 patients (HR 1·17, 95% CI 1·04–1·33; p=0·0009), consistent with the interim analysis. The incidence of adverse events was similar between groups (242 [35·9%] of 674 patients vs 283 [42·1%] of 673 patients). Among patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19, VV116 significantly reduced the time to sustained clinical symptom resolution compared with placebo, with no observed safety concerns. Shanghai Vinnerna Biosciences, Shanghai Science and Technology Commission, and the National Key Research and Development Program of China. For the Chinese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Optimal strategies for prevention and treatment for post-stroke depression (PSD) remain unclear and a greater understanding of effect of resilience on PSD is promising. The aim was to examine the association between baseline resilience and depression at 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge, which contributes to early detection and management of PSD.Methods: A total of 217 ischemic stroke survivors were recruited in two tertiary hospitals in Shanghai, China from February 2017 to January 2018. The Chinese version of Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC) was used to assess resilience at acute hospitalization. Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was employed to ascertain baseline anxiety, baseline depression, and post-discharge depression. Social-demographic and disease-related information were obtained from participants' self-report and medical records. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine which factors were independently associated with PSD.Results: The prevalence of depression at baseline was 21.2% and at 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge was 34.4%, 33.2%, and 29.2%, respectively. Logistics regression analyses indicated that resilience may independently predict PSD at 1 month (OR: 0.22, 95%CI: 0.097, 0.518), 3 months (OR:0.302, 95%CI: 0.151, 0.607), and 6 months (OR: 0.03, 95%CI: 0.006, 0.153) after controlling for social-demographics, disease-related characteristics, baseline anxiety, and baseline depression.Limitations: Non-multicenter survey and mild stroke severity may affect the generalization of these findings. Moreover, response bias should be acknowledged because some participants were read questionnaires out aloud.Conclusion: Resilience is independently associated with PSD at different timepoints. Our findings reveal the important role of resilience as a protective factor against PSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehensive studies of the effects of various physical and chemical variables (including heavy metals), antibiotics, and microorganisms in the environment on antibiotic resistance genes are rare. We collected sediment samples from the Shatian Lake aquaculture area and surrounding lakes and rivers located in Shanghai, China. The spatial distribution of sediment ARGs was assessed by metagenomic analysis that revealed 26 ARG types (510 subtypes), dominated by Multidrug, β-lactam, Aminoglycoside, Glycopeptides, Fluoroquinolone, and Tetracyline. Redundancy discriminant analysis indicated that antibiotics (SAs and MLs) in the aqueous environment and sediment along with water TN and TP were the key variables affecting the abundance distribution of total ARGs. However, the main environmental drivers and key influences differed among the different ARGs. For total ARGs, the environmental subtypes affecting their structural composition and distribution characteristics were mainly antibiotic residues. Procrustes analysis showed a significant correlation between ARGs and microbial communities in the sediment in the survey area. Network analysis revealed that most of the target ARGs were significantly and positively correlated with microorganisms, and a small number of ARGs (e.g., rpoB, mdtC, and efpA) were highly significantly and positively correlated with microorganisms (e.g., Knoellia, Tetrasphaera , and Gemmatirosa). Potential hosts for the major ARGs included Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Gemmatimonadetes. Our study provides new insight and a comprehensive assessment of the distribution and abundance of ARGs and the drivers of ARG occurrence and transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Allergenic pollen protein can be released from pollen grains and suspended in the air to cause allergenic reactions. However, the allergenic protein and its relationship with redox trace elements in ambient size-resolved particles has not been reported. Ambient size-resolved particles in Shanghai's atmosphere were sampled during the Platanus pollen season in the spring season of 2017. Planatus pollen protein 3 (Pla a3) and redox trace elements in the ambient particles were investigated and their relationship was analyzed. Our data demonstrated that the mass level of the Pla a3 in the size-resolved particles ranged from 0.41 ± 0.28 to 7.46 ± 2.23 pg/m3, and decreased with the size range. Mass concentrations (ppb) of crustal elements (Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, Na) in the size-resolved particles ranged from 20.11 ± 9.87 to 1126.22 ± 659.51, while trace elements (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Cd, Cs, Ba, Pb) varied from 0.05 ± 0.03 to 57.53 ± 19.7. Mass levels of these trace elements decreased according to particle size. The Abundance of redox trace elements, including Fe (R2 = 0.82), Mn (R2 = 0.54), Cu (R2 = 0.61), Ba (R2 = 0.82), and Pb (R2 = 0.82) in the size-resolved particles was significantly related to that of Pla a3, and our data implied redox trace elements might take syngenetic effects on the allergenicity induced by Pla a3 protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the risk factors for gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding in congenital heart disease (CHD) patients supported with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (V‐A ECMO) after open‐heart surgery. Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on children with (GI group: 26 cases) and without (control group: 122 cases) GI bleeding during ECMO at Shanghai Children's Medical Center from 2017 to 2020. Clinical data were analyzed and compared between groups to search for risk factors for GI bleeding. Results: A total of 148 cases were included in the study. The overall incidence of GI bleeding was 17.6% (26/148). The in‐hospital mortality rate in the GI group was 61.5% (16/26) versus 45.9% (56/122) in the control group. Twenty‐six patients suffered cardiac arrest before ECMO support. The GI bleeding incidence among extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation (ECPR) patients was 50.0% (13/26) versus 28.7 (35/122) among non‐ECPR patients, p = 0.035. The activated clotting time (ACT) was 201.40 s (180.47 to 247.27) in the GI group versus 177.63 s (167.79 to 203.13) (p = 0.050) in the control group. The lowest antithrombin level (Min AT) was 27.00 ± 13.07% versus 37.62 ± 15.18 (p = 0.001). The pH and lactate levels before ECMO (Pre PH and Pre Lac) were lower in the GI group than in the control group. (7.31 ± 0.23 vs. 7.35 ± 0.17, p = 0.035 and 12.2 ± 6.11 vs. 7.78 ± 6.67, p = 0.003). Liver function during ECMO support was statistically worse in the GI group than in the control group. Multivariate analysis showed that Pre Lac (OR = 1.106 [1.018–1.202], p = 0.0016) was an independent risk factor for GI bleeding. ROC analysis of Pre Lac and GI bleeding showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.700 (95% CI: 0.600–0.800, p = 0.002) and a cutoff value of 9.30 mmol/L (sensitivity, 73.1%; specificity, 62.7%). Conclusions: As the first study in this field, the probability of GI bleeding and related mortality was found to be high in children supported with V‐A ECMO after open‐heart surgery. A higher lactate level before ECMO was an independent risk factor for GI bleeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the measures for controlling ozone (O 3) pollution in Jinshan District, Shanghai, China during the summer months of June 2022–August 2022. The study period was divided into a control period (CP) when measures were enforced and a non-control period (NCP) without interventions. The concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were compared between the two periods, with the ranking of various types of identical VOCs, in which alkanes exhibited the highest (39.48%) concentrations, followed by aromatics (24.35%), halohydrocarbons (19.94%) and alkenes (16.23%). Compared to NCP, the mean levels of VOCs were 32.67% lower in CP, indicating the control measures significantly reduced the concentrations of VOCs during the months when control measures were in effect. The typical bimodal O 3 pattern was eliminated during CP along with the absence of peak VOC levels between 10:00 Hrs and 16:00 Hrs, which surpassed the level of 40 μg/m3 during NCP. The analyses of O 3 formation potential (OFP) and rate of loss of OH radicals (L OH) indicated that alkenes and aromatics were the most chemically active VOCs driving the production of O 3. Following six types of sources were determined for VOCs using positive matrix factorization (PMF): (1) solvent use (8.2%); (2) fuel evaporation (25.1%); (3) petrochemical plant (17.3%); (4) LPG (20.1%); (5) industrial process (16.1%); (6) vehicular emissions (13.2%). Emissions from vehicles and solvent use declined by 19.21% and 15.43%, respectively, underscoring their importance as controllable VOC sources in Shanghai, China. Overall, the study demonstrated the effectiveness of regional control measures in improving air quality by reducing the production of O 3 and related VOCs. [Display omitted] • Characteristics and sources of VOCs in industrial parks in Shanghai were analyzed under different management periods. • Industrial process and vehicle exhaust were major sources of VOCs. • Controlling the emissions of alkenes and aromatics was crucial for mitigating regional ozone pollution. • Control measures in the summer of 2022 effectively reduced the VOCs emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Gait disturbances may appear prior to cognitive dysfunction in the early stage of silent cerebrovascular disease (SCD). Subtle changes in gait characteristics may provide an early warning of later cognitive decline. Our team has proposed a vision-based artificial intelligent gait analyzer for the rapid detection of spatiotemporal parameters and walking pattern based on videos of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between gait features assessed by our artificial intelligent gait analyzer and cognitive function changes in patients with SCD.Methods: This will be a multicenter prospective cohort study involving a total of 14 hospitals from Shanghai and Guizhou. One thousand and six hundred patients with SCD aged 60-85 years will be consecutively recruited. Eligible patients will undergo the intelligent gait assessment and neuropsychological evaluation at baseline and at 1-year follow-up. The intelligent gait analyzer will divide participant into normal gait group and abnormal gait group according to their walking performance in the TUG videos at baseline. All participants will be naturally observed during 1-year follow-up period. Primary outcome are the changes in Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score. Secondary outcomes include the changes in intelligent gait spatiotemporal parameters (step length, gait speed, step frequency, step width, standing up time, and turning back time), the changes in scores on other neuropsychological tests (Montreal Cognitive Assessment, the Stroop Color Word Test, and Digit Span Test), falls events, and cerebrovascular events. We hypothesize that both groups will show a decline in MMSE score, but the decrease of MMSE score in the abnormal gait group will be more significant.Conclusion: This study will be the first to explore the relationship between gait features assessed by an artificial intelligent gait analyzer and cognitive decline in patients with SCD. It will demonstrate whether subtle gait abnormalities detected by the artificial intelligent gait analyzer can act as a cognitive-related marker for patients with SCD.Trial Registration: This trial was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov ( NCT04456348 ; 2 July 2020). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric brown carbon (BrC) is a kind of organic aerosol that efficiently absorbs ultraviolet-visible light and has an impact on climate forcing. We conducted an in-depth field study on ambient aerosols at a monitoring point in Shanghai, China, aiming to investigate the potential emission sources, molecular structures, and the contributions to light absorptions of ambient BrC chromophores. The results indicated that nine molecules were identified as nitroaromatic compounds, five of which (4-nitrophenol, 4-nitrocatechol, 2-nitro-1-naphthol, 3-methyl-4-nitrocatechol, and 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol) usually came from biomass burning or were produced from the photo-oxidation of anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (e.g., toluene, benzene) under high-NOx conditions. 4-nitrophenol was the strongest BrC chromophore and accounted for 13% of the total aerosol light absorption at λ = 365 nm. The estimated light absorption of black carbon was approximately three times the value of methanol-soluble BrC at λ = 365 nm. The ratios of K+/OC and K+/EC, and the correlations with WSOC, OC, HULIS-C and K+, and MAE values of methanol extracts also indicated that the primary emissions from biomass burning contributed more aerosol light absorption compared to the secondary formation during the wintertime in Shanghai. Therefore, biomass burning control is still the most urgent strategy for reducing BrC in Shanghai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) situated within urban landscapes play a critical role in fostering sustainable urban development while concurrently serving as substantial contributors to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Under the dual pressure of future urban socioeconomic development and the carbon neutrality target, it is important to identify GHG emission reduction pathways for municipal WWTPs. Existing research on GHG emission reduction in WWTPs exhibit a notable absence of a comprehensive city-centric perspective, with insufficient consideration given to the impact of water conservation measures. We constructed a GHG emission accounting system for the municipal WWTPs employing Shanghai as a case study. Based on field surveys of typical WWTPs, we proposed GHG emission reduction pathways and future demand-technology scenarios. Our results showed that, with the robust mitigation measures, Shanghai's municipal WWTPs have the potential to curtail GHG emissions to 0.55 Mt by 2050. Notably, GHG emission reduction can be achieved through water conservation and technical improvement. Medication optimization and energy saving are significant mitigation measures for GHG emission reduction, and should be optimally considered in the future. This investigation not only establishes a forward-looking GHG emission reduction roadmap for the municipal WWTPs at the city-scale but also imparts valuable insights to urban management practices in analogous urban settings. [Display omitted] • A unified city-level accounting system for GHG emissions from municipal wastewater treatment is established. • GHG emission reduction can be achieved through water conservation and technical improvement. • Medication optimization and energy saving are significant mitigation measures for GHG emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Background: Little is known about the etiology of pancreatic cancer. Epidemiological studies on tea consumption and pancreatic cancer risk have been inconclusive. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association between green tea drinking and the risk of pancreatic cancer in urban Shanghai, China. Methods: In this population-based case–control study conducted in urban Shanghai, 908 cases of pancreatic cancer and 1067 healthy controls were recruited. Information on tea drinking, including type of tea, amount of tea consumption, temperature of tea, and the duration of regular tea drinking, were collected via interview questionnaire. Results: We examined the association of multiple tea drinking habits with the risk of pancreatic cancer. In women, regular green tea drinking was associated with 32% reduction of pancreatic cancer risk (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.48–0.96), compared to those who did not drink tea regularly. Increased consumption and longer duration of tea drinking were both associated with reduced pancreatic cancer risk in women. Among regular tea drinkers, lower temperature of tea was associated with reduced risk of pancreatic cancer in both men and women, independent of amount or duration of tea drinking. Conclusions: Habits of green tea drinking, including regular drinking, amount of consumption, persistence of the habit, and tea temperature, may lower pancreatic cancer risk. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Understanding the mechanisms of how urbanization influences the evolution of native species is vital for urban wildlife ecology and conservation in the Anthropocene. With thousands of years of agriculture‐dominated historical urbanization followed by 40 years of intensive and rapid urbanization, Shanghai provides an ideal environment to study how the two‐stage urbanization process influences the evolution of indigenous wildlife, especially of anuran species. Therefore, in this study, we used mitochondrial Cyt‐b gene, microsatellite (SSR), and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to evaluate the demographic history and genetic structure of the eastern golden frog (Pelophylax plancyi), by sampling 407 individuals from 15 local populations across Shanghai, China. All local populations experienced bottlenecks during historical urbanization, while the local populations in urban areas maintained comparable contemporary effective population sizes (Ne) and genetic diversity with suburban and rural populations. Nevertheless, the rapid modern urbanization has already imposed significant negative effects to the integrity of populations. The 15 local populations were differentiated into eight genetic clusters, showing a spatial distribution pattern consistent with the current urbanization gradient and island–mainland geography. Although moderate gene flow still occurred from the rural peripheral cluster to urban and suburban clusters, population fragmentation was more serious in the urban and suburban populations, where higher urbanization levels within 2‐km radius areas showed significant negative relationships to the Ne and genetic diversity of local populations. Therefore, to protect urban wildlife with limited dispersal ability, improving conditions in fragmented habitat remnants might be most essential for local populations living in more urbanized areas. Meanwhile, we highlight the need to preserve large unfragmented rural habitats and to construct corridor networks to connect discrete urban habitat remnants for the long‐term wildlife conservation in intensively urbanizing environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One research direction for future synchrotron light sources is the development of elliptically polarized undulators (EPUs) with a short period and high magnetic field. The Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF) has developed a compact EPU prototype with a 16 mm period. The prototype incorporates a novel magnetic structure consisting of 8 magnet arrays, generating a peak magnetic field reaching approximately 0.8 T. Additionally, the magnetic structure is compact and lightweight, featuring a 5 mm aperture (ϕ 5 mm). To assess its performance, the magnetic field was measured using the pulsed wire and Hall sensor methods. This paper presents a detailed analysis of the physical design, mechanical structure, and measurement results of the compact EPU prototype. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollen pollution and allergy are becoming prominent issues in China. However, few studies on pollinosis have been reported. As an allergen in the atmosphere, allergenic Humulus scandens pollen was collected from four districts of Shanghai, including Wusong (WS), Jiading (JD), Xujiahui (XJH) and Songjiang (SJ). The mass concentrations of SO 2 , NO 2 , O 3 , PM 10, and PM 2.5 (particulate matter with air dynamic diameter less than 10 and 2.5 µm, respectively) near the four sampling sites were also recorded during Humulus scandens pollen season. The allergenicity of the Humulus scandens pollen was assessed by using of a rat model and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Relationships between the allergenicity and air pollutants were correlated. Our results demonstrated that the biological viability of the pollens collected from the four districts exhibited no significant differences. ELISA and dot blotting results further demonstrated that the serum of sensitized rats exhibited much higher immune-reactive response than that of control groups. Western blotting showed that the 15 KD (1KD = 1000 dalton) proteins of Humulus pollen led to the allergic response. The allergenic intensity of Humulus pollen protein from different samples followed the pattern: WS > JD > XJ > SJ. There was a negative relationship between the allergenicity of Humulus pollens and PM 10 (R = -0.99) / PM 2.5 (R = -0.73), and a positive relationship with O 3 (R = 0.92). These data clearly showed that PM 10 and PM 2.5 could enhance Humulus pollen protein release, and O 3 could aggravate the allergenicity of the Humulus pollen. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is underdiagnosed and especially undertreated in China. We aimed to investigate the prevalence of unknown and untreated AF in community residents (≥65 years old) and to determine whether an education intervention could improve oral anticoagulant (OAC) prescription. Methods and findings: We performed a single–time point screening for AF with a handheld single-lead electrocardiography (ECG) in Chinese residents (≥65 years old) in 5 community health centers in Shanghai from April to September 2017. Disease education and advice on referral to specialist clinics for OAC treatment were provided to all patients with actionable AF (newly detected or undertreated known AF) at the time of screening, and education was reinforced at 1 month. Follow-up occurred at 12 months. In total, 4,531 participants were screened (response rate 94.7%, mean age 71.6 ± 6.3 years, 44% male). Overall AF prevalence was 4.0% (known AF 3.5% [n = 161], new AF 0.5% [n = 22]). The 183 patients with AF were older (p < 0.001), taller (p = 0.02), and more likely to be male (p = 0.01), and they had a higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease than those without AF (p < 0.001). In total, 85% (155/183) of patients were recommended for OAC treatment by the established guidelines (CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 2 for men; ≥ 3 for women). OAC prescription rate for known AF was 20% (28/138), and actionable AF constituted 2.8% of all those screened. At the 12-month follow-up in 103 patients (81% complete), despite disease education and advice on specialist referral, only 17 attended specialist clinics, and 4 were prescribed OAC. Of those not attending specialist clinics, 71 chose instead to attend community health centers or secondary hospital clinics, with none prescribed OAC, and 15 had no review. Of the 17 patients with new AF and a class 1 recommendation for OAC, only 3 attended a specialist clinic, and none were prescribed OAC. Of the 28 AF patients taking OAC at baseline, OAC was no longer taken in 4. Ischemic stroke (n = 2) or death (n = 3) occurred in 5/126 (4%), with none receiving OAC. As screening was performed at a single time point, some paroxysmal AF cases may have been missed; thus, the rate of new AF may be underestimated. Conclusions: We demonstrated a noticeable gap in AF detection and treatment in community-based elderly Chinese: actionable AF constituted a high proportion of those screened. Disease education and advice on specialist referral are insufficient to close the gap. Before more frequent or intensive screening for unknown AF could be recommended in China, greater efforts must be made to increase appropriate OAC therapy in known AF to prevent AF-related stroke. Ji-Guang Wang and colleagues highlight the gap between AF screening and treatment in Chinese residents over 65 years of age. Author summary: Why was this study done?: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common heart rhythm problem that often has no symptoms, so it is often underdiagnosed. People with AF can have a very high stroke risk, which is highly preventable with appropriate oral anticoagulant (OAC) medications. Neither the prevalence of unknown and untreated AF in the Chinese community nor whether patient education in the community health center has the potential to improve OAC prescription are known. What did the researchers do and find?: We screened for AF in residents aged ≥65 years in community health centers in Shanghai and provided disease education and advice on referral to specialist clinics for OAC treatment to people with newly detected or undertreated known AF. We demonstrated a noticeable gap in AF detection and treatment: 2.8% of those screened had unknown or untreated AF. At 12 months, only 17/103 people with newly detected or undertreated known AF attended specialist clinics, and only 4/17 had commenced OAC therapy. What do these findings mean?: We highlight a serious public health issue in China with underdiagnosis and undertreatment of AF in the community that requires a whole-of-system approach. To prevent AF-related stroke in China, greater efforts must be made to increase appropriate OAC therapy in people with AF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the learning curve in an untrained resident surgeon for the initial case series of tension-free vaginal tape–obturator (TVT-O) to treat stress urinary incontinence. Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted in Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, China, between March 2014 and June 2018. All consecutive women included were treated by the TVT-O procedure performed by one surgeon working under the supervision of an expert surgeon. Clinical features, estimated blood loss, operative time, postoperative hospital stay, total hospital stay, adverse events, and subjective and objective cure rates were recorded. Learning curve patterns were estimated to determine the number of cases to reach a plateau using the moving average method. Results: In total, 188 patients were included for analysis. Patients ranged from 39 to 91 years, with the average age of 57.5 ± 9.7 years. The mean operative time was 32.0 minutes (range 20–60). Operative time and blood loss decreased with increase in the level of expertise, whereas postoperative hospital stay and total hospital stay were not influenced by the number of procedures performed. The number of cases required to reach a plateau was ∼30. Objective cure rate and subjective cure rate were achieved in 88.7% and 88.2% at 12 months, respectively. Groin pain was the most common postoperation complication, which continued to be present in 11.7% patients at 12 months after surgery. Conclusions: The TVT-O procedure showed encouraging objective and subjective outcomes and low complication rates, even at the initial stage of the learning curve. Thirty cases were required for a naïve resident surgeon to learn TVT-O procedures. However, long-term outcome and complications caused by the synthetic sling still need further follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achieving zero-waste of municipal solid waste (MSW) is not only a vision of policymakers but also an aspired topic of scholars. Although many countries and regions have formulated ambitious zero-waste strategies, relatively few scholars have studied how these strategies were developed and implemented. This study summarized a strategy formulation path towards zero-waste of MSW, and built a zero-waste system dynamic model to simulate the zero-waste situation of Shanghai' MSW from 2000 to 2050. There are primary, intermediate and advanced stages towards zero-waste of MSW. Reaching these three stages needs to follow the goals of "zero landfill at the end, more recycling at the middle, and less generation at the source". Additionally, this study compared 13 scenarios to give MSW zero-waste strategy formulation path for Shanghai from 2025 to 2050. The simulation results show that the amount of MSW generated in Shanghai will continue to increase, reaching 16 million tons MSW and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions will reach 1.7 million tons by 2050. Shanghai' MSW will achieve zero-waste by 2050 only if recycling rate can increase to 70%, proportion of green raw materials increase to 50%, resident waste disposal reducing by 10%, and resident consumption reducing by 10%. Shanghai will reduce MSW by 30%–60% and GHG emissions by 50%–90% under zero-waste scenario. Laws and regulations to strengthen the construction of a green supply chain, promotion and education to enhance residents' active zero-waste awareness, and mandatory policies to push forth zero-waste awareness are the focus of future zero-waste strategies. Although it is difficult to achieve zero-waste goal, continuous adherence to zero-waste action is still urged, which is very important for the sustainable development of the environment. [Display omitted] • Achieving zero-waste requires formulating strategic goals in stages. • Shanghai cannot achieve zero-waste of municipal solid waste by 2050. • Shanghai will reduce waste by 30%–60% in zero-waste strategy. • Shanghai needs to focus on building a green supply chain in the future. • Policymakers can continue to incentivize and guide residents toward Zero-waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The HIV-1 epidemic among men who have sex with men (MSM) has been spreading throughout China. Shanghai, a central gathering place for MSM, is facing a continuously increasing incidence of HIV-1 infection. In order to better understand the dynamics of HIV-1 diversity and its influence on patient’s immune status at baseline on diagnosis, 1265 newly HIV-1-infected MSM collected from January 2009 to December 2013 in Shanghai were retrospectively analyzed for genetic subtyping, CD4+T cell counts, and viral loads. HIV-1 phylogenetic analysis revealed a broad viral diversity including CRF01_AE (62.13%), CRF07_BC (24.51%), subtype B (8.06%), CRF55_01B (3.24%), CER67_01B (0.95%), CRF68_01B (0.4%), CRF08_BC (0.08%) and CRF59_01B (0.08%). Twenty-four unique recombination forms (URFs) (1.98%) were identified as well. Bayesian inference analysis indicated that the introduction of CRF01_AE strain (1997) was earlier than CRF07_BC strain (2001) into MSM population in Shanghai based on the time of the most recent common ancestor (tMRCA). Three epidemic clusters and five sub-clusters were found in CRF01_AE. Significantly lower CD4+T cell count was found in individuals infected with CRF01_AE than in those infected with CRF07_BC infection (P<0.01), whereas viral load was significantly higher those infected with CRF01_AE than with CRF07_BC (P<0.01). In addition, the patients with >45 years of age were found to have lower CD4+T cell counts and higher viral loads than the patients with <25 years of age (P<0.05). This study reveals the presence of HIV-1 subtype diversity in Shanghai and its remarkable influence on clinical outcome. A real-time surveillance of HIV-1 viral diversity and phylodynamics of epidemic cluster, patient’s baseline CD4+T cell count and viral load would be of great value to monitoring of disease progression, intervention for transmission, improvement of antiretroviral therapy strategy and design of vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An investigation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Eurasian Tree Sparrow ( Passer montanus ) samples ( n = 37) collected from different land use areas in Shanghai provided information about the levels, compositional patterns, geographical distribution, potential sources of PBDEs and the evaluation of contamination status in Shanghai. The concentrations of BDE 209 and Sum-PBDEs were within the range of 8.20–292.0 ng g −1 lw (median: 47.0 ng g −1 lw) and 33.16–375.63 ng g −1 lw (median: 78.7 ng g −1 lw), respectively. As the predominant individual congener, BDE 209 was detected in all samples with a mean percentage of 62.8%, followed by BDE 47, 99 and 100 sequentially. The geographical distribution of PBDEs in ETS muscles followed the order below: landfill > urban > industrial parks > suburban > rural > remote, indicating that Shanghai Laogang Municipal Landfill was an important emission source of PBDEs in Shanghai, and also the PBDE levels were in association with urbanization and industrialization. Compared with other regions, contamination status in Shanghai was relatively good with the exception of these high concentration areas. There was significant correlation ( r 2 = 0.89, P < 0.01) between PBDEs concentrations in soil and ETS, indicating ETS could be used as a useful biomonitoring tool for PBDEs in Shanghai. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pancreatic cancer has been increasing in importance in Shanghai over the last four decades. The etiology of the disease is still unclear. Evidence suggests that the COX-2 pathway, an important component of inflammation, may be involved in the disease. We aimed to evaluate the association between urinary prostaglandin E2 metabolite (PGE-M) level and risk of pancreatic cancer. From a recent population-based case-control study in Shanghai, 200 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cases and 200 gender- and age- frequency matched controls were selected for the present analysis. Urinary PGE-M was measured with a liquid chromatography/mass spectrometric assay. Adjusted unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A positive association was observed between PGE-M leve and pancreatic cancer risk: OR = 1.63 (95% CI 1.01–2.63) for the third tertile compared to the first. Though the interactions were not statistically significant, the associations tended to be stronger among subjects with diabetes history (OR = 3.32; 95% CI 1.20–9.19) and higher meat intake (OR = 2.12; 95% CI 1.10–4.06). The result suggests that higher urinary PGE-M level may be associated with increased risk of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first reported human case of H7N9 influenza virus infection in Shanghai prompted a survey of local avian strains of influenza virus, involving the analysis of a large number of samples taken from poultry, wild birds, horses, pigs, dogs and mice. Seven instances of H7N9 virus infection were identified by real-time RT-PCR (1.47 % of samples), all in chickens sold in live-poultry markets. H7N9 antibody was not detected in serum samples collected from local poultry farms since 2006. The two H7N9 virus strains in the live-poultry markets and one H9N2 virus strain in the same market were genetically characterized. Resequencing of two of the seven isolates confirmed that they closely resembled H7N9 virus strains characterized elsewhere. Various strains co-exist in the same market, presenting a continuing risk of strain re-assortment. The closure of live-poultry markets has been an effective short-term means of minimizing human exposure to H7N9 virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Men who have sex with men (MSM) have recently accounted for an alarmingly increasing proportion of HIV-1 transmission in China. In order to investigate the immune status as a result of CRF01_AE infection and CXCR4 co-receptor usage in a young Shanghai-based HIV-1-infected MSM population in Shanghai, 364 HIV-1-infected MSM with average age of 22.7 years old, newly diagnosed between Jan 2009 and Jul 2013 were analyzed for CD4+T cell count, subtyping using phylogenetic analysis, and viral co-receptor tropism using Geno2pheno and webPSSM in combination. A total of 276 individuals were identified as recently infected. Subtype assignment were as follows: 176 (63.8%) CRF01_AE, 77 (27.9%) CRF07_BC, and 23 (8.3%) subtype B. Besides, 24 second-generation recombinant strains were identified. A lower CD4+T cell count at baseline survey was observed among CRF01_AE strain-infected individuals, compared to those who were infected with CRF07_BC (P<0.01). The frequency of baseline CD4+T cell count <200 was higher and the frequency of CD4 T counts >500 lower in CRF01_AE infection than CRF07_BC infection. It is worth noting that 32.4%–40.9% of CRF01_AE strain-infected individuals were predicted to carry CXCR4-tropic viruses whereas none of CRF07_BC and subtype B were found to be as CXCR4-tropic viruses (P<0.001). As could be expected CXCR4 tropism was associated with lower CD4 T counts. This study revealed that CRF01_AE strains with high frequency of CXCR4 tropism are prevailing in the young MSM population in China and could potentially cause a severe loss of CD4+T cell count and rapid disease progression. A regular surveillance of HIV-1 subtypes, CD4+T cell count and viral co-receptor usage would be greatly beneficial for effectively monitoring disease progression, improvement of antiretroviral therapy strategy and prompt intervention of transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The H9N2 influenza virus is endemic in poultry. We report its occurrence in live-poultry markets, fair-trade markets and poultry farms in the Shanghai region between September 2006 and December 2010. An analysis of partial sequences of the HA, NA, PB1, PB2 and NP genes of eleven distinct H9N2 isolates revealed that all carried an RSSR motif at the cleavage site of HA, diagnostic of low pathogenicity in chickens. A phylogenetic analysis indicated that these isolates are derived from the lineage represented by Duck/HK/Y280/97, but they have evolved a range of reassortments. Their PB1 and NP sequences resembled those of H5N1 strains, indicating a hybrid origin involving both H9 and H5 strains. The HA and NA sequences present in all eleven isolates resembled those of the Duck/HK/Y280/97-like lineage. Infection by H9N2 is commonplace in Shanghai live-poultry markets, allowing the viruses to have evolved rapidly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We sought to determine the association of hip circumference with risk of type 2 diabetes in a relatively lean population. Methods: The relationship between hip circumference for a given waist circumference or BMI and risk of type 2 diabetes was investigated in 56,100 men and 68,273 women, aged 40 to 74, from the Shanghai Men’s Health Study and the Shanghai Women’s Health Study. Cox analyses were used. Results: Over an average of 4.0 years and 7.8 years of follow-up of the men and women, respectively, 2754 new diabetes cases (955 males; 1799 females) were documented. After adjustment for body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and other potential confounders, the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for type 2 diabetes in quintiles 2 to 5 compared with the first quintile of hip circumference were 0.95 (95% CI, 0.76–1.18), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.57–0.91), 0.83 (95% CI, 0.67–1.04), 0.78 (95% CI, 0.63–0.97), respectively, among men and 0.83 (95% CI, 0.72–0.96), 0.74 (95% CI, 0.64–0.86), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.62–0.84), and 0.65 (95% CI, 0.56–0.75) among women. This relationship was stronger for men and women with a BMI less than or equal to the median (23.6 kg/m2 for each gender; interaction p-value = .04 for men and .01 for women). Conclusions: A greater hip circumference for a given waist circumference and BMI is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the supplementary of domestic water and even as potable water, roof harvested rainwater seems increasingly probable worldwide due to the shortage of fresh water resource. In this study, we compared the quality of harvested rainwater under different meteorological conditions and roofing materials (i.e., galvanized metal, ceramic tile, concrete and asphalt). Results showed that the quality of roof harvested rainwater in the rainwater tank was superior to the first-flush tank, but reusing directly without diversion was not recommended. Compared with other three roof types, ceramic tile was ideally qualified for roof rainwater harvesting, which achieved the highest quality of recycled rainwater (e.g., turbidity (5.03 ± 1.73 NTU), TOC < 22.86 mg·L−1, TN < 4.23 mg·L−1, NH 4 +-N < 1.85 mg·L−1, NO 3 −-N < 1.56 mg·L−1, Al < 0.01 mg·L−1, Fe < 0.02 mg·L−1, Zn (No detection), Pb (No detection)). However, asphalt was the last choice as roof material to harvest rainwater due to the worst recycled water quality. Additionally, weather patterns and features could have significant influence on the water quality parameters, and rainfall was the principal meteorological factor. Moreover, antecedent dry days had a great interaction with the quality of rainwater in first-flush tank for asphalt roof. This study lays the foundation for roof rainwater harvesting by selecting suitable roof materials under various weather patterns. Based on the results of the economic analysis, investing roof rainwater harvested system with large catchment area may have low risk and can quickly recover costs in the life cycle. Image 1 • Harvested rainwater quality at various roof materials and weather patterns has been investigated. • The quality of roof harvested rainwater in the rainwater tank was superior to the first-flush tank. • Ceramic tile was ideally qualified to achieve the highest recycled rainwater quality. • Rainfall was the principal meteorological factor to affect water quality parameters. • Antecedent dry days had a great interaction with the quality of rainwater in first-flush tank. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives:We examined the incidence trends of bladder and kidney cancers using a population-based cancer registration data. Methods:Age-standardized incidence rates were analyzed using data from the Shanghai Cancer Registry during 1973 to 2005. Annual percentage changes and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate the incidence changes. Age-period-cohort analysis was further implemented to assess the contributions of age, period and cohort effects to the trends using the intrinsic estimator method. Results:In total, 12,676 bladder and 5,811 kidney cancer patients were registered in urban Shanghai. The age-standardized rates of bladder cancer in males increased from 6.39 to 7.66 per 100,000, or 0.62% per year, whereas the rates in females increased from 1.95 to 2.09 per 100,000, or 0.33% per year. For kidney cancer, the age-standardized rates in males increased from 1.20 to 5.64 per 100,000, or 6.98% per year. Similarly in females, the rates increased from 0.85 to 3.33 per 100,000, or 5.93% per year. Age-period-cohort analysis showed increasing curves of age and period effects but generally decreasing cohort effects for bladder and kidney cancers. Conclusions:Our results show increasing incidence trends of bladder and kidney cancers in Chinese men and women, especially for kidney cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]