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Considering that karst caves, underground rivers, and dissolution fractures in shallow carbonate formation in the Sichuan Basin are extremely developed, leakage, failure and plugging difficulties are easy to occur in the drilling process. The TDEM was used to carry out the exploration of hidden karst geological bodies in well QM2, and the quasi-three-dimensional inversion based on lateral constrain was used to invert the TDEM data. Three NW trending anomalous bands were identified in the lower Triassic Jialingjiang Formation within the range of drilling, consisting of seven relatively low-resistivity anomalous zones. Under the guidance of TDEM quasi-three-dimensional inversion resistivity data, the low-resistivity karst development area is avoided, and the specific drilling location of well QM2 is determined. No karst cave and underground river were drilled in the later drilling process of well QM2, as well as no instability phenomenon occurred. It indicates that the TDEM detection results are consistent with the actual drilling, and the quasi-three-dimensional TDEM inversion interpretation data based on lateral constraints is reliable and can accurately detect the buried karst in the wellsite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between government intervention and cooperative development has always been a source of controversy in the developing world. This paper aims to examine the rationale and successful conditions of government intervention to promote cooperative development in poor areas of rural China. In the context of the "targeted poverty alleviation" program (2015–2020), a government-led campaign covering all poverty-stricken villages in west China, cooperative development was listed by the central government as a criterion for evaluating successful intervention at the county government level. Accordingly, the central questions of this paper are: why is government intervention necessary to initiate a process of cooperative development in poor areas of China; and under what conditions can government intervention be successful, leading to sustainable cooperative development? Bearing in mind the complexity of government intervention with mixed results, both successful and failed, the above questions are addressed through a case study of XM Beekeeping Cooperative, representing one type of successful government intervention in poverty-stricken and ethnic-minority-dominated regions of China. Overall, government intervention is crucial in building cooperative ecosystems in poor regions of China. However, government intervention is not invariable because the approaches can be modified to accommodate the effect of the intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The shale gas exploration in Changning, Weiyuan, Fuling Jiaoshiba, and other areas has achieved great success in the Sichuan Basin, and the basin margin of the Sichuan Basin will be an important target in the future. In view of the lack of understanding of shale gas reservoir characteristics of the basin margin area of the Sichuan Basin, this paper conducts a study on reservoir characteristics and gas-bearing properties of this area using qualitative and quantitative techniques. The results show that the thickness of the black shale reservoir in the Qianjiang area is up to 33 m, the kerogen sapropelic type (I) is dominant, and Ro ranges from 2.2 wt% to 3.39 wt%. The mineral composition is relatively complex, mainly composed of quartz and clay minerals. Quartz content is in the range between 9.4 wt% and 79 wt% (average = 47.48 wt %), while clay content is in the range between 10.02 wt% and 43.6 wt% (average = 29.41 wt %). There are various types of reservoir spaces, mainly including organic pores dominated by matrix pores, intergranular and intragranular pores, intergranular and intragranular dissolution pores, secondary dissolution pores, and microfractures, among which organic pores are the main pore types. The pore volume of nanopores is 0.009897-0.017177 cm3/g (average = 0.01304 c m 3 / g), and the specific surface area ranges from 12.1 m2/g to 35.1 m2/g (average = 20.47 m 2 / g). Micropores and mesopores are the main pore sizes for the development of organic pores. Quartz particles promote the development of reservoir space, while clay minerals are not conducive to the development of pores. The total gas content ranges from 0.5 m3/t to 4.43 m3/t (average = 1.69 m 3 / t). Its enrichment is controlled by many factors. The increase of organic matter abundance is the material basis for shale gas enrichment. The development of organic pores provides high-quality storage space for shale gas preservation. The development of different mineral components restricts the enrichment of shale gas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of urbanisation and the decline of the countryside, reverse entrepreneurship cannot be separated from integration, referring to a process of mutual trust and cooperation between reverse (returnee or immigrant from urban areas) entrepreneur, host community and external stakeholders for sustainable livelihoods. With a geographic focus on poor areas of China, this paper aims to reveal key factors behind successful initiatives of reverse entrepreneurship to address challenges facing local communities, and pathways for mobilising and effectively using various resources, both internally and externally. These objectives are addressed through multiple cases of tourism development in Ganzi, a Tibetan Minority Prefecture of Sichuan. This paper contributes to the literature on entrepreneurial integration to debates on reverse entrepreneurship in three aspects. Firstly, entrepreneurial integration starts from social embeddedness, interconnecting and interacting between reverse entrepreneur(s) and the host community to understand local challenges and share a new vision for sustainable livelihoods. Secondly, entrepreneurial integration is essentially an innovation platform to develop or enhance social capital (both bonding and bridging) for mobilising and effective use of critical resources. Finally, the study outlines five pathways of tourism entrepreneurship, which reflects variations in livelihood strategy, critical capitals, business models, innovation diffusion and application potential. • Rural development calls for mutual trust and cooperation between reverse entrepreneurs, host communities, external stakeholders. • Successful entrepreneurial integration depends upon a platform building to develop social capital (both bonding and bridging). • Five pathways reflect variation in strategy, critical capitals, business models, innovation diffusion,application potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Returnee entrepreneurship represents a new direction in entrepreneurial migration and a distinct mode of geographical mobility among entrepreneurs. This study focuses on the Tibetan region of Sichuan, China, in researching young adults who have returned to rural marginal areas from cities to engage in tourism entrepreneurship. The entrepreneurial ecosystem is taken as a theoretical basis to evaluate critical determinants of returnee entrepreneurs' business development from two perspectives: macro (the entrepreneurial environment) and micro (entrepreneurs themselves). The authors conducted four narrative interviews with local bed and breakfast entrepreneurs in the Ganzi prefecture. Findings reveal that local embeddedness and non-local connections are vital to returnee entrepreneurs' business development. Numerous determinants related to local embeddedness and non-local connections are also tied to entrepreneurial ecosystem elements, such as infrastructure, institutions, market conditions, and capital. • Local embeddedness and non-local connections lead to successful entrepreneurship. • Returnee entrepreneurs' local embeddedness comprises sense of rurality. • Local embeddedness comprises sense of local culture and religion and sense of local community. • Local embeddedness comprises close ties with family and ties with local government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the understanding of the sedimentary paleoenvironment and organic matter enrichment law of black shale in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation is still insufficient. This time, we investigated the total organic carbon (TOC) content, X-ray diffraction mineralogical composition, and the major and trace element abundances of the newly recovered cores of three shale gas exploration wells in Changning, Qianjiang, and Xiushan areas which were, respectively, selected to discuss and compare the varying paleoenvironmental conditions and the factors that control organic matter accumulation, such as terrigenous input, redox conditions, primary productivity, and the degree of water retention in the basin. The results show that black siliceous shale lithofacies, gray-black shale lithofacies, gray-black silty shale lithofacies, gray argillaceous siltstone lithofacies, and gray shell marl lithofacies are mainly deposited in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in the southeastern Sichuan Basin. Organic-rich black shale is mainly concentrated in the lower part of the Wufeng Formation and Longmaxi Formation. The continuous thickness of organic carbon content greater than 2% in the Changning area is 32 m, the continuous thickness in the Qianjiang area is 22 m, and the continuous thickness in the Xiushan area is 11 m. The hydrocarbon generation potential gradually weakens from west to east. The identification of the geochemical behavior characteristics of major and trace elements shows that enrichment of the organic matter black shale section in the Changning-Qianjiang-Xiushan areas is mainly formation in the anoxic-moderate water mass restriction environment with high primary productivity and less terrigenous detritus input under the low hydrodynamic conditions. However, the correlations of terrigenous detrital proxies Ti/Al, redox proxies V/Cr, Ni/Co, and paleoproductivity proxies Babio with the TOC contents show that the Changning area is a favorable area for the formation of organic-rich black shale and the Qianjiang area is affected by the Wuling underwater uplift; the thickness of the black shale deposits becomes thinner; the Xiushan area is adjacent to the Xuefeng uplift, and the deposition conditions of the accumulation of organic matter black shale deteriorate, which is unfavorable for shale gas exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to high oil content and complex composition, Kitchen waste (KW) is refractory for biotreatment and easily causes environmental burden, especially in Sichuan area with greasy cooking habits. To facilitate KW composting, a nitrogen-retaining & decomposing-promoting microbial agent (NRDPMA) was constituted with functional bacteria to decompose refractory substances, retain nutrients, and reduce gas emission. With NRDPMA, high-temperature period was achieved 2 days earlier and extended by 6 days, shorting the process by 15 days. 36.57% less NH 3 and 22.30% less H 2 S were released. The total nitrogen of the compost product was increased by 17.14%. Functional bacteria in NRDPMA (e. g. Bacillus , Pseudomonas , and Oceanobacillus) displayed obvious advantages throughout composting, which reshaped microbial community composition and drove material transformation. PICRUST2 prediction confirmed a higher gene occurrence related to metabolism of lipid, lignocellulose, and nitrogen. The great decomposing and transformation capacity made NRDPMA an alternative to improve the efficiency of composting on recycling such lipid-containing waste. And functional bacteria targeting refractory components should be included for biotreatment of waste. This study should give a new perspective on industrial KW composting. [Display omitted] • 6 days longer high-temperature period with 36.57% less NH 3 and 22.30% less H 2 S. • NRDPMA conserved 17.14% higher nitrogen with 15 days shorter composting period. • Functional bacteria of NRDPMA targeting lipid, starch, and cellulose played a crucial role. • NRDPMA participated in all the composting periods, drove microbial community change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]