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Pakistan has significant geothermal potential but due to poor energy management and low utilization of rich geothermal energy, the country is ranked among the energy deficient nations in the world. In this study, integrated geophysical techniques were used to assess the geothermal energy potential of various hot springs in the Sindh province. The study revealed that Naing Shareef and Gaji Shah hot springs have remarkable potential for geothermal energy having pool water temperature of 43 °C and 45 °C, respectively. Geophysical resistivity survey was carried out at both Naing Shareef and Gaji Shah hot spring to determine depth, thickness and quality of thermal water. At Naing Shareef hot spring, only a single thermal aquifer zone has been pinpointed within the shale composition of the Oligocene Nari Formation, and it is on average 55.07 m depth and 29.8 m thick. At an average depth of 100.66 m and an aquifer thickness of 77.03 m, the Gaji Shah hot springs exclusively possess a thermal aquifer region established within the sandstone composition of the Oligocene Nari Formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary goal of this study was to determine and evaluate the concentration and contamination of heavy metals like (As, Cd, Pb, and F) in the groundwater of Umerkot city in Sindh Pakistan. The groundwater samples were collected using 22 hand pumps installed at different public locations in the Umerkot city; the latitude and longitude readings of all the sampling points were noted. The EPA ICP-MS Method 200.8 was adopted for determination of heavy metals such as arsenic, cadmium, and lead. The EPA 8029 SPADNS method was used to determine the fluoride concentration in groundwater samples; the DR-900 Multi parameter Portable Colorimeter was used. The spatial distribution thematic maps of each metal were constructed by interpolating the spatial variation of each groundwater quality indicator using the spatial interpolation IDW tool. The concentrations of arsenic and fluoride in groundwater range from 0.6 to 23 ppb and 0.6 to 3.2 mg/L, respectively. The anthropogenic factors, such as lack of drainage patterns and municipal waste, as well as the mineral composition of the subsurface strata originating from the A-type granites and ferromagnesian minerals present in sedimentary rocks (e.g., biotite and amphibole) contribute to the elevated concentration of these toxic metals in the subsurface aquifer system of the study area. Due to high concentrations of arsenic and fluoride, much of the groundwater in Umerkot city stands unsuitable for drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limestone belonging to the Laki Formation is well exposed at Nooriabad, Jhampir, and Makli Hills. Representative samples of the Laki Formation limestone were collected from different locations such as Jamshoro, Bolhari, Makli Hills, and Nooriabad. The four crush plants i.e. Afridi Crush Plant and New Hazara Crush Plant (Makli, Thatta District), Shah Rahim Crush Plant and Bhatti Crush Plant (Nooriabad, Jamshoro District) were selected for sampling. The Petrographic investigation as per ASTM- C295-03 (1) was performed using standard thin sections. The megascopic and microscopic study results reflect no hindrance in using the studied limestone. For cement concrete, this limestone can be used for the low-strength concrete and aggregate base course and sub-base. Variation in lithology, stratification and non-homogeneity was observed, however, the aggregate from the New Hazara crush plant is found fractured in nature and therefore, its use as concrete material is not suggested. The studied limestone of all crushed plants does not show any potential for Alkali Silica Reaction (ASR) and Alkali Carbonate Reaction (ACR). Based on the present study, it is concluded that the studied limestone of the Laki Formation from the above-mentioned locations is suitable for construction purposes and industrial use. For cement concrete, this limestone can be used for the low strength concrete and pavement (sub-base & base coarse) as well as aggregate base course. In the stockpile of crushed aggregate on crusher plants, the chalky limestone was found to be less stable and less durable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sindhi is one of the historical languages which is widely used in all over the world, but especially in the province of Sindh-Pakistan. Sindhi language has its own script and written by the right-handed. Nowadays the use of Sindhi different platforms is increasing, but especially for communication. The majority of the people of Sindh province read, write and speak very well, but they face the problem in text communication while using different communication platforms. However, the users of computer and mobile phone feel trouble/difficulty during the uses of the Sindhi script in typing of text messages, tweets and comments while using different platforms in computer and mobile phone. Natural Language Processing (NLP) is one of the better options for the solution of these problems of text communication on different platforms. For the proper solution of text communication issues, Romanized Sindhi text is used instead of Sindhi text. Romanized text writing is easier than the Sindhi text writing because in Sindhi text writing needs the special type of keyboard while writing of Romanized text no need of special type of keyboard. For the writing of Romanized Sindhi text, rules are defined in this paper which provides easiness during writing and understanding of the text. Romanized Sindhi Rules (RSR) are simple and easy to understand the meaning of the text and provide fast communication (text). This study is also helpful for further research in the Romanized Sindhi text by using different approaches and provides easiness in communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]