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This research draws upon the extended social cognitive model to examine how external factors such as adolescents' relationship with their parents, and personal antecedents including depression, loneliness, self-reactive outcome expectation, self-identity, deficient self-regulation, and habit strength, relate to Singaporean adolescents' time spent on social network sites (SNSs). We used multi-stage cluster sampling to recruit a nationally representative sample of adolescents between 13 and 17 years old ( n = 4920) to complete a self-administered survey. Our extended model achieved good psychometric properties and we found support for most of the proposed hypotheses. Most notably, we found a nuanced difference in how paternal and maternal relationships were associated with adolescents' SNSs use through dependence on SNSs for identity formation—only positive relationship with father has a negative association with adolescents' dependence on SNSs for identity formation. Dependence on SNSs for identity formation has the strongest association with deficient self-regulation and SNSs habit strength, which are antecedents of adolescents' time spent on SNSs. Findings suggest that it is important to account for both external and personal antecedent factors of SNSs consumption. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study applies the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to examine how factors in the TPB, along with personality traits (neuroticism and extraversion), need to belong, self-identity, and self-esteem relate to excessive social network sites (SNSs) use and SNSs addiction among Singaporean adolescents and adults. We conducted two nationally representative surveys of Singaporean adolescents (n = 4920) and adults (n = 1000). Results indicated that adolescents showed greater addiction to SNSs as compared to adults, and that there are key differences between how the antecedents relate to the two dependent variables. TPB variables were found to be associated with SNSs addiction only among adolescents. Neuroticism was a consistent antecedent of both excessive use and addiction in the two samples, while extraversion was related to the outcome variables only among adults. Self-identity has the strongest association with excessive use and addiction for both samples; self-esteem was negatively associated with the two dependent variables among adults. Implications for theory and practice were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]