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The maritime industry plays a key role in reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, as an effort to combat the global issue of climate change. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) is targeting a 50% reduction in GHG emissions by 2050 compared to 2008. To measure Singapore's progress towards this target, we have conducted a comprehensive analysis of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from the Western Singapore Straits based on the voyage data from Automatic Identification System (AIS) and static information from Singapore Maritime Data Hub (SG-MDH). Two methodologies, the MEET and TRENDS frameworks were applied to estimate the emission volume per vessel per hour. The data analysis results were next aggregated and visualised to answer key questions such as: How did the carbon emission level change from 2019 to 2020, in general, and for specific vessel types? What are the top vessel types and flags that had the highest carbon emissions? Did the traffic volume and emission level decrease during the Circuit Breaker period in 2020? The results of this study can be used to review Singapore's emission control measures and will be of value to the Maritime and Port Authority (MPA) of Singapore responsible for managing CO 2 emissions at the Singapore Port., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Maritime Knowledge Clusters (MKCs) are the advanced stage in the evolution path of maritime clusters. Earlier literature however mostly focused on either the characteristics i.e. critical success factors or competitiveness of maritime clusters in general and not on the components of MKCs, their interrelationships, and impact on the performance of constituent firms. This study proposes and tests a conceptual model of Maritime Knowledge Clusters (MKC) and the relations between their components, making use of survey data from 203 shipping professionals located in Singapore. Three theoretical perspectives, namely, relational view, knowledge-based view and resource-based view, have been employed. The results demonstrate that MKCs are substantiated by three critical components, in which the local knowledge cluster can develop global systemic mechanisms, thus further strengthening global linkages. Policy makers must endeavor to create a conducive local cluster environment with maritime firms being located in geographical proximity, and having local networks, knowledge base, and knowledge flows. They form the fundamental foundation for the growth of MKCs. Besides, maritime firms shall optimize the MKC's local knowledge cluster to facilitate their global expansion, which will in turn boost the internationalization of the MKC. • This study conceptualizes the Maritime Knowledge Clusters (MKCs) and empirically examines the interrelationships between its components. • Structural equation modeling was employed to test the conceptual model. • MKCs are substantiated by three critical components: local knowledge cluster, global systemic mechanisms, and global linkages. • Policymakers should create a conducive local cluster environment with maritime firms being located in geographical proximity, having local networks, knowledge base, and knowledge flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blockchain has the potential to improve the efficiency and transparency of maritime businesses and operations. Nevertheless, few studies have been conducted to identify the key challenges and critical success factors (CSFs) of blockchain implementation in the maritime industry. A case study approach based on Singapore's maritime industry is adopted. Four interviews are conducted to establish the face validity of the survey questionnaire before data are collected from 30 maritime professionals from Singapore's maritime industry. In addition to analytic hierarchical process (AHP), a fishbone diagram and PESTEL analysis are also adopted to organize and discuss the results. The results show that there are six key challenges and six CSFs for blockchain implementation. Using a fishbone diagram, the six identified challenges along with 13 personal concerns are categorized into five dimensions related to people, methods, organization, external environment, and technology. The CSFs are sufficient capital, staff training, ease of local legislation, support from the shipping community, support from the senior management, and professional consultation and assistance. This study implicates marine policy formulation in relation to subsidies and investments, blockchain talent and knowledge acquisition, and workforce training and education to accelerate blockchain implementation in the maritime industry. • Analyze challenges and critical success factors (CSFs) of blockchain implementation. • Challenges concern people, methods, organization, external environment, and technology. • CSFs are capital, training, legislation, shipping community, and senior management support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]