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Oxalis subg. Thamnoxys is a mostly South American group of Oxalis encompassing almost 80 species from tropical habitats that are currently separated into nine sections based on morphology and geographic distributions. In this study, we investigated whether Oxalis subg. Thamnoxys and its sections are monophyletic. DNA sequences of the nrITS, trnL-trnL-trnF , and petA-psbJ from 92 specimens of Oxalis (55 from O. subg. Thamnoxys , 37 from O. subg. Oxalis , and five outgroup taxa) were used to investigate phylogenetic relationships among its nine sections. Nuclear and plastid molecular markers were subjected to maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses individually and in a combined data matrix. Our phylogenetic trees recovered O. subg. Thamnoxys as monophyletic only if O. praetexta , previously included in O. sect. Robustae , is transferred to O. subg. Oxalis. The remaining samples of the subgenus emerged in a clade with full bootstrap and posterior probability support. Within it, O. sect. Holophyllum was the only section that was recovered as monophyletic, whereas the remaining sections were not, either because of sampling a single species of each (O. sect. Foliosae , Hedysaroideae , and Phyllodoxys), to the unexpected placement of O. goyazensis (O. sect. Robustae) in O. sect. Psoraleoideae , or to the sister relationship between O. densifolia (O. sect. Foliosae) with O. pyrenea var. macrochaeta (O. sect. Thamnoxys), suggesting the need of revaluating some specific affinities and updating sectional circumscriptions. This phylogenetic study with an improved sampling of O. subg. Thamnoxys is the first step towards an updated classification of the subgenus and for interpreting both its morphological diversification and biogeographic history in South America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An annotated conspectus of 124 species is presented for Myrcia DC. sect. Aulomyrcia (O. Berg) Griseb. This list is published for use as a basis for future revisionary work and presents the species of this evolutionary group together for the first time. Publication and type information, habitat and distribution, preliminary conservation assessments, and diagnostic notes are provided for each species. In transferring species of Calyptranthes Sw. and Marlierea Cambess. to Myrcia, 28 new combinations are made: Myrcia areolata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea areolata McVaugh], Myrcia biptera (Amshoff) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea biptera Amshoff], Myrcia caesariata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea caesariata McVaugh], Myrcia cana (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea cana McVaugh], Myrcia caudata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea caudata McVaugh], Myrcia convexivenia (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea convexivenia B. Holst], Myrcia ensiformis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ensiformis McVaugh], Myrcia excoriata (Mart.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea excoriata Mart.], Myrcia guildingiana (Griseb.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Psidium guildingianum Griseb.], Myrcia insignis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea insignis McVaugh], Myrcia karuaiensis (Steyerm.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Aulomyrcia karuaiensis Steyerm.], Myrcia ligustrina (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ligustrina McVaugh], Myrcia lituatinervia (O. Berg) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Myrciaria lituatinervia O. Berg], Myrcia maguirei (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea maguirei McVaugh], Myrcia mcvaughii (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea mcvaughii B. Holst], Myrcia multiglomerata (Amshoff) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea multiglomerata Amshoff], Myrcia neuwiedeana (O. Berg) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Rubachia neuwiedeana O. Berg], Myrcia obversa (D. Legrand) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea obversa D. Legrand], Myrcia pudica (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea pudica McVaugh], Myrcia rugosior (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea rugosior McVaugh], Myrcia scytophylla (Diels) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea scytophylla Diels], Myrcia skortzoviana (Mattos) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea skortzoviana Mattos], Myrcia suborbicularis (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea suborbicularis McVaugh], Myrcia subulata (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea subulata McVaugh], Myrcia sucrei (G. M. Barroso & Peixoto) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea sucrei G. M. Barroso & Peixoto], Myrcia umbraticola (Kunth) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea umbraticola (Kunth) O. Berg], Myrcia uniflora (McVaugh) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea uniflora McVaugh], and Myrcia ventuarensis (B. Holst) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson [≡ Marlierea ventuarensis B. Holst]. The following 21 replacement names are created: Myrcia argentigemma E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. aulomyrcioides E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. chonodisca E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. holstii E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neobuxifolia E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neocuprea E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neodimorpha E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, Myrcia neoestrellensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoglabra E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoimperfecta E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neomacrophylla E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neomontana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoobscura E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoregeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoriedeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neoschomburgkiana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neosuaveolens E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neotomentosa E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neotovarensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, M. neovelutina E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson, and M. neoverticillaris E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson. Sixty-four lectotypes are newly designated for the following names: Aulomyrcia blanchetiana O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia blanchetiana (O. Berg) Mattos], Aulomyrcia buxifolia O. Berg [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Aulomyrcia cambessedeana O. Berg [= Myrcia coelosepala Kiaersk.], Aulomyrcia diaphana O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia diaphana (O. Berg) N. Silveira], Aulomyrcia divaricata O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia rufipila McVaugh], Aulomyrcia egensis O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia egensis (O. Berg) McVaugh], Aulomyrcia eumecephylla O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia eumecephylla (O. Berg) Nied.], Aulomyrcia gigantea O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia gigantea (O. Berg) Nied.], Aulomyrcia goyazensis O. Berg [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Aulomyrcia insularis (Gardner) O. Berg var. punctata O. Berg [= Myrcia insularis Gardner], Aulomyrcia mathewsiana O. Berg [= Myrcia mathewsiana (O. Berg) McVaugh], Aulomyrcia pallida O. Berg [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Aulomyrcia pohliana O. Berg [= Myrcia pubiflora DC.], Aulomyrcia pyrifolia (Desv. ex Ham.) O. Berg var. robusta O. Berg [= Myrcia pyrifolia (Desv. ex Ham.) Nied.], Aulomyrcia racemosa O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia racemosa (O. Berg) Kiaersk.], Aulomyrcia rorida O. Berg [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Aulomyrcia rostrata O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia neorostrata Sobral], Aulomyrcia salzmannii O. Berg [= Myrcia decorticans DC.], Aulomyrcia sphenoides O. Berg [= Myrcia sphenoides (O. Berg) Mattos], Aulomyrcia stictophylla O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia stictophylla (O. Berg) N. Silveira], Aulomyrcia subobliqua O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia subobliqua (Benth.) Nied.], Eugenia ferruginea Poir. [ ≡ Myrcia ferruginea (Poir.) DC.], Eugenia micropetala Mart. [ ≡ Myrcia micropetala (Mart.) Nied.], Eugenia quitarensis Benth. [ ≡ Myrcia quitarensis (Benth.) Sagot], Eugeniopsis riedeliana O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia neoriedeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea cuprea Amshoff [ ≡ Myrcia neocuprea E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea dimorpha O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia neodimorpha E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea estrellensis O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neoestrellensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea excoriata Mart. [≡ Myrcia excoriata (Mart.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea glabra Cambess. [≡ Myrcia neoglabra E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea grandifolia O. Berg [= Myrcia neoglabra E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea macrophylla Amshoff [≡ Myrcia neomacrophylla E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea obscura O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neoobscura E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea parviflora O. Berg [= Myrcia excoriata (Mart.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea regeliana O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neoregeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea regeliana O. Berg var. parviflora Kiaersk. [= Myrcia neoriedeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea schottiana O. Berg [= Myrcia neoglabra E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea scytophylla Diels [≡ Myrcia scytophylla (Diels) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea suaveolens Cambess. [≡ Myrcia neosuaveolens E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea tomentosa Cambess. [≡ Myrcia neotomentosa E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea tovarensis O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neotovarensis E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Marlierea verticillaris O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neoverticillaris E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Myrcia sect. Aulomyrcia Nied., Myrcia coelosepala Kiaersk., Myrcia colpodes Kiaersk., Myrcia decorticans DC., Myrcia imbricata Gardner [= Myrcia racemulosa DC.], Myrcia insularis Gardner, Myrcia limae G. M. Barroso & Peixoto [= Myrcia eumecephylla (O. Berg) Nied.], Myrcia littoralis DC., Myrcia myrtillifolia DC., Myrcia polyantha DC., Myrcia pubiflora DC., Myrcia pyramidata O. Berg [= Myrcia rubiginosa Cambess.], Myrcia racemulosa DC., Myrcia riodocensis G. M. Barroso & Peixoto, Myrcia rubella Cambess. [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Myrcia rubiginosa Cambess., Myrcia scutulifera DC. [= Myrcia racemulosa DC.], Myrcia strigipes Mart. [= Myrcia neotomentosa E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Myrciaria ehrenbergiana O. Berg [ ≡ Myrcia ehrenbergiana (O. Berg) McVaugh], Psidium guildingianum Griseb. [ ≡ Myrcia guildingiana (Griseb.) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Rubachia neuwiedeana O. Berg [≡ Myrcia neuwiedeana (O. Berg) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], and Rubachia spathulata O. Berg [≡ Myrcia obversa (D. Legrand) E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson]. A single neotype is designated for Aulomyrcia ramuliflora O. Berg [= Myrcia ramuliflora (O. Berg) N. Silveira]. Fifteen names are newly synonymized: Aulomyrcia cambessedeana O. Berg [= Myrcia coelosepala Kiaersk.], Aulomyrcia salzmannii O. Berg [= Myrcia decorticans DC.], Marlierea regeliana O. Berg var. parviflora Kiaersk. [= Myrcia neoriedeliana E. Lucas & C. E. Wilson], Myrcia amblyphylla Kiaersk. [= Myrcia coelosepala Kiaersk.], Myrcia dictyophylla (O. Berg) Mattos & D. Legrand [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Myrcia heringeriana Mattos [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Myrcia limae G. M. Barroso & Peixoto [= Myrcia eumecephylla (O. Berg) Nied.], Myrcia lucida McVaugh, Myrcia lucida var. attenuata McVaugh [= Myrcia inaequiloba (DC.) Lemée], Myrcia lundiana Kiaersk. [= Myrcia amazonica DC.], Myrcia pallida (O. Berg) N. Silveira [= Myrcia multiflora DC.], Myrcia parnahibensis (O. Berg) Kiaersk. [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Myrcia rorida (O. Berg) Kiaersk. [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], Myrcia rubella Cambess. [= Myrcia myrtillifolia DC.], and Myrcia taubatensis Kiaersk. [= Myrcia multiflora DC.]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Our results highlight the importance of the number of locules in Myrcia classification. • The widespread and taxonomically complex Myrcia guianensis is non-monophyletic. • Myrcia sect. Aguava appears to have originated in the Cerrado. • Transitions from Cerrado to humid forests occurred in the evolution of M. sect. Aguava. • Combination of NGS and Sanger data is possible and generates robust phylogenetic trees. Myrcia is one of the largest exclusively Neotropical angiosperm genera, including ca. 800 species divided into nine sections. Myrcia sect. Aguava is one of most complex sections of Myrcia due to high morphological variation and wide distribution range of some species, including M. guianensis , with distribution throughout South America and a complex taxonomic history. We used complete plastid DNA sequences data generated using next-generation sequencing of 45 terminals, mostly from Myrcia sect. Aguava. These data were combined with five target DNA regions (ITS, psbA-trnH , trnL-trnF , trnQ-rps16 , ndhF) of additional terminals to increase taxonomic coverage. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using a maximum likelihood approach, and divergence times and ancestral range distributions were estimated. Myrcia sect. Aguava is monophyletic and exclusively comprises species with trilocular ovaries but has no relationship with other groups within Myrcia that possess trilocular ovaries. Three main lineages that correspond to geographical distribution are recognized within Myrcia sect. Aguava. Multiple accessions reveal a non-monophyletic Myrcia guianensis and stress the biogeographical structure inside the group. Myrcia sect. Aguava had a probable mid-Miocene origin in the Cerrado, but lineages that persisted there diversified only more recently, when the present-day vegetation started to stabilize. Posterior migrations to Atlantic Forest, Amazon and Caribbean occurred at the end of Miocene, evidencing transitions from open and dry to forested and more humid areas that are less frequent in the Neotropics. Overall, it is observed that related lineages remained in ecologically similar environments. Future perspectives on Myrcia and Myrteae in the phylogenomic era are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]