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The Tinjar-West Baram Line is a NW-trending trans-lithospheric fault in northern Kalimantan; its northwestern extension into the South China Sea (SCS) is the West Baram Line. In this paper, we propose that the geodynamic processes of the proto-South China Sea (PSCS) played a key role in the formation and evolution of the Tinjar-West Baram Line, based on previous studies of the strata, crustal thicknesses, gravity anomalies and other characteristics of the blocks adjacent to the Tinjar-West Baram Line and the palaeomagnetic-based plate reconstructions of the PSCS. The Tinjar-West Baram Line has a close link to the subduction of the PSCS. Structural restoration reveals that (1) before 35 Ma, the Tinjar-West Baram Line was a NE-trending transform fault, which is consistent with the NE-trending strike-slip faults widely distributed in the East Asian Continental Margin, in the PSCS. (2) From the perspective of tectonic evolution, the extinction of the PSCS and the spreading of the SCS drove the Luconia Block in the northern SCS to accrete to the western side of the Tinjar-West Baram Line. This process resulted in a contrast of crustal rocks adjacent to the Tinjar-West Baram Line; to the east of this line, the Nansha Trough is oceanic crust, whereas to the west of this line the Luconia Block has an affinity with continental crust. The velocity and thickness of the crust show great differences on either side of the Tinjar-West Baram Line. (3) The kinematic analysis of the Tinjar-West Baram Line reveals that the collisional orogeny between the Luconia and Kalimantan blocks happened at 45-37 Ma on the west of the Tinjar-West Baram Line; on its eastern side, the Nansha Trough was subducting south towards Kalimantan Island. During the interval 35-10 Ma, the kinematics of the Tinjar-West Baram Line shows a feature of dextral strike-slip faulting. (4) The earlier published palaeomagnetic data show that the Kalimantan Block experienced a counterclockwise rotation of about 50° during the period from 25 to 10 Ma. In addition, the exert counterclockwise rotation of about 20° of the Tinjar-West Baram Line happened due to the resistance of the Luconia Block. Therefore, the Tinjar-West Baram Line changed from an early NE-trending to late NW-trending structure which results in its present day tectonic framework. Thus, we suggest that the Tinjar-West Baram Line was originally a NE-trending transform fault of the PSCS extending to the continental crust. Subsequently, the Tinjar-West Baram Line became the western border of the PSCS, accompanying the collisional orogeny between the Luconia and Kalimantan blocks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transform faults in back-arc basins are the key to revealing the evolution of marginal seas. Four marginal basins in the Western Pacific, i.e. the South China Sea (SCS), Okinawa Trough (OT), West Philippine Basin (WPB) and Shikoku-Parece Vela Basin (SPVB), were studied to redefine the strikes and spatial distribution of transform faults or fracture zones. Based on high-resolution tectonomorphology, gravity and magnetic anomalies, pattern of magnetic lineations, seismic profiles, geometry of basins and palaeomagnetic data, together with analyses of regional geological setting, plate reconstruction and geodynamic analysis, this paper suggests that all the transform faults in the four marginal basins are in general NNE-trending. Moreover, by comparing with the contemporary structural framework of the East Asian Continental Margin, we propose new models concerning marginal seas spreading and have revised the previous Cenozoic plate reconstruction models related to the East Asian Continental Margin and the Western Pacific marginal seas. There are three possible origins of these NNE-trending transform faults. 1. Inheriting the orientation of the strike-slip faults at the rifting continental margin (e.g. the SCS and OT). The real strike of transform faults should not be NW but NNE. The large-scale NNE-trending dextral strike-slip faults distributed in the continental shelf of the SCS control a series of pull-apart basins of the SCS. Due to a higher degree of pull-apart, oceanic crust began to open. Then they evolved into the NNE-trending transform faults in the SCS and could also be regarded as a natural extension of the NNE-trending strike-slip faults in the South China Block (SCB). The geodynamic mechanism of the OT is similar to that of the SCS. Consequently, transform faults of the OT should also be NNE-trending, which is not perpendicular to the spreading axis but instead displays oblique spreading. 2. Izu-Bonin-Mariana (IBM) Trench retreat to the NNE and NE. Subduction rollback to the NE and NNE produced the NE- and NNE-striking horizontal tensile stress, resulting in the rifting of the Kyushu-Palau Ridge (KPR), controlling the spreading of the SPVB and forming the NE- and NNE-trending transform faults. This also involves oblique spreading. 3. The later overall rotation of the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP). Since 25 Ma, the WPB has rotated clockwise about 40°. Therefore the NW- and NNW-trending transform faults that formed at the later spreading stage have rotated to be the near-N-S- or NNE-striking faults. These transform faults are almost perpendicular to the spreading axis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The East China Sea Shelf Basin (ECSSB), the Pearl River Mouth Basin (PRMB) and the Taixinan Basin (TXNB) in the northern continental margin of the South China Sea (SCS) are important oil- and gas-bearing basins on the Western Pacific Continental Margin. During the Paleocene to Late Miocene, their strata can be compared, and the lithofacies were continuous from the TXNB, via the Taixi Basin (TXB) to the ECSSB. The lithologies mainly consist of interbedded shale, sandstone and mudstone layers. In addition, these basins have similar tectonic and sedimentation features. The three basins had similar marine-terrigenous facies in the Paleocene and marine-lacustrine-fluvial facies during the Eocene and Late Miocene. The basins experienced several coeval tectonic movements and episodes, and they developed a series of NE- and NNE-trending faults during the Paleocene and Eocene, which controlled the structure of the basins. During the Early Oligocene and Middle Miocene, they developed a series of NW- and WNW-trending strike-slip faults, reverse folds and flower-like strike-slip faults. However, there were obvious differences in sedimentary and tectonic evolution since the Late Miocene. The TXNB and TXB developed marine facies after the Late Miocene, while in the Quaternary, open marine facies replaced the Pliocene terrigenous facies in the ECSSB. Since the Late Miocene, the south of the ECSSB developed into a subsidence stage, and fault activity stopped. The TXB and TXNB developed some inverse structures and then developed into a thermal subsidence episode after the Dongsha Movement. Thus, this paper proposes that the ECSSB and the Cenozoic basins in the SCS were originally a unified basin and then subsequently separated into two basins as a result of the indentation of the Philippine Sea Plate (PSP) and the arc-continent collision between the Luzon Arc and the Eurasian Plate. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method is presented for estimating the amplitudes of internal waves (IWs) in ocean colour imagery. The method is tested in the northern South China Sea (SCS) because the environmental conditions there are such that IWs are generated frequently and can therefore be observed easily. A relationship between satellite-derived chlorophyll concentration (chl) and the amplitudes of IWs is obtained. Using a deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) model, the amplitude at the light penetration depth can be estimated. From theoretical models, the amplitude of an IW at the depth where the maximum vertical isopycnal displacement appears is also derived. The results indicate that the amplitudes of IWs in the northern SCS determined by the methods developed in this study are comparable with historical regional data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variability of sea surface temperature in the region of the Kuroshio intrusion into the South China Sea (SCS) through the Luzon Strait was studied using sea surface temperature (SST) derived from Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) from 1985 to 2002. The covariance empirical orthogonal function (CEOF) method was applied for analysing the temporal and spatial variability in the study area. The results show that the Kuroshio intrusion during El Niño periods is weaker than that in La Niña periods. The calculation of surface layer heat of the Kuroshio intrusion region also shows response to the El Niño-La Niña events. The variation is attributed to the changes in wind fields during those events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]