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In today's 5G era, the energy efficiency (EE) of cellular base stations is crucial for sustainable communication. Recognizing this, Mobile Network Operators are actively prioritizing EE for both network maintenance and environmental stewardship in future cellular networks. The paper aims to provide an outline of energy-efficient solutions for base stations of wireless cellular networks. A total of 5722 studies have been figured out by using the search string and after performing the six stages of SLR protocol, 82 studies were finalised that are published in 26 supreme journals and 19 featured conferences. EE solutions have been segregated into five primary categories: base station hardware components, sleep mode strategies, radio transmission mechanisms, network deployment and planning, and energy harvesting. The predominance of sleep mode procedures is evident in the selected survey studies. Notably, China, Korea, and the US are vigorously engaged in this field, specifically related to the 5G network. This review paper identifies the possible potential solutions for reducing the energy consumption of the networks and discusses the challenges so that more accurate and valid measures could be designed for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart Factory has already become an irresistible entity in manufacturing, which has led to a much wider scope of existing manufacturing innovations and the achievement of qualitative improvements. Unsurpassed progress has been made in the manufacturing sector through the combination of professional know-how and advanced IT, and HACCP has already thoroughly managed all steps from raw materials for agricultural and livestock products to processing, packaging and distribution before digitalization. Sanitary issues in each country have now been raised to the level of national security under the influence of COVID-19. Although HACCP is already well-managed by country, we have looked at this discussion and detailed technological transformation from a digital data perspective, as it is now possible to collect, store, record and report data to government offices more smartly in line with technological advances in smart factories. The intersection of smart factories and HACCPs is consistent in terms of data collection, storage and utilization. Furthermore, the addition of Blockchain technology to strictly prevent data forgery is more interesting. Although the use of Blockchain in general factories has been relatively insignificant, it is expected that the use of Blockchain technology will be expanded through smart HACCP, which forms the interface between smart factory technology and HACCP, and that agricultural, livestock and household factories will introduce more smart factories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The integration with BIM and AR has the challenges of limited interoperability and complex data formats. • Open-source software and standardized data format are the solutions to overcome these issues. • The proposed architecture also provides various geometry processing and deep learning application. • The architecture was applied to workflow visualization and deformation detection in pipe maintenance. Informed decision-making is crucial for construction site operators. Cyber-physical systems, including various technologies such as augmented reality and building automation tools, are gathering popularity within the infrastructure management sector. However, they are expensive and inaccessible to adopt for most small organizations. This paper describes a prototype of low-cost mobile augmented reality service for BIM and demonstrated its usability for pipe maintenance by supporting inspection, workflow management, data reduction, and augmented reality. User views about the decision support, integration and ease of use of the prototype were also collected from the organisations in the UK and South Korea. The results showed that integrating the augmented reality service with the building automation tool connected to the BIM server enhances decision-making for on-site operations by generating a closed loop. This paper also highlights the need for developing low-cost digital solutions to foster the digitalization of construction organisations with limited budgets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

South Korea became the first country in the world to launch a nationwide 5G network and commercialize 5G services. The Korean government played an essential role in the development of 5G, creating a tailored institutional arrangement that allowed South Korea to be at the forefront of 5G. In particular, the government set up a detailed time plan on how to go about 5G deployment and commercialization. The government also facilitated collaborative work between companies, research institutes, and academia, and strongly promoted R&D work for the development of 5G equipment, devices, and applications, providing financial and administrative support, opportunities for field trials, and various forms of incentive, including tax benefits to companies. This study analyzed the 5G socio-technical system in South Korea through the lens of technology systems theory, identifying and discussing crucial factors that have propelled 5G development and major latent aspects, such as the lack of killer applications for consumers and in vertical industries, which may potentially hinder the further growth and stabilization of the 5G system in South Korea. • South Korea became the first country in the world to launch a nationwide 5G network and commercialize 5G services. • This study analyzed the 5G socio-technical system in South Korea through the lens of technology systems theory. • The Korean government played an essential role in the development of 5G, creating a tailored institutional arrangement. • The government set up a detailed time plan on how to go about 5G deployment and commercialization. • The lack of killer applications may potentially hinder the further growth and stabilization of 5G in South Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As fifth-generation mobile communication systems give rise to new smart grid technologies, such as distributed energy resources, advanced communication systems, the Internet of Things, and big data analytics, the development of novel platforms and business models that ensure reliability and profitability of microgrid operations become increasingly important. In this study, we introduce an open micro energy grid platform to operate the widely distributed microgrids in Korea. Subsequently, we present commercial microgrid business models supported by the open micro energy grid platform equipped with an artificial intelligence engine and provide test results from testbeds connected to the platform. In contrast to the existing microgrid business models in the market, we propose a universal architecture and business model of the future microgrid, comprising (i) an energy robot-management operation business model, (ii) electric vehicle-based demand response, (iii) blockchain technology for energy trading, and (iv) a service-oriented business model. Finally, we propose a new business model for an intelligent virtual power plant (VPP) operator along with the architecture of the VPP and its proof of concept (PoC). We expect the proposed business model to provide energy solution providers with guidelines to develop various VPP services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]