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Despite its significance as a contributing factor for late-life dementia risk, illiteracy is frequently underappreciated in the management of dementia. In this study, we estimated the proportion of dementia cases attributable to illiteracy using the population attributable fraction (PAF), and calculated to what extent the monetary cost of dementia could be saved in the future by reducing illiteracy from the South Korean, Latin American, South Asian/Middle Eastern, and African populations. We collected necessary data from the 2011 United Nations Human Development Report and prevalence studies conducted in these regions. Additional variables not included in the above sources were estimated using a logit model under a "trend scenario"-based assumption. Around 16% of the total number of dementia cases in South Korea in 2015 can be attributed to illiteracy, with this figure predicted to decline to around 2% by 2050. This translates to a saving in dementia care costs of approximately 52 billion USD, providing we are successful in theoretically eradicating illiteracy as of 2015, in the population aged 65 years or under. Likewise, reducing illiteracy to 50% in Latin America, South Asia/The Middle East, and Africa by 2050 could generate further cost savings of between 71 and 244 billion, 13 and 94 billion, and 17 and 78 billion USD, respectively. Even public policies aimed solely at reducing illiteracy in the childhood, adolescent, or middle-aged population could potentially have a role in the primary prevention of dementia. Moving forward, governments will need to address this issue in a purposeful and systematic manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the architecture of the reactor protection system (RPS) in a nuclear integrated safety system (NISS) and describes the evaluation and analysis of reliability for NISS-RPS using the Markov model. NISS-RPS has four-channel redundancy like existing digital RPSs. However, a channel is configured based on triple modular redundancy and can be reconfigured on detecting faults. To analyze and evaluate the reliability of NISS-RPS, the Markov model for NISS-RPS and RPSs that are in operation or under construction in Korea were developed. Their reliability was evaluated and analyzed using the models. From the reliability analyses for NISS-RPS, it was observed that the failure rate of each module in NISS-RPS should be <2 X 10-5/hour, and the mean time to failure (MTTF) is ~20 000 hours, which is two times better than the MTTF requirement of 10 000 hours. The MTTF average increase rate, which depends on the fault coverage factor (FCF) increment, AMTTF/AFCF, is 1850 hour si 0.1. The results of comparison with other RPSs show that the reliability of NISS-RPS is at least 1.5 times better than that of the other three types of RPS architecture, and the MTTF is at least 14 months longer than that of the other types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigated the prevalence of dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and the factors associate with risk of dementia from a representative nationwide sample of Korean elders. 8,199 randomly-sampled Koreans aged 65 years or older were invited to participate in the Phase I screening assessment using Mini-Mental State Examination by door-to-door home visit, and 6,141 subjects (response rate = 74.9%) responded. Among them, 2,336 subjects were invited to participate in the Phase II diagnostic assessment for dementia and MCI, and 1,673 subjects responded (response rate = 71.6%). Diagnostic assessments were administered using the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Packet (CERAD-K) Clinical Assessment Battery. The CERAD-K Neuropsychological Assessment Battery was used for diagnosing MCI. Age-, gender-, education-, and urbanicity-standardized prevalence of dementia was estimated to be 8.1% (95% CI = 6.9-9.2) for overall dementia and 24.1% (95% CI = 21.0-27.2) for MCI. Alzheimer's disease (AD) was the most prevalent type (5.7%) followed by vascular dementia (2.0%). Amnestic subtype (20.1%) was much more prevalent than nonamnestic subtype in MCI (4.0%). Older age, being male, lower education level, illiteracy, smoking, and histories of head trauma or depression were associated with increased dementia risk, and alcohol use and moderately intense exercise were associated with decreased dementia risk. We expect numbers of dementia patients to double every 20 years until 2050 in Korea and expect AD to account for progressively more dementia cases in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]