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Bacterial diseases ofCymbidiumorchids continue to threaten the floriculture industry. Bacterial isolates were isolated and cultured fromCymbidiumplants exhibiting disease symptoms: black lesions with or without water-soaking on leaves. To identify the bacterial isolates, we performed polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using species-specific primers. The pathogen was tentatively identified asBurkholderia gladioli, which was first described as a phytopathogen, and later associated with human infections, especially with patients with cystic fibrosis. PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) products digested withHinfI and sequencing of the 16S rDNA confirmed the isolate asB. gladioli.Burkholderia gladiolistrains infecting plants are divided into two pathovars:alliicolaandgladioli. Pathogenicity tests showed that the isolate proved to be pathogenic toCymbidiumorchid but not to onion plants, a common host forB. gladiolipv.alliicola. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report ofB. gladioliinCymbidiumorchids in Korea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the history of a boundary dispute over an area of Northeast Asia known as Gando between the countries of China, South Korea, North Korea, and Japan. Three separate treaties written over the legal status of Gando are discussed. It is suggested that the tenets of international law have been distorted in the attempts to resolve this situation.