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Dementia has become a profound public health problem due to the number of patients increasing every year. Previous studies have reported that environmental factors, including greenness, may influence the development and progression of dementia. Studies have found that exposure to green space is associated with a lower incidence of dementia. However, many definitions of green space exist, and the effects of its use may differ with the type of green space. Therefore, two types of green space measures were considered in this study to assess the differences in their impact on the prevalence of dementia among females and males. This study used five years of data (2017–2021) from 235 districts in South Korea. The two green space measures used were open space density and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), which were derived from satellite images. The analysis utilized a combination of traditional and spatial panel analyses to account for the spatial and temporal effects of independent variables on dementia prevalence. The spatial autocorrelation results revealed that both measures of greenness were spatially correlated with dementia prevalence. The spatial panel regression results revealed a significant positive association between NDVI and dementia prevalence, and open space had a negative association with dementia prevalence in both genders. The difference in the findings can serve as the basis for further research when choosing a greenspace measure, as it affects the analysis results, depending on the objective of the study. This study adds to the knowledge regarding improving dementia studies and the application of spatial panel analysis in epidemiological studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In practice, road management data are typically managed in two-dimensional (2D) geospatial forms. However, 2D geographic information system (GIS)-based road infrastructure management data have limitations in their representation of complex roads, such as interchanges, bridges, and tunnels. As such, complex and large road network management data cannot be adequately managed in a 2D GIS-based form. This study discusses the use of the LandInfra standard for road infrastructure management in Korea, considering its focus on land and civil engineering infrastructure facilities. To facilitate the transition from 2D to 3D GIS, we analyzed existing road management models of road pavement and road register information and created Unified Modeling Language (UML) class diagrams depicting these models. Then, existing road management classes and LandInfra classes were mapped. Based on the results, we propose a road management model based on the Facility, Alignment, and Road parts of LandInfra. For its implementation, several classes of the proposed data model were encoded into InfraGML using real-world data input. Taken together, this study shows how the LandInfra standard can be extended and applied to the field of road infrastructure management in Korea, supporting the transition from a 2D to a 3D GIS-based model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Faults take topographical control to form sedimentary basins. • Mature basins yield a variety of soil. • Faults, basins, and soil affect CO 2 emissions. Carbon dioxide (CO 2) is one of the main components of greenhouse gases, and there is a great concern about emissions mainly from human activities. However, long term CO 2 emissions during the Earth's history are largely related to natural emissions by geological factors. Natural CO 2 emissions are mainly at highly permeable passages below the surface (e.g., volcanoes or faults). Unlike volcanoes, which actively release mantle-derived volatiles, faults can be affected by CO 2 of more diverse origins and are relatively lacking in research. Here, we note that it is important for CO 2 emissions that faults as channels with high permeability take topographical control to form sedimentary basins and produce mature soils. To this end, we performed CO 2 flux measurements in the Yangsan Fault System (YFS), Republic of Korea. As this fault is an active fault, topographical variations are clear and accessible. In the YFS, high spring CO 2 fluxes (119.5 g m−2 d-1 to 77,699.5 g m−2 d-1) were observed in Sector 1, and high soil CO 2 fluxes (0.5 g m−2 d-1to 1,240 g m−2 d-1) were observed along the Hyeongsan River in Sector 2. The carbon isotope composition indicates that the mantle contributes to fault-related spring CO 2 (δ13C = -14.03 ‰ to −7.44 ‰), and soil CO 2 comes from shallow biogenic sources (δ13C = –22.82 ‰ to −13.53 ‰) deposited in fault-forming basins. In addition, the helium isotope ratios indicative of the mantle contribution (3He/4He = 1.86 to 6.02 Ra) are shown in the gas samples of the springs. Furthermore, in a post-earthquake survey, we found temporal changes in soil CO 2 flux values near the epicenter, which may be related to the earthquake. A simple calculation of overall CO 2 emissions suggests that significant amounts of CO 2 (6.2 Mt yr−1) are being emitted along the YFS. Therefore, this study reports both large-scale structural degassing and biological CO 2 emissions from fault zones, providing implications for the role of sedimentary basins and soil types formed in fault zones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]