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• Source to estuary surveys revealed specific pollution and dam effects on river GHGs. • Pollution effects on riverine CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O vary with source size and location. • Cascade weirs boost CH 4 production, offsetting CO 2 sinks in eutrophic river-estuary. • δ13C indicates wastewater-derived GHGs and temperature-enhanced CH 4 oxidation. • Basin-specific perturbations warn generalizing eutrophic river-estuary as C sinks. Large uncertainties exist regarding the combined effects of pollution and impoundment on riverine greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. It has also been debated whether river eutrophication can transform downstream estuaries into carbon sinks. To assess human impacts on the riverine and estuarine distributions of CO 2 , CH 4 , and N 2 O, two source-to-estuary surveys along three impounded rivers in Korea were combined with multiple samplings at five or six estuarine sites. The basin-wide surveys revealed predominant pollution effects generating localized hotspots of riverine GHGs along metropolitan areas. The localized pollution effect was pronounced in the lower Han River and estuary adjacent to Seoul, while the highest GHG levels in the upper Yeongsan traversing Gwangju were not carried over into the faraway estuary. CH 4 levels were elevated across the eutrophic middle Nakdong reaches regulated by eight cascade weirs in contrast to undersaturated CO 2 indicating enhanced phytoplankton production. The levels of all three GHGs tended to be higher in the Han estuary across seasons. Higher summer-time δ13C-CH 4 values at some Nakdong and Yeongsan estuarine sites implied that temperature-enhanced CH 4 production may have been dampened by increased CH 4 oxidation. Our results suggest that the location and magnitude of pollution sources and impoundments control basin-specific longitudinal GHG distributions and estuarine carryover effects, warning against simple generalizations of eutrophic rivers and estuaries as carbon sinks. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]