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Studies on the seismic behavior of masonry fence has been limited even though those structures have a high hazard potential during earthquakes. In this study, the seismic performance of a U-shaped concrete block masonry structure, which represents typical fence walls in South Korea, is assessed. We conduct dynamic shaking table tests using incremental horizontal bidirectional ground motion, and the experimental results are analyzed in terms of visual damage inspection, natural frequency trends, hysteretic responses, and damage limit identification. Thin cracks gradually initiated at the bottom mortar joints, and finally, a severe stair-step cracks developed abruptly, leading to complete structural collapse. Considering the rapid damage progression, we suggest a novel damage limit criterion for this specimen, which is unlike to that of other ordinary masonry structures. The findings of this study can improve the understanding of the collapse process of masonry fence walls and better estimate their damage conditions. • Shaking table tests are performed for a U-shaped masonry fence wall structure. • Failure mechanisms of the U-shaped masonry specimen are investigated. • A new damage limit criterion for masonry fence walls is identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]