1. Health risk and disease burden attributable to long-term global fine-mode particles.
- Author
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Yang, Xingchuan, Wang, Yuan, Zhao, Chuanfeng, Fan, Hao, Yang, Yikun, Chi, Yulei, Shen, Lixing, and Yan, Xing
- Subjects
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CHRONIC obstructive pulmonary disease , *MYOCARDIAL ischemia , *EARLY death , *CORONARY disease , *RESPIRATORY infections - Abstract
Particulate matter 2.5 (PM 2.5) pollution has long been a global environmental problem and still poses a great threat to public health. This study investigates global spatiotemporal variations in PM 2.5 using the newly developed satellite-derived PM 2.5 dataset from 1998 to 2018. An integrated exposure–response (IER) model was employed to examine the characteristics of PM 2.5 -related deaths caused by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), ischemic heart disease (IHD), lung cancer (LC), and stroke in adults (age≥25), as well as lower respiratory infection (LRI) in children (age≤5). The results showed that high annual PM 2.5 concentrations were observed mainly in East Asia and South Asia. Over the 19-year period, PM 2.5 concentrations constantly decreased in developed regions, but increased in most developing regions. Approximately 84% of the population lived in regions where PM 2.5 concentrations exceeded 10 μg/m3. Meanwhile, the vast majority of the population (>60%) in East and South Asia was consistently exposed to PM 2.5 levels above 35 μg/m3. PM 2.5 exposure was linked to 3.38 (95% UI: 3.05–3.70) million premature deaths globally in 2000, a number that increased to 4.11 (95% UI: 3.55–4.69) million in 2018. Premature deaths related to PM 2.5 accounted for 6.54%−7.79% of the total cause of deaths worldwide, with a peak in 2011. Furthermore, developing regions contributed to the majority (85.95%–95.06%) of PM 2.5 -related deaths worldwide, and the three highest-ranking regions were East Asia, South Asia, and Southeast Asia. Globally, IHD and stroke were the two main contributors to total PM 2.5 -related deaths, followed by COPD, LC, and LRI. [Display omitted] • 84% population lived in regions with PM 2.5 concentrations above 10 μg/m3 globally. • PM 2.5 -related deaths increased worldwide with 86%–95% contribution from developing regions. • IHD and Stroke were the two leading causes of global death attributable to PM 2.5. • PM 2.5 -related deaths caused by IHD, Stoke, COPD, and LC increased, while by LRI decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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