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This article explores the assimilation of second-generation migrants from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) who grew up in Israel's social and geographic urban periphery. Their upbringing in peripheral towns and neighborhoods exposed them almost exclusively to Mizrahim (Oriental Jews), a stigmatized minority group whose members make up the overwhelming majority in those locations. We argue that their interaction with members of this group resulted in an alternative process of assimilation, which we term Hitmazrehut (Orientalization). Children of migrants, who were unaware of the historical stigmatization of Mizrahim and their culture, conceived of Hitmazrehut as their only viable trajectory of assimilation into what they erroneously perceived as the Israeli mainstream. However, embracing Mizrahi socio-cultural practices, including consumption and production of ethnic culture, religious traditions and romantic partnerships, did not lead to their downward assimilation, as the model predicts. Rather, it allowed second-generation Russian-speaking migrants to fit in and attain social and economic mobility by assimilating sidewards, into the growing Mizrahi middle-class. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Oriental Studies (Al-Farabi Kazakh National University) / Kazahskij Nacional'nyj Universitet Imeni Al'-Farabi Vestnik Seriâ Vostokovedeniâ is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As access to an essential part of clozapine research from the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) states is very limited, quality aspects have not gained attention so far, and harmonization with modern research standards remains unclear. We performed a systematic search in PubMed, Embase and scientific indexes from former USSR states for articles published in Russian language till January 2023 (PROSPERO Reg. Number CRD42023386737) and assessed their quality using the modified Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology (STROBE)-Checklist. We compared quality aspects for papers published before and after 2000. A total of 60 papers were considered. Conflicts of interests and funding sources were reported in 5 and 3 (8 % and 5 %) studies respectively; ethical approval was warranted in two studies (3 %). Statistical analysis was performed in 57 (95 %) studies, but statistical methods were described in 21 (35 %) studies. When comparing studies before and after 2000, there was a trend towards improvement for several aspects, with the only significant differences being the objectives' specification (43 vs 83 %, p < 0.003) and the reporting of statistical methodology (0.0 vs 46 %, p < 0.001), which were more frequently available in papers after 2000. Clozapine papers in Russian language suffered from severe methodological drawbacks limiting generalizability. Changes regarding standardization, transparency, ethics, and good scientific practice are urgently required. Using reporting checklists and predefining protocols are the first steps towards quality upgrade and accelerate the integration of science from the former USSR states into the world scientific system. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to literature on clozapine in Russian language remains strikingly limited. We aimed to identify and translate clinical evidence on clozapine-based treatment outcomes. We performed a systematic review in PubMed, Embase and scientific indexes from former USSR states searching for articles published in Russian from the database inception till January 2023 and summarized the data in a scoping review (PROSPERO Reg. Number CRD42023386737). A total of 60 papers were included comprising eight main topic categories: 1) clozapine-related intoxications (n = 20), 2) effectiveness/efficacy and safety of clozapine treatment (n = 14), 3) adverse drug-induced reactions (ADRs) related to clozapine treatment (n = 9), 4) therapeutic drug monitoring for clozapine (n = 5), 5) combination of clozapine and non-pharmacological treatments (n = 4), 6) pharmacoepidemiology of clozapine (n = 3), 7) effects of clozapine on the brain electrical activity (n = 3), and 8) novel clozapine formulations (n = 2). Among clozapine-related intoxications there were reports of criminal poisoning, which was associated with low lethality. Worse outcomes were accompanied by systemic reactions to intoxications. Clinical benefits of hemoadsorption were reported in the management of clozapine-related intoxications. Only half of studies reporting clozapine effectiveness used standardized scales to assess outcomes. Clozapine superiority in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS) was replicated in one trial. No reports of clozapine-related agranulocytosis were identified. Clozapine ranked among most prescribed antipsychotics for TRS and non-TRS. As clinical research in former USSR states is advancing to adopt western clinical research standards, comparability and extrapolation of findings is expected to increase, with transfer of older findings to clinical practice being particularly challenging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of Russian linguistics, history, and jurisprudence, the Russian language is widely regarded as a political instrument and, to some extent, reflects the development and influence of contemporary language policy of the Russian language in the Soviet Union. This study aims to examine the process, characteristics, influencing psychological and sociological factors, and consequences of Russian language policy in the early Soviet Union (1917-1930s). Thematic analysis and discourse strategy analysis methods were employed to achieve this goal. The results indicate that a well-thought-out language policy necessitates the establishment of language legislation and a precise legal definition of the status and use of different languages. The absence of language legislation can be a major drawback of language policy. While the Soviet Constitution and other relevant political documents broadly define the status and use of Russian and other languages, there is no specific language legislation regulating the use of each language. Analysis of word frequency statistics demonstrates that the key concepts of Stalinist policy differed compared to the time of Lenin's rule, resulting in a lack of effective legal force and strong mechanisms for controlling language policy practices. As the functional advantages of the Russian language become increasingly evident, some ethnic minorities tend to lean towards studying and using it, leading to the emergence of many bilingual and even trilingual individuals. Other minorities with small or underdeveloped populations turn to the Russian language, which is the most widely spoken language. These findings contribute to the theoretical and practical knowledge base for research in the fields of linguistics, linguistic culturology, history, psycholinguistics, and political science. Subsequent research can focus on current aspects of the country's language policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Foreign Languages / Revista Internacional de Lenguas Extranjeras is the property of Universitat Rovira I Virgili and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Letonica is the property of University of Latvia, Institute of Literature, Folklore & Art and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Codrul Cosminului is the property of Codrul Cosminului and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For many years of the existence of the Soviet Union, the status of the Russian language was semi-official, although it played a large role in the public space. Only the act on the Languages of the Nations of the USSR of 1990 approved its status as an official language in the entire territory of the USSR. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, its former republics began to shape their own language policies, guided by national interests, considering the current linguistic situation and historical conditions. The effect of these activities was the diversified status of the Russian language (as state, official, inter-ethnic communication, national minority or foreign). The main purpose of the article is to present the differences in the status of the Russian language in the post-Soviet countries, primarily in the formal and legal aspect. An additional question was whether the legal status of the Russian language reflected its actual position in public and social life in the individual countries. The problem continues to be relevant, especially in the context of the foreign policy goals pursued by the Russian Federation and security threats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While the Soviet tradition of remembering the Eastern Front of WW2 as the "Great Patriotic War" is inherited and reinforced in Russia and Belarus today, the term itself tends not to be used in Ukraine. This essay uses war novels written by Russian-language writers of the Soviet era to analyze and compare the spatial representations of Ukraine and the image of Ukrainians. This will provide clues to unravel the intricate boundaries in the historical memory of the former Soviet regions. Donbass writer Boris Gorbatov's The Unvanquished blurs the boundaries between Russia and Ukraine, while allowing no in-between presence such as POWs or collaborators. Belarusian writer Ales Adamovich's The Chasteners gives them a human face of complex interiority and ethnic traits, but also fosters a discourse that views Ukrainians as collaborators with fascism. Both novels borrow motifs from Nikolai Gogol's Taras Bulba on Ukrainian Cossacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A seemingly new geopolitical term appeared in post-Soviet political discourse during the 90's of the last century: Russkij Mir (Russian Peace). Generally formulated, this term stands for a large international community of people who share a sense of belonging to Russian culture and Russian language and share a "devotion to the values of Russian civilization". The formation of the concept of Russkij Mir by the Russian elite and its implementation into politics can be interpreted as the result of efforts to overcome the deep crisis that hit, after the break-up of the Soviet Union, the Russian Federation and other post-Soviet states. Moreover, it can be seen as one of the results of the search for a new Russian identity under new social, political and international conditions that appeared after 1991. The aim of this study is to outline the creation of this important Russian project though a historical sketch and ethnocultural argumentation. Moreover, this study points out its current social relevance by describing examples from Russian, Belarussian and Ukrainian environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Eurasian Journal of Philology: Science & Education is the property of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Białostockie Archiwum Językowe is the property of University of Bialystok and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the educational context of mother tongue teaching, the question of language form overlaps with stylistic questions. However, a stylistic approach to grammatical forms is possible and, more than that, necessary, in the educational practice of language teaching. In order to understand how stylistics can contribute to the process of (re) birth of the student's linguistic individuality in response to the hegemony of the impersonality of language, this paper is constructed by comparing the proposals of Mikhail Bakhtin (2013) with regard to stylistic issues in the teaching of language and the propositions of João Wanderley Geraldi (1997, 2006) in relation to the basic units of Portuguese teaching, more specifically to the practices of linguistic analysis. For this, we deal with three points: 1) the opposition made by Bakhtin between a purely grammatical analysis and the stylistic approach of the mother tongue in the classroom; 2) an exercise of comparison between Bakhtin's stylistic approach and Geraldi's propositions about practices of linguistic analysis in mother tongue teaching; 3) some understandings about the stylistic approach in mother tongue teaching as a response to the hegemony of language impersonality. This paper seeks to update Bakhtinian thinking, as it puts into dialogue the theoretical-methodological propositions about the relationship between semantic and stylistic aspects of the language constructed by Bakhtin - developed in the context of Russian language teaching within the educational system in the Soviet Union in the years 1940 - with practices of linguistic analysis as one of the basic units of teaching Portuguese in contemporary times. Comparing these two propositions allowed us to understand that the two authors build, through theoritical-methodological propositions of mother tongue teaching, a confrontation between an education that recognizes and reproduces concepts and terminologies and teaching language in use, in a creative way, in the sense of build, with the students, a view to their creative potential in the face of the language, a potential to say their own word from the choices of linguistic forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Drawing on the semantic field theory, the paper aims to uncover the challenges of importing and translating a management accounting concept into the Russian language and the semantic nature of resistance towards the imported management accounting concept. Design/methodology/approach: The paper draws on the extensive literature review of the histories of accounting in the Soviet Union and the United States in the first part of the twentieth century and 17 interviews conducted with the Russian accounting academics. Findings: We demonstrate the case of resistance in adopting the imported Anglo-Saxon management accounting concept. We also discuss historical underpinning and origins of this resistance in light of semantic field theory. Research limitations/implications: The paper calls for more research in the non-Anglo-Saxon contexts problematizing conventional assumptions and beliefs about objectivity and universality of accounting language. Practical implications: The study demonstrates the importance of understanding historical and cross-cultural developments of accounting language for accounting educators and practitioners. Critical awareness of the differences in semantic fields of accounting can help accounting researchers and educators to develop contextualized research projects and context-relevant teaching practices. Originality/value: The study contributes to the literature on translations of accounting concepts by demonstrating that accounting concepts are not understood in isolation, instead, they are interpreted in relation to each other. The present study demonstrates that the relationship between the management accounting concept (the signifier) and its meanings (signifieds) is fluid, culturally and historically contingent. To understand this relationship, we should attend to the historical development of semantic fields and associative relations between concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study examines the integration of Russian verbs into 50 languages from 12 different language families predominantly spoken in the former Soviet Union with respect to insertion strategies and input forms of Russian verbs. The aim is to test if there are statistically significant distributions between particular insertion strategies and grammatical, areal and sociolinguistic properties of the recipient languages. Methodology: This study applies the typological categories developed by Wohlgemuth for the classification of verbal borrowings by distinguishing three major insertion strategies. The donor language is kept constant (Russian). For every recipient language information on all instances of inserted verbs and data on word order, morphological type, language family and relevant social parameters have been gathered. Data and analysis: The linguistic data largely come from published sources. Frequency data on the distribution of the insertion strategies are quantitatively analyzed and tested for statistically significant correlations with sociolinguistic and typological parameters and areal location. The distributions are visualized by maps. Findings: There are no correlations between insertion strategies and extralinguistic parameters such as the general contact intensity. The two typological features (word order; morphological type) showed some correlations, and areality also plays a certain role. The main factor is the existence of productive insertion strategies within particular families or subbranches. Furthermore, the strategies show different degrees of flexibility with respect to the morphological form of the input and can be ordered along a hierarchy from more flexible (direct insertion) to not flexible at all (paradigm insertion). Originality: This is the first attempt to systematically compare the impact of Russian on languages with different genealogical affiliations, typological profiles and sociolinguistic conditions. Russian is an understudied donor language with a complex verbal morphology. This study is meant to undertake the first step towards a comprehensive study of Slavicization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkmen Turkic is in the south-west branch of the Turkic language family. Gagauz and Turkey Turkish constitute the western branch of the south-western Turkic while Azerbaijan and Turkmen Turkic constitute the eastern branch. The Turkmen Turks, which were under the rule of the Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics from 1884 to 1991, gained their independence in 1991 with the dissolution of the Soviet Union. In Turkmenistan, which was under the rule of the Soviet Union for a while, the influence of Russian Turcology on the language studies on Turkmen Turkic is in question. Therefore, some grammar topics in Turkmen Turkic are dealt in a different way from Turkey Turkish. The density of Turkish words is prominent in the formation of grammatical terms in Turkmen Turkic. Because grammar studies have been dealt according to Russian Turcology for a long time, some of the terms have been taken especially from Russian and and these terms have been used like this for a long time. In this study, around 760 grammatical terms in Turkmen Turkic were determined. For the determination of these terms, dictionaries and grammar works prepared on Turkmen Turkic were used. The works that are used in this study are given in the bibliography [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Sweden Soviet Studies were labelled according to geography. The communist states were called Öststater, "Eastern States". A department for Öststatskunskap (Knowledge of Eastern States) and Öststatsforsknlng (Research on Eastern states) was established at Uppsala University. The purpose was to educate the Russian language students of the school for Interpreters of the Swedish Army and to encourage research by "foxes" (Berlin) on the Soviet Union. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the department in Uppsala was re-named Östeuropastudier. It gave courses on the "Eastern States" for undergraduate students In the social sciences. It was later reorganized. The scope was limited to research and education on the former republics of the Soviet Union. The department was renamed The department of Russian and Eurasian Studies. Here scholars of the "hedgehog" variety thrive. The "foxes" work at the Swedish Institute of International Affairs, The Swedish Defence University and The Swedish Defence Research Agency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diaspora, which generally means the place where any nation or members of faith live as a minority outside their home country and the branch of any nation separated from its homeland, has been an important instrument of influence in the foreign policies of states since the 20th century. The Russian diaspora, whose population is estimated to be between 20 and 30 million in the world, is also included in this group. After the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the direction of the Russian Federation towards the West, the Yeltsin administration did not initially want to raise issues related to the Russian diaspora, but made the protection of the rights of the Russian diaspora one of the priorities of the Russian diaspora. In this context, the Russian diaspora, which has maintained its position in the RF foreign policy since the end of 1992 and whose conceptual, geographical and legal scope has been expanded in this process serves as an important instrument and basis for the realization of the foreign policy aims of the RF to contribute to the soft power and public diplomacy through the activities of the promotion of Russian language and culture in the world and the establishment of a positive image of the RF and to maintain its own sphere of influence by influencing the foreign policies of the states in post-Soviet geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Osteuropa is the property of Berliner Wissenschaftsverlag GmbH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The key task of the creative unions in the Soviet totalitarian regime was to become administrative self-governing institutions of writers, artists, musicians and other intellectual professions. The aim of such institutions was to ensure control of the Communist Party over the creative intelligentsia. In October 1940 the Organizational Committee of the Latvian SSR Union of Writers was founded. Until the First Congress of the Union of Writers, which took place on June 14-16, 1941, the Organizational Committee was led by chairman Jānis Niedre. During this time, several important tasks had to be carried out - new members had to be enrolled, new socialist writings had to be facilitated, the heritage of Latvian literature had to be revised, the political and ideological education of writers had to be provided, etc. In autumn 1940, the Communist Party and Soviet authorities had worked out a strategically farsighted tactic in relation to the enrolment of writers into the Union of Writers. It was stipulated that talented, well-known writers should be enrolled, so that their talent would be used and adjusted according to the principles of the new ideology. In the so-called Year of Terror it was planned to issue a new schoolbook on the history of Soviet Latvian literature and to revise the pre-Soviet literary heritage of Latvia, in order to gather works that could be submitted to Moscow for translation into Russian and other languages of the socialist republics. However, this intention was not achieved, since Latvians lacked works that were written in the aesthetics of Socialist Realism and which revealed the life of the proletariat in the new circumstances of the Soviet Union. The plans were also put on hold by active warfare in the territory of Latvia. When the First Congress of the Union of Writers approached, an increasing ideological pressure was exerted on writers. One example was playwright Mārtiņš Zīverts, who the Soviet authorities had planned to involve in both writing the first Soviet play and the work of the Union of Writers, as well as in the further development of Socialist Realism. In the early years of the Union of Writers, Jānis Niedre was a crucial employee, since he had several responsible positions in the nomenclature of the Communist Party and he led the work of the Union of Writers. Due to his activity and loyalty to the Communist Party, the Latvian Union of Soviet Writers was the first of the so-called creative unions that was established in the first year of the Soviet occupation and not after World War II like the rest of the creative unions of the Latvian SSR. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the change in political conditions and quality of life in pre-1917 Russia and the Soviet Union. Russian writer Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, remarked on the absence of continuity in the transition from pre-revolutionary Russia to the Soviet Union. It is stated that the American or Western ideas played an important role in underlining the perceptions of the Soviet Union. However, the Russian language is known to be the language of the multi-national Soviet Union. It is reported that the Russian state has been the largest territorial existence since the seventeenth century. The natural environment of Russian-speaking people has uncurled the starting of the present millennium. All these factors will command the policies of the country in future.

Virginia Woolf and Russia has been examined but not fully studied. Entirely overlooked has been her response to Russian cinema and dance, particularly the Ballets Russes. This paper addresses that gap through an account of Woolf's response to, and interest in, both Russian film and dance, while also accounting for how she incorporates her admiration of Dostoevsky, Turgenev and other Russian writers into her work. Her study and translations with the Russian Jewish émigré Samuel Koteliansky, a formative influence on her continuing absorption with matters Russian, is also analyzed, as well as the importance of Russian cinematic techniques, notably sound, drawn in part from such Russian directors as V. I. Pudovkin, as well as montage, originating with Lev Kuleshov and Sergei Eisenstein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The essay examines the effects of Soviet nationalities policy on Armenians living in Baku, the capital of the Azerbaijani SSR, and on ethnic Azerbaijanis in Kyzyl-Shafag, an Azerbaijani village in the Armenian SSR. A series of interviews were conducted with members of these two communities to explore some of the results of Soviet nationalities policy. Although the residents of Baku emphasised the multinational character of the city, they nevertheless conceded that ethnicity played an important role in their lives, even at the level of everyday practices. The same also applies for the Azerbaijanis in the far less cosmopolitan Armenian countryside, where ethnic boundaries remained largely impenetrable. Soviet language, with its essentialist categories that separated people into internally homogeneous groups, could not have been more appropriate for this purpose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elaine Feinstein's translations of Tsvetaeva have acquired a near-classic status. Paul Muldoon pointed out, however, that in one case a stanza from one of the originals was omitted without explanation, and close examination of other examples reveals further unexplained omissions, reorderings, conflations, and splittings of Tsvetaeva's compositions in Feinstein's renderings. From this point, other questions are asked about how much justice is done to the Russian poems by this non-Russian-speaking translator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultural policy of the USSR provided for the deliberate displacement of Ukrainian (like every other national language) to the naive provincial periphery of the "great art" of the mighty Soviet Union, supposedly possible solely in the sphere of the Russian language. The renewed Soviet ideologization of literature in the postwar years led to a sharp decline in the artistic level of all literary fields. But even against the background of this general artistic decline, the caricaturised burlesque and travesty-like artificiality of Andrii Malyshko's (1912-1970) poetry of the time is impressive. Malyshko's so-called "second birth" in his late period represents a rare in its purity instance, where we can observe an ontological conflict of language and ideology that a Ukrainian artist of the Soviet period resolves in favor of language. Malyshko created not provincial peripheral streams, but a strong artistic and philosophical alternative to the blind, technocratic, and miserable in its Russified nature, imperial reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the Sovietization of Western Belarus after 1944 as a consequence of the region's Soviet and German occupations. Both occupational regimes inflicted mass violence on the region and deeply altered its urban social structures. During the following decades, most of the local rural population migrated to Western Belarusian destroyed cities and remade the sociospatial structure of the region. The article argues that Sovietization was grounded in the violence that occurred during and after WWII. Yet Sovietization also triggered a long-term process of social acculturation, described in the article as auto-sovietization. The paper explains how and why rural urbanites actively participated in the creation of a new Soviet West. Eager to partake in the Soviet modernization project, most of these rural migrants voluntarily adopted Russian, the main urban language. To a large extent, this readiness to adopt Russian was an attempt to leave the village and its symbolic heritage behind. This dynamic was strengthened by Soviet folklorization practices, which transformed some elements of rural heritage into new urban forms that strictly bound Soviet Belarusianness to the village. This concept of titular culture in the Belorussian Socialist Soviet Republic fell in line with the negative self-perception of most migrants, who perceived Belarusian vernacular as a major marker of their rural descent. The mass switch from speaking vernacular to speaking Russian in public spaces is interpreted as a symbolic act of social acculturation. At the same time, newly Soviet towns hosted hybrids of rural and urban cultural practices. In the linguistic field, the strong domination of Russian in public went hand in hand with the emergence of mixed idioms such as the Belarusian-Russian trasianka in private spaces. Based on oral histories and archival records, this text argues that exploring the interplay between the violent dimension of Sovietization and the soft power of the Soviet modernization project is central to understanding the Sovietization of the post-WWII periphery of the Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the Soviet era, proficiency in the Russian language was often a ticket to attractive employment opportunities in the member republics. Does it still contribute to securing employment in the former Soviet republics after two decades of transition? Using data from Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia in the years 2008-2010, this paper demonstrates that Russian language skills remain economically valuable. The baseline estimates suggest that Russian language skills increase probability of employment by about 6 (males) and 9 (females) percentage points. Our results bear important implications for the ongoing debates on language policies in the post-Soviet countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The socialist revolution and the collapse of the USSR in the 20th century affected all spheres of Russian public life, including the usage of language. Today, the use of Russian shows divergent tendencies toward Sovietness and Soviet newspeak (новояз). The linguistic field of Post-Soviet era is standing on the opposite axis, i.e., on the one hand, on the denial of all Sovietness, and on the inheritance and reproduction of Sovietness, on the other. This paper discusses the reflections of Soviet newspeak in the modern Russian language, mainly, in areas such as: 1) the use of Sovietisms as precedent texts, 2) the language of Russian Internet subculture, and 3) the modern Russian political language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indirect translation is unanimously seen as one of the largely neglected topics of translation studies. The three volumes of the de Gruyter Handbuch Übersetzung - HSK. 26.1-3 (2004-2011) - an encyclopedia still seldom consulted by translation scholars, offer considerable information on indirect translation: its role in translation history, aspects of terminological diversification, modes of indirectness. Information concerning indirect translation in Russia and the Soviet Union is especially rich. This article contains an evaluation of about 35 entries dealing with the topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the official position of the Soviet government in the national policy during 1943-1982 years, analyzes the situation in the linguistic environment in Donetsk region, and identifies the main channels of policy in the language environment, particularly through the school system as a major mechanism in the process. We can conclude that fromthe beginning of tenure as First Secretary of the Communist Partyof Khrushchev and the end of Brezhnev`s eramore than half of schools wereRussian. This trend was observed among the students also. Difference proportion of pupils who have studiedRussian and Ukrainian languages in nearly two decades has changed in favor of the Russian language when in 1959/60 year Russian was taught almost 3.5 times more than Ukrainian, while in 1978/79 year there were 12.8 timesmore. This shows that in the 1943-1982 period the Soviet government consistently carried out the process of creating a single Soviet people in the territory of the USSR by the Russification of education. Visibly voluntary choice of language of study at the command-administrative methods of the country managementmade even better results behind the screen democracy. Since such a large state like the Soviet Union sought to unify the system of inter-republic communication through the introduction of Russian language in the process the Russification of Ukrainian SSR carried outmore rapidly than in other Soviet republics, and had its own special features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hemingway is one of the most beloved American authors in the Russian-speaking world. This success has depended to a great extent upon his early translator, Ivan Kashkin, whose work preserves Hemingway's original honesty and simplicity in Russian (a language spoken by more than 150 million people). This essay examines the lifelong relationship between Hemingway and Kashkin. The history of their correspondence, combined with the juxtaposition of their private lives, provides new insights into their personalities and into their times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the text of a report issued by the Ukrainian Congress Committee of America (UCCA) concerning the negative impact of Russification on the cultural life of Ukrainians living under imperial Russian and Soviet rule. The authors describe the imposition of use of the Russian language in Ukrainian literature and education. They note the arrests of Ukrainian writers who focus on Ukrainian cultural themes or use the Ukrainian language. The report calls for the release of political prisoners and the liberation of Ukraine and other non-Russian countries ruled by the Soviet Union.

Copyright of Russian Linguistics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Russian Linguistics is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The collapse of the Communist bloc in 1989 and then of the Soviet Union in 1991 has presented unique challenges to the educational systems in place during socialist times, and the ensuing transition in Ukraine is no exception. The introduction of Ukrainian as the sole state language when a high number of citizens still prefer to use Russian has generated some interesting paradoxes to explore. This paper surveys the diffusion of Ukrainian-medium education in Odessa, a city of one million people in the south of the country. The introduction of Ukrainian as the language of instruction in schools was a result of a nation-building project when the country gained independence in 1991. This gave way to a peculiar contradiction: whilst all Ukrainian schools are supposed to use Ukrainian as the sole means of teaching, including Ukrainian textbooks, a number of schools have adopted unofficially a dual-language approach. Thus Ukrainian functions as the language for all written communication while Russian is used for communication among students and teachers in formal and informal contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses how the formal aims of citizenship education, as declared in legislation and policy documents, have changed since the end of the 1980s in response to the transformation of the political scenery in Finland and the Russian Federation. One central question framing the analysis of Finnish citizenship education is whether nationally-based citizenship is becoming obsolete because of Finland's latest involvement in the European integration process. In the Russian case, the aim is to investigate whether nationality has become more strongly linked to the Russian state since the breakdown of the Soviet empire. The study also examines whether nationality has acquired new meanings because of the political transformations of the last two decades in Finland and Russia. The study's findings illustrate that Finland is both forsaking the strong link between the state and the nation, and returning to the pre-independence cultural concept of the nation. These changes allow Finland to move in the direction of a multi-level conception of citizenship. Nevertheless, for Finland national citizenship remains the nucleus of other citizenship and identity layers. In contrast to the recent developments in Finland, the discourses of state integrity and national unity have become more prominent in Russia. Russia seeks to attach citizenship to the state-wide national space by encouraging state patriotism and strengthening the position of the Russian language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The article considers different search options using patent databases (DB), which belong to the former Soviet Union (SU) countries and where the Cyrillic alphabet and Russian language are used. The main emphasis is on the databases where there is the possibility of using an English interface. In the cases when it is not possible to receive information in English advice is given on what kind of machine translation is preferable. Advice is given for English- and Russian-speaking users for making the search more efficient. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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The article analyses the person-referred vocabulary fixed in the 'Perestroika Dictionary.' During the Perestroika time, a significant number of lexical units referring to new realities were built in the language. At the same time, already existing in the language lexical means were used, too. The article reveals that the words that existed in Russian during the pre-revolutionary epoch (before 1917) and those that appeared in the Soviet time became nomination sources during the Perestroika epoch. In most cases, those words experienced various semantic, stylistic, expressive changes in that period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2002 the Russian parliament passed a law requiring all official languages within the Russian Federation to use the Cyrillic alphabet. The legislation caused great controversy and anger in some quarters, especially in Tatarstan, the Russian republic whose attempt to romanise the script for the Tatar language provoked the new law. This paper examines the background to these recent events in the former Soviet Union, showing how they provide a contemporary illustration of the ways that linguistic (in this case, orthographic) issues can interact with ideologies and discourses at the political and social levels. The paper takes an approach which treats orthography and script selection as social practices which are amenable to sociolinguistic analysis, even though they are more commonly modelled as autonomous systems (or "neutral technologies") which can be detached from their social context (cf. Street's "ideological" and "autonomous" models of literacy). The article begins with a very brief overview of the early twentieth-century changes of script from Arabic to Roman and then to Cyrillic, which affected most of the Turkic languages, including Tatar, and an account of the trend to return to the Roman alphabet in the immediate post-Soviet period. It goes on to describe the circumstances of the decision by Tatarstan to introduce the script change, and the resulting backlash from the government of the Russian Federation, in the form of a new language law. It then goes on to analyse the discourses which underlie this story of rebellion and reaction. In particular, the following discourses are identified and discussed: unity and membership (the discourse of belonging), technology and globalisation, cultural heritage (change and permanence), Cyrillic as "defective"/Cyrillic as a conduit for Russian lexis, romanisation as a threat to the integrity of Russia and its language. It is noted that many of the discourses present in the Tatarstan case are also found in other debates over orthographies elsewhere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chapter surveys recent work on Russian as a lingua franca in the territory of the former Soviet Union. This discussion is subdivided into three sections. First, I review recent historiographies and sociolinguistic analyses of russification policies and practices of the Russian empire and the USSR. Then, I review the work on the changes in the status of Russian in the fourteen post-Soviet countries, which display a wide spectrum of approaches: from continuous Russian dominance in Belarus to vigorous derussification in the Baltic countries. I end with an overview of methodological and theoretical challenges facing this area of study and of its contributions to debates on minority language rights, to definitions of postcolonialism and diaspora, and to the study of negotiation and transformation of identities. I also point to productive directions for future research, such as microsociolinguistic studies of regional varieties of Russian, of language choice and use in daily communication, and of intergenerational transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]