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Science journalism associations at a national and international level have aimed to form networks of support for the professionalization of the field. In this article, we focus at the process of consolidation of one of the first of such international organizations: the Ibero-American Association of Science Journalism (AIPC), created in Medellín in 1969, which sowed the seeds for the creation of new national associations across Latin America and connected these national organizations in Latin America and Spain through international conferences, exchange programs, and training initiatives. Through the analysis of historical documentation from the personal archive of one of its main leaders, the Spanish Manuel Calvo Hernando, we explore the dynamic between the AIPC and the national associations in Latin America during this formative period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, journalism cannot remain oblivious to the innovations brought about by the socio-technological reality. Artificial intelligence (AI) is one of the technologies on the rise, although the Spanish media have incorporated it little, experimentally and in specific sections. This research has two objectives: 1) to know the state of development of AI in the Spanish digital media and the industry's perception of the impact of this technology on the profession; 2) to explore a human vs synthetic text generation detection method to assess whether generative AI is being used in media. A comparative study was carried out between two media of reference in Spain, one matrix and conservative ideology (El Mundo), and another digital native and progressive trend (eldiario.es). The methodology was based on methodological triangulation and included a survey and an experiment with ChatGPT to detect whether a sample of texts published in these two media was created by humans or machines. The results diagnose that none of these newspapers apply AI, although they are designing plans to do so, and that there seems to be a lack of AI experts in the newsrooms, although a significantly higher predisposition towards AI in the native media is not confirmed as opposed to the matrix. The analyses carried out confirm that generative AI is not used to create texts. The method applied can be used in other studies because its validity is confirmed to provide clues about the human or artificial origin of journalistic texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

News media and journalists must adapt to emerging platforms in order to respond to changing news consumption habits. This article addresses the trend of Social Media Live Streaming on Twitch, a platform that has experienced significant growth since 2020. The research pursues the main objective of finding out how Spanish media and journalists are adapting to this platform and what possibilities it offers to the journalistic profession, in terms of business model as well as in communicative style, formats and relationship with the audience. An exploratory analysis made it possible to identify 55 channels and to establish, in the first phase of the research, two categories of study: channels driven by journalists --with a background in digital or legacy media-- or by news media --digital natives or legacy ones--. In a second phase, seven representative cases were studied through content analysis of their profiles and streams, as well as interviews with the promoters. The results reflect an initial stage in the development of news initiatives on Twitch, characterized by experimentation and diversity of projects. In general, there is no great innovation in content and formats, which are based on conversation. There is a hybridization of information and entertainment in live broadcasts which, although providing rigorous information and featuring experts, maintain a relaxed tone and make use of humor. The relationship with the audience is built through the chat, a central element during broadcasts, and subscriptions from viewers, which are the main source of income for the channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The war in Ukraine has grabbed headlines around the world. This analysis asks who is covering it and what this says about war reporting. The advent of the Web and the subsequent polarization of the media pits the constant demand for information against the journalistic expectation of calm analysis. While traditional media seem to guarantee credibility, more and more people are turning to alternative information providers. To explore these changes' repercussions on war correspondents, this study analyzes 11,268 bylines of the news on Ukraine published digitally by the most widely read newspapers in Spain (El País, El Mundo, El Correo, and La Vanguardia) and the USA (The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, USA Today and New York Post), during the first week of the conflict, from February 24 to March 2, 2022. Through these, the authors' working relationship with each newspaper is investigated, employing LinkedIn or Twitter when necessary. While relevant literature suggests that freelancers and agencies dominate international news, this analysis concludes that most of the war coverage (65,64%) has been generated in newsrooms, away from the frontline. While confirming the significant contribution of agencies and a decreasing presence of freelancers, it also confirms the survival of foreign bureaus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flashbulb memories (FBMs) refer to vivid and long-lasting autobiographical memories for the circumstances in which people learned of a shocking and consequential public event. A cross-national study across eleven countries aimed to investigate FBM formation following the first COVID-19 case news in each country and test the effect of pandemic-related variables on FBM. Participants had detailed memories of the date and others present when they heard the news, and had partially detailed memories of the place, activity, and news source. China had the highest FBM specificity. All countries considered the COVID-19 emergency as highly significant at both the individual and global level. The Classification and Regression Tree Analysis revealed that FBM specificity might be influenced by participants' age, subjective severity (assessment of COVID-19 impact in each country and relative to others), residing in an area with stringent COVID-19 protection measures, and expecting the pandemic effects. Hierarchical regression models demonstrated that age and subjective severity negatively predicted FBM specificity, whereas sex, pandemic impact expectedness, and rehearsal showed positive associations in the total sample. Subjective severity negatively affected FBM specificity in Turkey, whereas pandemic impact expectedness positively influenced FBM specificity in China and negatively in Denmark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media reporting greatly influences the civilians’ mentality, which further exacerbates or mitigates outbreaks of infectious diseases, prolongs or shortens the pandemic process. Adopting corpus linguistic methods and Discursive news values analysis (DNVA) framework, this study examined the news values through key words, naming strategies and photographs in monkeypox-themed news reporting in Spanish and the US media, to analyse how they constructed the monkeypox pandemic in their news reporting, sold it to the public and exacerbated the pandemic in the two societies. The results show that the Spanish media constructed the monkeypox pandemic predominantly as an international medical event, distancing the monkeypox pandemic from the Spanish indigenous context and depriving the domestic audiences from the sense of urgency to take prevention actions. On the other hand, the US media mainly packaged the monkeypox pandemic as a political event which isolated this public health crisis from the life of the common people and hindered the US citizens’ understanding of the requisite medical information about the monkeypox virus. It is concluded that the lack of indigenous focus of the Spanish media, and the excessively politicised focus of the US media are important factors that lead to the exacerbation of the monkeypox epidemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of the Enlightenment and the cultural shift from the France of the Bourbons resulted in significant changes for Spanish women. The changes in their ways of life turned Enlightenment women into subjects who were conscious of the new ideas and of their own capacities, which they asserted in various spaces. This study centres on Josefa Amar y Borbón, a highly educated woman and a pioneer in joining cultural societies, who created a body of work related to the education and worth of women. Based on the historical-educational method, we analyse its impact and reception in the Spanish press from the end of the 18th century to the first third of the 20th century. We point to Josefa Amar y Borbón's qualities as a translator and to the vindication of her figure as a feminist in Spain, starting in the mid-19th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation that the communicative environment has undergone in recent decades poses a challenge for the media in relation to their audiences, as trust is sensitive to social, economic, cultural, and technological changes. The aim of this research is to deepen the understanding of the reasons and factors that influence the loss of trust in the media by audiences who traditionally trusted news more (young people and adults aged 25-54), examining the relevance of disinformation and polarization in discrediting the media. Firstly, the state of the issue is reviewed from the theoretical point of view and the data provided, among others, such as the Digital News Report and several studies about the global loss of trust in other institutions, with special reference to the Edelman Trust Barometer. Secondly, the article adopts a qualitative methodology to investigate the motivations and expectations of citizens regarding the media. Specifically, three discussion groups were held in various Spanish cities. To ensure representativeness, sociodemographic diversity was considered, including gender, age, and educational level criteria, among others. Among the findings, it stands out that one of the main reasons for distrust towards the media is the perception that news is biased for political or economic reasons. The Covid-19 pandemic, which was rife with disinformation, has influenced attitudes towards the media and the way news is consumed. Once the pandemic was overcome, trust in the media decreased and participants sought alternative sources of information. However, some differences in perceptions and consumption habits are noted depending on age and educational level. Finally, the research indicates that distrust extends well beyond the media ecosystem, affecting all institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is the first review of selective exposure studies in Spain, offering comprehensive insights into the diverse findings and analytical strategies employed over almost three decades by studies that explore the politically oriented media consumption of Spanish audiences. The article divides the evolution of this research line in Spain into two main phases -an initial phase (1995-2016) and a consolidation phase (2017-present)- according to the methodological approaches used during each period. Despite the challenges posed by working with secondary data and the lack of experimental designs, we note a robust initiation of this research line in Spain, accompanied by increasing methodological sophistication and diversification and a substantial accumulation of evidence on how Spanish audiences selectively consume like-minded news media. The paper also identifies the blind spots of selective exposure research in Spain, such as the scarcity of primary data sources, which overlooks phenomena such as online selective exposure and selective avoidance, the need to supplement multivariate analyses with other techniques that allow the direction of causal influence between variables to be established, and the significance of assessing the role of public media as facilitators or inhibitors of cross-cutting exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermography is often used to determine the effect of training and the risk of injury following training. However, thermograms taken at different intervals following exercise give different results. To determine the hourly variation in skin temperature in the upper and lower body immediately after strength training. A secondary objective was to determine if there are any bilateral differences for each area and moment of temperature recording. A longitudinal study design was employed to study the evolution of skin temperature over 8 h following an exercise protocol consisting of four sets of ten repetitions of the bench press, the leg press, the flat bench cable fly, and the leg extension. The sample consisted of fourteen physically active university students. Thermograms were recorded with a T335 FLIR® infrared camera (FLIR® Systems, Sweden). The temperatures from 24 regions of interest (ROIs) were obtained from the 78 anatomical regions provided by the Termotracker® software (ThermoHuman, Spain). A repeated-measures analysis of variance with planned repeated contrast tests was used to determine the effect of successive changes in temperature. Significant differences in body temperature over time were found in both the upper and lower body. No significant bilateral differences were found. Thermal images taken after training are affected by when they are taken, as the results show that in the trunk, the arms, and the legs the skin temperature drops significantly immediately after the exercise, then increases to the initial pre-exercise temperature and continues to increase in most cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the basis of the argument that media platforms generate journalistic micro-cultures and that the nature of journalistic roles is contextual, the possible existence of a journalistic model of digital native media coherent with its own professional culture is addressed. Through a content analysis of a sample of 2,729 news items published in four Spanish digital native media, the presence of six professional roles (interventionist, watchdog, loyal-facilitator, service, infotainment, and civic) is measured and compared with the implementation of these roles in news items published in press, radio, and television (N = 3,362). In addition, the factors that influence the presence of each role in the news of the selected digital native media are analyzed. The results show that digital native media distinguish themselves by putting into practice all the journalistic roles, except for the civic one, to a greater extent than other platforms. Likewise, the service role presents similar levels of presence in the four newspapers analyzed, indicating an approach to audiences more as customers than as citizens. In terms of the factors associated with the presence of each role, we found that the subject matter of the news item has a greater predictive capacity in all roles than other elements. Although we cannot confirm the existence of a journalistic micro-culture, we do find some particularities of the digital native media, mainly stemming from the need to build audience loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incorporating a gender perspective in the media entails implementing strategies to work with information in a democratic way. The mobilisation of Las Periodistas Paramos in Spain in 2018 influenced a change towards such a perspective, which is also one of the most relevant innovations identified in Spanish media. The purpose of this work is to draw, for the first time, a map of the initiatives adopted by the Spanish press to incorporate the gender perspective into its newsrooms. To do this, style guides and other initiatives aimed at providing guidance on the introduction of the gender dimension are examined, and semi-structured interviews are used to find out how four women journalists responsible for such an incorporation carry out their work. The results show a substantial, although also uneven, presence of initiatives in the 21 newspapers analysed. Most of the style guides –10 of them have one and nine of them have been accessed– are outdated, obsolete or being updated. Most also contain aspects related to the gender perspective, although they do not include this term explicitly and often do not adapt to today’s reality. In the newspapers that do not have a Style Guide or other types of measures, a sensitivity towards the subject is perceived. On the other hand, four newspapers have a gender editor whose main function is to ensure that the perspective is transversal and reaches all sections, genres and content. These professionals make a positive assessment of their still brief trajectory and agree that journalism has advanced considerably and done important pedagogical work in society in terms of gender, although it seems that this figure will remain necessary for quite some time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advertising connects the institutional and business sector with the public, responding to a persuasive and commercial interest. Advertising connects the institutional and business sector with the public, responding to a persuasive and commercial interest. The promotion of tourist destinations is a key activity for public and private advertisers to effectively communicate with their audiences. These advertisements show citizens' interests and motivations for travelling in the 21st century. This study analysed 95 advertisements published in 2020 in the newspaper El País, the most widely read generalist print media in Spain, on the day of the week coinciding with the publication of the specialised supplement "El viajero" (The Traveller). A quantitative and qualitative content analysis has been carried out in order to respond to the main objective of identifying the main advertisers and the usual sales proposition in this type of advertisement, also explaining the narrative strategies used in tourism campaigns. The main conclusions are the importance of wellbeing in the campaigns carried out and the important presence of public bodies in the promotion of destinations, especially Spanish destinations, highlighting historical, cultural and environmental heritage, which take on the same importance as the offer of beaches or cruises. This is an advertisement aimed especially at young people who travel as a couple, reflecting social concerns and trends in an irregular year for tourism promotion due to the covid-19 pandemic. This time period was an exceptional context, with consequences on citizen attitudes towards travel, which undoubtedly limits the application of these conclusions to that specific time context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to identify whether the interdependencies between climate action and social policies in the urban context are visible and, if so, in what areas and through what framings. Using a content analysis approach, it compares framings of the news on social policies in Barcelona over the course of a year. The results show that climate action is constructed discursively as an isolated issue, with its own logics and complexities, and with few references to other social policy areas. It also reveals that references to climate change in other social policy areas do not operate as framings. The paper claims that discursive strategies that separate climate change policy from other social policy areas can invisibilise the connections that operate between these policies, links that are key for pursuing the UN's Sustainable Development Goals, especially in the urban context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In February 1888, the workforce at the British-owned Rio Tinto mines went on strike seeking better wages and conditions. As part of their struggle, the miners joined an alliance of local landowners and communities to oppose the company's open-air calcination operations. These threw vast quantities of poisonous sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere, severely damaging the health of workers and local communities. This paper suggests the strike, the first such environmental action in Spain, was an example of broad-based political resistance to the application of free market ideology to the process of industrialization. It builds on Karl Polanyi's theory that the unconstrained operation of free markets in the fields of land, labour and finance, advocated by radical economic liberalism, results in existential threats to the social fabric of nations. This leads groups with widely different interests to unite and press for state intervention to curtail the freedom of markets, in the wider interest of society's survival. The Rio Tinto strike which ended with the massacre of a defenceless crowd of protesters and strikers, provides a good example of Polanyi's proposition, as well as illuminating a tragic and often over-looked event in the history of environmental studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Private hospitals, despite their enormous weight in the economy and society, have traditionally had little presence in the press. In the present study, we will analyse the impact of the creation of Xanit Hospital Internacional within the Malaga private hospital panorama in the local press. Objetive: To analyse whether such a relevant and significant event as the creation of the Xanit hospital has helped them to achieve a greater media presence. Methodology: We will analyse all the news about the 6 main private hospitals in the province of Malaga in the 3 most important newspapers in the province over a period of 5 years. Results: Private healthcare centres have increased their presence in the local press, with Xanit Hospital Internacional being the one with the highest number of press appearances, even though it is not the most important private hospital in the province. Conclusions: The repercussion of the hospitals in the local press is low, and with low impact news. However, the creation of Xanit has led to a slight increase in this trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The professional pedagogical press has been a subject of growing interest for educational historiography. Proof of this are the numerous analytical repertories published in different countries, as well as the research that has been carried out using the educational press as an object of study or as a source for the investigation of specific topics. The aim of this contribution is to carry out a systematic review of the literature produced in Spain on different educational press titles that appeared during the Civil War and Franco's dictatorship. A bank of 686 press titles has been created from the most complete analytical repertoire published in our country (Checa, 2002) and, subsequently, a systematic search has been carried out in the main scientific databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Dialnet and TESEO). 81 research studies were recovered from 32 journals of the selected period, most of them belonging to the most recognised nationally distributed educational press titles, such as Cuadernos de Pedagogía or Revista Española de Pedagogía, which shows that most of the educational publications of this period are unexplored by historiography. This is an undoubted opportunity for the emergence of lines of research in the field of the History of Education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes an important contribution to comparative research by examining data journalism in Spain and Austria. This paper examines the practice of data journalism from a triple perspective: (a) the common features of day-to-day work, (b) the organizational structure and the role of the teams in newsrooms, and (c) the obstacles to and the future of data-driven reporting. Results from content analysis of data-driven news stories in El país and Der standard (N = 136) show differences and similarities in the covered topics, sources, narrative style, visualizations, interactive functions, and levels of transparency. Interestingly, only 36.8% of the analyzed news stories correspond to the normative expectations of transparency by incorporating both sources and methodological details. While the Spanish newspaper shows significantly higher levels of transparency compared with the Austrian newspaper, both newspapers perform very similarly when it comes to providing access to raw data, which was the case in only every fifth news story analyzed. Findings from focused interviews with the heads of data journalism teams deliver interesting insights into specific challenges that each news outlet is facing when creating day-to-day data-driven news stories. This research confirms the relevance that data journalism has achieved in countries such as Spain and demonstrates the effort of journalists in countries without access to information and transparency laws to create data-driven stories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a context marked by the Covid-19 pandemic, this research focuses on the study of the informative treatment of tourism in Spain and Mexico; countries whose economies are nourished, at a high proportion, by the entertainment industry. For this purpose, a content analysis was conducted based on the observation of three digital media in Spain (El Mundo, El País and La Vanguardia) and another three in Mexico (El Universal, Milenio and Expansión). A sample of 524 news items related to tourism was collected from March 2020 to March 2022. The purpose of this work was to find out, longitudinally, how tourist information has been approached during the health crisis from the perspective of framing. The results indicate that negative economic issues and attribution of responsibility have marked the informative treatment of the press in tourism coverage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The press is one of the lifelong learning tools forming part of the context of citizens' learning ecologies in every area of human knowledge. This work examines the characteristics of the general-interest written press as a vehicle for unintentional learning about music by the public at large. The first objective of the study was to identify the formal characteristics of the musical content messages found in the general-interest written press. The second objective was to analyse the type of music-related messages disseminated by the press in relation to its sociocultural links. The methodology used was both quantitative and qualitative, applying both to analyse the content. The data source consisted of 60 weekend pull-outs found in three of the most widely read newspapers in Spain, covering a six-month period of data collection. The results indicate that it is possible to create a taxonomy of informal music learning that the press can promote in the general population. This learning is strongly shaped by variables related to the socio-cultural context surrounding it, giving rise to trends towards the dissemination of content more related to general aspects of popular urban culture than to music itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study analyses the presence of sports journalists in the news stories published by the Spanish digital sports press during the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. The aims were to establish whether there are quantitative imbalances in the authorship of the news reports and to identify any gender biases that may contribute to perpetuating inequality in the newsrooms of these media companies. Methodology: A content analysis of the four digital sports newspapers in Spain with the largest readerships (Marca, As, Mundo Deportivo and Sport) was carried out during the days of the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio. A total of 5189 news items were published, and were assessed in this study from a gender perspective. Results: The results reveal an imbalance in the authorship of the news items published during the Rio Olympics in terms of the numbers of stories signed by male and female sports journalists. In addition, a gender bias was also perceived. Women's sports were covered more often by female journalists and the focus tended to be more on national sports or on traditionally female events such as tennis or athletics. Events with a more international coverage, and traditionally male sports, tended to be reported on by male journalists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anonymity provided by social networks offers those who promote the rejection of LGBT diversity an ideal space to publish and expand their homophobic discourse. The aim of this research is to analyse the discourse of the Spanish press and its social audience in relation to nonheteronormative people. We have extracted and analysed the comments written by Twitter users on the news referring to the collective published during Pride Week 2021 (held in Spain from 25 June to 4 July) by the five newspapers with the largest number of followers on this social network: El País, El Mundo, ABC, eldiario.es and La Vanguardia. A total of 2,643 comments on 95 news items. Through the critical analysis of the discourse, we have determined the positioning of the media themselves on the collective. On a quantitative level, we have carried out a content analysis of the feedback from the social audience. The results obtained show the verbal aggressions that LGBT people receive from the social audience of social networks, which, added to their invisibility or rejection by some media, prevents and delays their social normalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing multidisciplinary historiographic interest in the study of the misnamed "Spanish flu", which caused 50 to 100 million deaths in the world and between 260,000 and 270,000 in Spain, has not spread to the History of Education. The main objective of this article is to provide an initial approach to the analysis of certain aspects that the 1918–1919 pandemic had in the educational field in our country, reflected in the headlines of the longest surviving professional pedagogical press in our history: El Magisterio Español. The study covers the evolution experienced by the general historiography on the pandemic, the attention paid by educational historians to the pedagogical press as an object and source of research for knowledge of the past, the beginnings of the genre of the professional pedagogical press and, in particular, the journal El Magisterio Español, leader of this type of press in Spain at the time. Methodologically, the research starts with a systematic review of the issues published by this media in the years 1918 and 1919. The study affords, on the one hand, a quantitative approach to the attention paid by the newspaper to this phenomenon, as well as a qualitative analysis of the content of the information disseminated in its pages. From the qualitative perspective, the study examines in depth first the role played by the newspaper as a general media on the pandemic addressed to teachers; second, the relations and consequences of the pandemic in schools, and, finally, its impact on teachers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article herein presents the results of a research study focused on the evolution of reportage in the Spanish press over a span of four decades. This is the first longitudinal study covering such an extensive period (1982-2018) with regard to this narrative journalistic genre, through publications in La Vanguardia and ABC, the two oldest national newspapers in Spain. The aim of the study is to discover how the genre has evolved in recent decades, in terms of authorship, length, section in which it is published, headlines, visual and complementary elements, and the degree of hybridisation with other journalistic genres. Based on a quantitative and qualitative methodology, a sample was analysed using the constructed week sampling technique (N=346 issues). The results obtained show an increase in the amount and general length of the reports published from the year 2000 onward, as well as a tendency toward hybridisation with genres such as the crónica and the news report. However, there is no evidence of a commitment to narrative aspects. The increase in pagination has been fostered by the incorporation of visual and design elements, while the Society section continues to have the highest share of reportage pieces. Most of the reportage items analysed were bylined by one person, who were predominantly men, which suggests a gender gap in the authorship of prestigious journalistic genres. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of the DIPURE project, in which researchers from the universities of Almería, Murcia and Cardenal Herrera of Valencia have examined the public discourse on refugees in Spain from different perspectives. On this occasion, our object of study combines migration and health, as we have dealt with the journalistic discourse on the resignation syndrome, which, according to the little research that has been done on it, only affects children who applied for asylum in Sweden. To examine the treatment of the resignation syndrome in the Spanish media, we observed a sample of the written press published from 2015, the year in which the number of refugees in the world began to increase considerably, until June 2021. The study is framed within the hypergenre known as social debate and the main results of the study are structured in three dimensions: the first affects space and time; the second, actors; and the third, evaluations and arguments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Which traits provide post-drought growth resilience to trees and shrubs? • We answered this issue by analyzing 19 conifers from climatically contrasting sites. • Growth resilience was negatively related to plant height. • Resilience was positively related to (hydraulic diameter / cell-wall thickness). • Growth recovery was positively related to the growth responsiveness to climate. Warmer and drier climate conditions are negatively impacting conifers, which show different mechanisms to withstand drought stress including growth resilience. However, it is unclear which traits make trees and shrubs more resilient to drought in terms of growth recovery. We addressed this question by measuring and collecting from the literature several functional traits in 19 conifers of nine genera (Abies, Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Cedrus, Picea, Juniperus, Cupressus, Tetraclinis and Taxus) from three families (Pinaceae, Cupressaceae, Taxaceae) inhabiting sites of contrasting climate conditions in Spain. These traits were correlated with three growth resilience indices derived from ring-width data (Rt, resistance; Rc, recovery; Rs, resilience) with and without accounting for their phylogenetic signal. Growth resistance (Rt) was negatively related to plant height (r = -0.52, p = 0.04). Growth resilience (Rs) was negatively related to plant height (r = -0.93, p < 0.001) and leaf life span (r = -0.51, p = 0.03), but positively related to the thickness-to-span ratio (r = 0.80, p < 0.001). However, the relationship between Rs and leaf life span was not significant (p = 0.155) after accounting for phylogenetic signals. Lastly, growth recovery was positively related to the growth responsiveness to climate, assessed as the correlation between ring-width indices and water balance (r = 0.66, p = 0.002). Height and the thickness-to-span ratio, a surrogate of xylem resistance to cavitation, are linked to post-drought growth recovery in conifers subjected to seasonal dry conditions. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims 1) to compare repeated change of direction ability (rCODA) and bench press (BP) between low (A category, ≤2.5) and high (B category, ≥3.0) sport classes and 2) to analyse the relationships between rCODA and BP performance in a sample of wheelchair basketball (WB) players. Seventeen world-class WB players volunteered participated in this study. All the players undertook two tests: the repeated (x12) Modified Agility T-test (rMAT) to measure the rCODA and the movement velocity in a BP test. No significant differences were observed between categories in the rMAT and BP. For the total sample, BP variables with a mean propulsive velocity of 1 m·s−1 (V1LOAD) largely correlated with all the full rMAT outcomes (r>-0.625; p< 0.05). Having a better BP could be favourable to perform repeated efforts and this seems particularly relevant in fatigue conditions, and especially for the B category players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convictions of political corruption depend on public communication, since for citizens, to perceive deviant behaviours, these must receive attention. In Spain, this type of behaviour is part of the agendas of citizens, media, and politicians and, to fight against it, accountability is essential. In addition to the judiciary and legislature (in their oversight role), the media and social media help voters, MPs and others to make informed decisions and press for action. However, the interrelationships between different agents, types, and forms of control for accountability are a rather unexplored research topic, especially when considering non-accountable institutions (those that have power, but are not directly accountable to the electorate, such as the monarchy). The debate on the inviolability of the emeritus presents a perfect scenario to describe what formulas and what kind of sanctions (legal, labour, reputational or personal) for accountability have occurred in Spain in the case of a non-accountable institution. This study explores the agendas of media, Parliament, and Twitter (and their inter-influences) during the Geneva papers scandal. We analyzed 189,037 tweets, 1,220 journalistic pieces and 78 parliamentary initiatives related to the former monarch. The main results show that the media, social networks, and Parliament have acted as agents of accountability with Juan Carlos I, as if it were an accountable institution. Online newspapers and Twitter have led the oversight, while the parliamentary initiative has been ineffective and has essentially served as an instrument of partisan communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 copied the information content in the media and highlighted the need for responsible communication from all spheres of society to guarantee citizen security and maintain the trust and credibility of the authorities as sources of information. In a context of information multiplatforms, official communication focused on the rotation of public appearances and an increase in fake news, the need to be informed increases the use and consumption of media by citizens, while at the same time rigorous official communication is demanded by the agents in authority. This study aims to describe the relationship of the Guardia Civil with different audiences, as an active agent and formal prescriber during the pandemic based on three objectives: 1. To know the presence of the Civil Guard in the conventional and digital media during the pandemic; 2. To describe the treatment and approach of news about the Guardia Civil in the press during the pandemic; and 3. From the information about its stakeholders in the social responsibility reports, infer the relational role of the Guardia Civil with its audiences in the press news. To achieve the objectives, a mixed methodology with content analysis is used. First, a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the strategic communication (media used and stakeholders) described in the Social Responsibility Reports of 2019 and 2020, and in the Sustainability Plan (2021-2025) of the Civil Guard is carried out. Second, based on the search for the keywords "Guardia Civil" and "COVID" in the two generalist newspapers with the largest coverage in Spain (El País and El Mundo), and throughout the six waves (from March 14, 2020 to December 31, 2021), a content analysis of the 198 resulting news items is performed (FACTIVA database). The analysis variables are: year, newspaper, focus, role of the CG in the communication, media treatment, formal agents and publics in the news and level of responsibility in their communicative behavior. The data indicate a segmentation of audiences in the Social Responsibility and Sustainability Plan reports that show a communication strategy based on a motivational relational behavior of the Civil Guard with its stakeholders, as opposed to a prescriptive presence of other official bodies or protagonist with a predominantly informative approach of the news in the media towards the general population. The only exception refers to the group of young people who appear associated with news about the intervention of the Guardia Civil for non-compliance with restrictions. Although the presence of the Guardia Civil in the media decreases in 2020, its strategy maintains -coinciding with several studies- the use of media that generate more trust in the population (traditional and digital) and, in addition, it registers an increase in followers on Twitter and TikTok. The news with informative approaches refer to restrictions, while the motivational ones focus on communicating measures to safeguard health. It is concluded that although its communicative strategy segments audiences, even in its profiles in social networks such as TikTok, it is still not a visible strategy in news about the Civil Guard in the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the informative coverage made by the newspapers El País, El Mundo and La Vanguardia in their printed editions on the investiture session of Pedro Sánchez as President of the Spanish Government. For this purpose, all the text related to this issue published between Friday 3 and Wednesday 8 January 2020 were analyze through a content analysis (n=333), which consider variables such as the location, the type of the texts, the topic addressed and the prominence of headlines and graphics. The results show that this topic aroused a remarkable interest among the analyzed newspapers, which provided their coverage with a great opinion and interpretive value. Furthermore, other features that define the informative coverage of these newspapers are the moderate use of graphic elements, the predominant attention to PSOE and Unidas Podemos, and the configuration of the agenda setting around the same issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Old mathematics books and textbooks have focused different researchers onto the history of mathematics and mathematics education. However, books are not the only information source for this field; for example, researchers can also study periodical-type publications from the past (such as diaries, weeklies, newspapers, etc.). Considering this, this study developed an instrument to analyze publications about mathematics and mathematics education included in newspapers, weeklies, journals, etc., which were not exclusively devoted to science, from the perspective of the history of mathematics and mathematics education. In order to do so, a descriptive research focused on the analysis of historical texts was carried out using the content analysis technique. The different labels and categories of this instrument are here exemplified by the categorization of some entries included in several periodical publications published in the 18th century in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to dissect the presence of female writers in the main four cultural supplements of Spanish reference press: Babelia (El país), Cultura/s (La vanguardia), El cultural (El mundo) and ABC cultural (ABC). For this, we analyzed the "books of the year" recommended between 2010 and 2021 (n = 1,286), as well as the juries in charge of elaborating these ranks. The results show the subsidiary role reserved for women in this sphere of cultural information: they barely author 25.3% of the selected books, although some degree is progress is observed in the historical series, after going from 4.8% in 2011 to 37.8% in 2020. The increase in the presence of women in the juries has contributed to this phenomenon --the correlation between ratio of women in both lists being statiscally significant (rs = 0.647, p < 0.001)--, together with the commitment of supplement such as Babelia and Cultura/s to literature written by women. On the contrary, there still seem to be pockets of exclusion in El cultural and ABC cultural, which reduce the visibility of work of female writers in Spain. According to our findings, women authors stand out for their youth (they are between 8 and 20 years younger than men, depending on the indicator), cosmopolitism (there are more foreign female writers, especially American, than Spanish) and origin (mainly, Madrid and Barcelona). This article evinces the collective imaginary, settled for centuries, by which literature was considered a men's affair, and reflects on the role of cultural journalism and its prescriptive function when it comes to breaking down gender stereotype --a task that, in view of the data provided in this paper, is still far from been completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study is aimed at exploring the role of loneliness in the healthcare professionals' mental health during the COVID‐19 outbreak in Spain. A total of 1,421 healthcare professionals who were in contact with at least one positive COVID‐19 patient participated in a cross‐sectional online survey from April to June 2020. Mental health was measured with the General Health Questionnaire‐12, and loneliness was assessed with the 3‐item UCLA Loneliness Scale. More than 80% of participants showed a certain prone to experience mental health problems, and 90% felt that they had not enough workplace protective measures to manage COVID‐19 patients. Presence of loneliness was positively related to higher mental health problems after controlling for other covariates. Other factors related to higher mental health problems were a higher COVID‐19 risk perception, being in quarantine, checking COVID‐19‐related news several times a day and having a lower training on managing infectious diseases. Neither living alone, nor supervisor social support, were related to healthcare professionals' mental health. Results suggest that the impact of COVID‐19 in terms of mental health in the healthcare professionals could be more related to subjective appraisals of social isolation rather than to be physically alone. There were also a variety of cognitive, behavioural and training‐related factors that were associated with the healthcare professionals' mental health, and that should be potentially managed in the mental healthcare interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to analyze the treatment of cannabis from the perspective of the Spanish newspapers in order to show the image they offer. Using a content analysis methodology, the genres, the sources used, the dominant thematic areas are identified and the treatment given by the Spanish digital newspapers El País, El Mundo, ABC and La Razón, from January 1 to December 31, 2019, is compared. The findings show a predominance of informative texts, signed by the editors or the newspaper itself and a use of official sources. Regarding their subject matter, the newspapers continue to relate cannabis to actions typified as crimes (arrests, dismantling and seizures). Likewise, they incorporate new contents related to this substance, such as the business of production, distribution, biotechnology, cosmetics and leisure companies, which appear as an emerging sector. It also highlights the absence of information on programs, services and campaigns carried out by Institutions and other organizations to face problems of dependency or addiction, among others. These results suggest that legislative changes show the need to carry out a process of normalization of the status of cannabis, which tends to relate it to health, personal care, leisure and even luxury. Thus, Spanish newspapers are beginning to move away from the perception of cannabis as an illegal drug that has been maintained for decades, to show a somewhat more permissive image of cannabis, ignoring other aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The aetiological ignorance of the 1918 flu, added to the high mortality that it caused, led to the appearance of a multitude of drugs and health products to tackle it. Objective: To analyze the advertisements that were published in the Spanish press during the influenza epidemic of 1918. Methodology: A selection of advertisements containing the concept 'influenza' was made in the newspapers of the digital newspaper library of the National Library of Spain, between January 1, 1918 and December 31, 1920. Results: There was an increase in the frequency of publication of advertisements, which were characterized by the description of the product to be offered and its validity against the epidemic of flu. Conclusions: It is observed the great advertising coverage that newspapers gave to the influenza epidemic of 1918 and the large number of advertisements that emerged to cure the disease, which produced a huge impact on spanish society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1898, the United States declared war on Spain and "came to the aid" of the Cubans in the liberation struggle they had begun in 1895 against Spain. These events aroused a wide media coverage. Although the differences are evident between the Spanish and American press, both countries pursue the same goal: to offer their vision of the conflict and ratify the hegemonic role they should play in it. Here we are interested in the image of Cuba in the journalistic satires and, in particular, the allegory of Cuba in the Spanish and American press. The intention is to discover the commonality of the forms, but also the symbolic discrepancies, so that the schemes of representation that transcend the immediacy of the political fact also emerge. The objective is, therefore, to deconstruct the visual process of symbolic construction of Cuba, and of the war that took place there, in the press in 1898. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When the first university schools of journalism and communication started in Spain in 1971, only a few European and North American countries had preferentially adopted an academic model. Variety was their dominant feature, exhibiting diverse professional cultures and sometimes political contexts. In countries with a long journalistic tradition such as the UK, learning on the job was the practice at that time. Labor unions were also prevalently responsible for the training of aspiring journalists in France and Germany. In contrast, in the USA, university journalism schools had been established some decades before. In addition, teaching and research in communication evolved via different paths in those countries that had a more noteworthy influence on Spain. The beginning of university-based schools of communication theoretically contributed to the establishment of a more suitable institutional platform for the delivery of communication research trends in the West. An analysis of historical, political, and institutional contexts converging in Spain in the 1970s is useful to describe how the first university schools were shaped in terms of both their incipient teaching and research challenges. A review of the literature covering both fields in Spain and other countries, along with some previously published archival sources, helps us to frame the case of Spain from a transnational viewpoint that considers the impact of contemporary foreign influences. The resulting broader comparative perspective provides a better overarching understanding of the case, even to the point of measuring the extent to which it can be considered a pioneer in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concepción Gimeno de Flaquer moved to Mexico from Spain in 1883, where she founded El Álbum de la Mujer (1883-1890), one of the most important feminist journals of the epoch. This article studies the troubled waters that Gimeno had to navigate shortly after her arrival in the country, and the impact that her unconditional support of the Porfiriato had on her standing, with both the press and portions of society of the period. This text identifies several previously unknown texts and pseudonyms of the author, proposes that interdependence with the Porfiriato extended to her subsequent editorial project -El Álbum Ibero-Americano (Madrid, 1890-1909) until its conclusion-, and that this relationship may explain why the journal stopped abruptly its publication in 1909, after two decades of existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A recent exhibition in Santiago de Compostela has collected the career of the silversmith Julio Lado Martínez, last witness of a centuries-old saga of Compostela silversmiths. The aim of this article is to publicise our research on this family by focusing on those members who preceded Julio, in which, through the consult of the archives of the city, we have been able to collect an enormous number of documents, especially historical press reports, which tell us about important missing works, for example, several offered to important politicians or even to the kings of Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new law was published in Spain on August 4, 1970. It represented a renewal of education in the last period of Franco regime. Journalism at that time was concerned with this issue. This is the case of a social and religious magazine called Vida Nueva, a remarkable publication in Spanish religious journalism in the post-conciliar period. Through the analysis of the content of its editorials, from 1968 to 1975, this study shows the magazine’s proposals, which aimed at educational change, and built on freedom, democracy, the relationship with life and the participation of students. From the point of view of the magazine, these improvements would entail a transformation of the spirit, methods, contents and organisation of education in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of the main discourses that appear in a sample of Spanish newspapers before and after the arrival of the Aquarius at the port of Valencia in June 2018, in order to observe if there is a solidarity discourse or one that rejects the arrival of the rescued immigrants in Spain. The corpus consists of all the news published from June 10 to July 10, 2018 in the electronic version of the Spanish newspapers ABC, El Mundo, El País and La Vanguardia. The methodology is mainly qualitative-descriptive. Critical discourse analysis (CDA) was chosen to observe the main linguistic characteristics of the collected news items and the topics that appear in the articles. The analysis shows that the testimonies of politicians and members of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) predominate, but there are few testimonies of immigrants. The solidarity and acceptance of Spain are strengthened, as well as the defense of human rights. This contrasts with the discourses that the press presents after the arrival of the ship in Valencia. A discourse related to the health of immigrants and their need for help and resources predominates, a fact that contributes to the alarm of the majority group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we explore the argentine magazine Caras y Caretas between ist launch in 1898 and 1910. Considering the role that spaniards and the spanish feeling play in the weekly, we seek to make the circulation of the argentine magazine in Spain, the people between two continents as well as the role played by Caras y Caretas in the diffusion of a spanish ideology about the Argentina of the Centennial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The title of this paper refers to both the personality and work of the Spaniards who, at the beginning of the nineteenth century, had to abandon their homeland fleeing from the absolutism of King Ferdinand VII (1784–1833), and the inhabitants of the Spanish colonies in the New World, the forerunners of the struggles for independence in their respective countries. Both ended up settling in London, a city that served not only as a refuge but also as a place from which to disseminate their slogans in favour of freedom. Three areas are discussed: the publications of liberal Spanish exiles in London in the early nineteenth century, the interaction between Spanish and (Latin) American exiles and the role of women in this endeavour and in the cause of liberalism in general. The London press shaped this exile journalism and the subsequent liberal journalism in Spain when the extreme censorship from which these exiled journalists had fled was finally lifted. We believe that this global approach offers an original perspective from which to highlight the role of women, with a view to filling the traditional historiographical lacuna in this regard. To this end, we have employed recent relevant literature and primary sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to study the news coverage by the main Spanish generalist newspapers on Twitter during the campaign for the Community of Madrid elections in 2021 (n = 2,709). Natural language processing techniques and machine learning algorithms are applied to identify the predominant topic related to the elections and the mentions of candidates and political parties by each media, and to calibrate the emotional value of the messages published by El país, El mundo, Eldiario.es, and El confidencial. Among other findings, the results reveal how the media coverage focused mainly on campaign events and electoral debates. Despite the detection of minor differences between the newspapers, a general pattern emerges through this content, with a notable dominance of Isabel Díaz Ayuso but little influence of Rocío Monasterio as the lead candidates for their party. The sentiment analysis reveals the political alignment of each newspaper, using mainly negative messages with the aim of reducing the importance of a candidate or political party. While El país and Eldiario.es focused their criticism on Vox and the Partido Popular, El mundo and El confidencial criticized the actions of the national government, the PSOE's proposal to join forces with Unidas Podemos, and Vox's position, as well as emphasizing the disaster faced by Ciudadanos. It can be deduced that the media contributed to Ayuso's success and to the consolidation of her image as an individual distinct from her own party. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The Iberoamerican Cochrane Network is currently developing an extensive project to identify Spanish-language journals that publish original clinical research in Spain and Latin America. The project is called BADERI (Database of Iberoamerican Essays and Journal) and feeds the research articles, mainly randomised clinical trials (RCTs), into CENTRAL (Cochrane Collaboration Central Register of Controlled Trials). This study aims to assess the quality of reporting of RCTs published in Spanish and Latin American journals for three clinical fields and assess changes over time.Methods: We did a systematic survey with time trend analysis of RCTs for dentistry, geriatrics, and neurology. These fields were chosen for pragmatic reasons as they had not yet been completed in BADERI. After screening RCTs from 1990 to 2018 for randomised or quasi-randomised clinical trials, we extracted data for 23 CONSORT items. The primary outcome was the total score of the 23 predefined CONSORT 2010 items for each RCT (score range from 0 to 34). The secondary outcome measure was the score for each one of these 23 items.Results: A total of 392 articles from 1990 to 2018 were included as follows: dentistry (282), neurology (80), and geriatrics (30). We found that the overall compliance score for the CONSORT items included in this study for all 392 RCTs analysed was 12.6 on a scale with a maximum score of 34. With time, the quality of reporting improved slightly for all RCTs. None of the articles achieved the complete individual CONSORT item compliance score. The lowest overall compliance percentage was for item 10 (Randomisation implementation) and item 24 (Protocol registration), with a dismal 1% compliance across all included RCTs, regardless of country.Conclusions: CONSORT compliance is very poor in the 392 analysed RCTs. The impact of the CONSORT statement on improving the completeness of RCT reporting in Latin America and Spain is not clear. Iberoamerican journals should become more involved in endorsing and enforcing adherence to the CONSORT guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The exit of the United Kingdom from the European Union, popularly known as Brexit, has a great media coverage in Spain. Thus, this paper analyses the journalistic treatment and the ideological bias that this political event received. To do this, a study of the semantic prosody of the term 'Brexit' in the Spanish press was carried out. The study covers a broad period of time, from the exit referendum in June 2016 to the second extension in October 2019. To achieve the analysis, a corpus for specific purposes was compiled made up of the most widely read newspapers in Spain according to the Estudio General de Medios. Specifically, four generalist newspapers (El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia and ABC) and three economic newspapers (Expansión, Cinco Días and El Economista). The data obtained showed that Brexit received mostly negative coverage in all newspapers, especially economic newspapers that presented a greater number of negative co-occurrences with the term Brexit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The media have played a leading role on Covid-19 news coverage in Spain. After the first cases were detected, they were forced to urgently develop graphic representations of the SARS-CoV-2 virion in order to talk about an invisible and unknown enemy. This study starts from the analysis of these early media representations to determine how they have contributed to the visual imagery of the virus in the Spanish population during the first wave. For this, a valid sample of 369 SARS-CoV-2 virion drawings made by adults during June and July 2020 was analysed and compared with the graphic representations offered by television news and print media between January and April 2020 in Spain and also with the main SARS-CoV-2 images released by the scientific community. The study concludes that the predominant imagery is closer to the representative patterns offered by television news, despite being a less scientific representation of the virus than the offered by the newspapers. Likewise, the representational patterns present two specificities to be highlighted: peplomers with a sharp ending giving aggressiveness to the virion and expressive facial features which are characteristic of humanisation or animalisation in the representation of the virion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The covid-19 outbreak is a highly disruptive event in our society. Its consequences have affected different social domains. Our objective is to analyse its impact on journalism in a panoramic and comprehensive way. We intend to identify the main alterations and changes that the outbreak of the coronavirus has caused. The methodology is based on the qualitative analysis of secondary data, taking the case of Spain during the first period of the pandemic as a reference. The results allow the identification of positive and negative effects in five areas: news consumption, business models, working conditions, disinformation, and relations with political actors. These findings reveal that covid-19 has had a considerable impact on journalism. This incidence is ambivalent as it has positive and negative effects that affect different aspects of this domain. The main positive consequences are increased news consumption and the promotion of new formats and information products, such as infographics or newsletters. On the other hand, the weakening of business models due to the reduction of advertising revenues, the deterioration of journalists' working conditions, the reinforcement of political control mechanisms over the media, and the increase of disinformation are the main negative effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the compliance of Spanish crime reporting with the principles of the 2016 EU Directive on presumption of innocence, which aims at preventing the publication of information that might bias the public and the jurors against the suspect. A content analysis applied to a sample of 200 crime news stories published by eleven of the most popular print and online news platforms in 2018 reveals that the Spanish press coverage of crime is centered around the pre-trial and sentence stages, with little attention to the oral trial. The full name and the face portrait of the suspect appear in roughly one-third of the stories, but this overwhelmingly happens in news stories reporting on the court's decision, so that the presumption of innocence is generally protected. Interestingly, the legacy media are more likely to report on the victim's full name and the crime details that online digital media. One-fourth of the stories include accusations of guilt, as prosecutor attorneys and other officials are more frequently cited than defense lawyers. Although the Spanish press is largely compliant with the recommendations of the EU Directive, the lack of attention to the oral phase, where the arguments of both parts are deployed and contrasted, leads to a bias in the coverage against the suspect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]