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This article examines preservice Spanish teachers' perceptions of linguistic sexism, norm, and use in Spanish. Analysis of 723 participants' answers showed that sexism and linguistic non-adequacy were associated. Results proved that the exclusion of women from the generic masculine in Spanish was considered sexist, and that participants used some Gender Fair Language (GFL) mechanisms to make women visible when deemed necessary, especially with professions. Also, regardless of its adherence to norm, linguistic sexism was perceived as grammatically wrong. Thus, GFL criteria were finding their way into use even if contrary to norm. Therefore, policies based on direct intervention in the training of preservice teachers Spanish as a first language would produce a more egalitarian use of language.

The article analyses the use of GFL in a corpus of 187 academic texts created by pre-service teachers. It reveals how participants reached a balance between the recommendations of GFL guides and the standard normative grammar included in the school curriculum. The study shows that although future teachers are aware of GFL and sensitive to discrimination, they used a combination of the generic masculine with GFL recommendations when deemed necessary. This has great pedagogical potential for the Spanish classroom, together with the potential to transform language and society.

During the Spanish Golden Age, language was developing fast. An important debate on orthology and orthography was taking place at the time. Many authors posed different proposals for a reform of spelling. The arguments discussed in these works also included educational considerations in favour of their proposals, which makes them an invaluable source in the history of education in Spain. In this paper a number of books published between 1531 and 1631 are analysed in search of relevant ideas on literacy education, the teaching of reading and writing in primary schools, and the skills and training needed for primary teachers. Many of these ideas are surprisingly modern, and anticipate current views on literacy education that would not begin to be put into practice in Spain until the late nineteenth century.

Copyright of Educación XX1 is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The number of unaccompanied foreign minors (Menor Extranjero No Acompañado, MENA) in Spain has risen, which has led to them being the subject of discriminatory language and negative stereotyping on Twitter. This study analyses the characteristics of hate speech against MENA on the social platform Twitter and seeks to identify its triggers. A quantitative analysis using text mining and text analytics was performed on 10,776 tweets mentioning MENA published from January 2018 to March 2021. The study concluded that hate speech was built around the terms criminal, rape and steal, and was characterized by use of language that stripped these minors of the features usually attributed to children, a process which can be described as adultification. Similarly, the analysis revealed that the main trigger of hate speech was the way in which the media reported violent crimes attributed to MENA, displaying what was perceived as positive bias towards their integration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the written expression in WhatsApp-type instant messaging applications of Andalusian adolescents who are in the last years of compulsory education in Spain. It aims to establish the relationship between the most relevant characteristics of the digital norm used by Andalusian adolescents in their communications through WhatsApp and the dialectal characteristics of their variety of Spanish. Additionally, this study intends to determine whether the writing norm in instant messaging applications influences the standard orthography of Spanish in school texts. A quantitative methodology has been used, analyzing objective data and carrying out a systematic and structured information collection process. A descriptive research design was employed using textual content analysis. The results show that the dialectal linguistic identity of Andalusian adolescent speakers on WhatsApp is mainly identified with suprasegmental linguistic features such as intonation and rhythm. Textisms related to the loss of the intervocalic -d- stand out, as well as those which reproduce the different realizations of the phonemes /s/ and /ʝ/. These features characterize the norm used by adolescent Andalusian speakers and coincide with the features that distinguish their way of pronouncing Spanish. The results show that these textisms are not related to the standard orthography of Spanish and do not cause non-standard orthography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the pedagogical ideas of Juan López de Velasco, a chronicler of the Indies, cosmographer, and one of the most important philologists of the 16th Century. In the first place, he initiated the reaction against the phonetic reform of Spanish spelling, using pedagogical arguments that conditioned the orthographic debate of the following century. Furthermore, he proposed legislation regarding essential aspects of primary schools, such as the examination for teachers, consideration of them as public agents, and the regulation of the timetable and number of students. The study demonstrates that López de Velasco was a forerunner of modern thinking on literacy processes and primary-school organization who was several centuries ahead of his time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bordón: Journal of Education / Revista de Pedagogía is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Pedagogia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Sevillian humanist Juan de Robles (1575-1649) took an active part in the 1628 controversy about the patronage of St Teresa, defending the official stance of the Church in Seville, which maintained the exclusive patronage of the Apostle Santiago. In his rhetorical treatise El culto sevillano (1631), he included an Epistle to Master Rodrigo Caro in defence of the exclusive patronate of our most glorious Apostle, the only testimony of his participation in the controversy known until today. In this article another testimony of this Epistle is presented a printed and anonymous Folio text, undated and without the printer's name. There was notice of this work, but it has been traditionally regarded as lost. The text was written and printed in 1628, right after Quevedo's «santiaguist» Memorial, that is, in the midst of the polemics unleashed by the Carmelites. The two versions of the Epistle, the one printed in 1628 and the one included in El culto sevillano, contain numerous significant variants. The contexts that originated both versions are studied here, as well as the reasons that might have encouraged the changes from one version to the next. The two texts are edited synoptically, in two columns, so that the reader can compare these changes effortlessly. The article also analyses the authorship of the Censure against don Francisco de Morovelli (Ms. BNE 4065), a short treatise that defended Quevedo from the attacks by Morovelli, a Sevillian, a text that is sometimes ascribed to Quevedo himself. The attribution of this work to Juan de Robles is also questioned here. The edition of Juan de Robles's text, as well as the analysis of other related printed works, contribute new approaches to Robles's participation in defence of the patronage of Santiago and to Quevedo's writings on the same topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study which explores the new approach for the estimation of missing data of precipitation series which was applied to the data of the meteorological network of Andalusia, Spain for the period 1961-2000. The proposed approach for estimation takes into account the rainfall measurement uncertainty. In this method, the gaps in the climatological series for a target station are filled with the use of precipitation data from neighboring stations with similar precipitation pattern. Assuming a linear relationship between the target station and the selected neighbor stations, possible estimates for the missing data are obtained. The results show the efficiency of the method for selecting adjacent stations with similar precipitation pattern as compared to other approaches.

Abstract: Exergy analysis is a powerful tool to determine how inefficiencies of the processes influence system performance. The exergy analysis of a seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant with 21,000 m3/d of nominal capacity located in Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain) was studied. Once defined, the flow chart of the process, the exergy rate and exergy cost of flows were determined as well as the exergy destruction rate in equipment. The main results indicate that 80% of the exergy destruction is placed on core processes (high pressure pumping and valve regulation, reverse osmosis separation and energy recovery), 29% extra exergy is necessary to obtain the unit of feed exergy from previous stages (seawater pumping and pretreatment) and extra exergy of 1.06 kJ is needed to generate 1 kJ of final product exergy (exergy performance about 50%). In addition, the moderate fluctuations of seawater environmental conditions in the Santa Cruz de Tenerife metropolitan area (and Canary Islands as a whole) establish that environmental parameters present a less important influence on exergy analysis. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]