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As there is a dearth of Spanish-language standardized scales that assess adaptive behavior in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID), the authors adapted one of the most widely used and studied scales of adaptive behavior in the U.S., the ABS-S:2 (Adaptive Behavior Scale-School, 2nd Edition), and validated it for use in Spain. The authors translated the ABS-S:2 into Castilian Spanish and tested the adaptation with a cohort of 207 school-age children in Burgos, Spain (n = 142 with ID; n = 65 without an ID) to assess the validity and reliability of the translated scale. The translated scale took into account both Spanish language usage and the culture of Spain. As part of their testing of the adapted scale, the authors found that the average scores for the adaptive behavior of children without an ID were higher than those of children with ID. Their findings also showed that the averages obtained in adaptive behavior by children without ID increased with their chronological age; among children with ID, these averages showed a discontinuity in progress. From these data, they concluded that the overall assessment of their adapted ABS-S:2 more than met the quality criteria for use in assessing children and would prove to be a reliable scale to use with Castilian Spanish-speaking children with ID.

This article describes and analyzes the configuration process, characteristic features, and future prospects of the Spanish model of independent audiovisual regulators. This model currently has a national multisectoral regulator (Comisión Nacional de los Mercados y de la Competencia), which was created in 2013, and two regional audiovisual regulators, which were created more than a decade ago. This combination of a national multisectoral regulator and regional audiovisual regulators is unlike any other in the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cueva del Silo is part of the lower karst level of the Cueva Mayor-Cueva del Silo karst system (Sierra de Atapuerca, Burgos, Spain), whose evolution has preserved an impressive archeo-paleoanthropological sequence since the Early Pleistocene. Cueva del Silo is remarkable for the presence of fluvial deposits that record the entry of the Arlanzón River water in the cave system, providing a key sequence to investigate the fluvio-karstic relationships that give rise to this endokarst system. In order to provide a chronological framework to these fluvial deposits, six sediment samples were dated by Electron Spin Resonance and 16 samples by paleomagnetism, collected from two outcrops: Galería de las Arenas and Sala del Caos. Our results provide maximum mean age of around 1600 ka and a minimum age of 916 ± 136 ka for the deposits in Sala del Caos. The younger date from Sala del Caos might represent the last fluvial input from Arlanzón River in the lower karst level. In contrast, ESR ages estimates of 1268 ± 133 ka and 1262 ± 108 ka were obtained for Galería de las Arenas sequence, which could indicate re-sedimentation processes from the intermediate karst level where similar ages were published. The annual dose might be wrongly assessed due to the re-sedimentation processes inside the karst, hence, ESR ages for these facies should be treated with extreme caution. • We date allochthonous fluvial sediments preserved in Cueva del Silo in the Sierra de Atapuerca lower cave level. • For that, we applied ESR and paleomagnetism techniques to two Cueva del Silo sequences. • Results suggest the last fluvial inputs around 900 ka and possible re-sedimentation processes from the intermediate level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As of January 1 of 2014, the new obligations for the declaration of foreign transactions set out in two recent circulars of the Bank of Spain shall be applicable, namely, Circular 4/2012, of April 25, on the rules for the communication by residents in Spain of economic transactions and foreign balances of financial assets and liabilities and Circular 3/2013, of July 29, on the declaration of transactions and balances in negotiable securities. This new regimen for the declaration of transactions with non-residents aims to replace the one set out until today by the Circulars of the Bank of Spain 6/2000, of October 31, on foreign loans, credits and compensations; 3/2006, of July 28, on residents holding foreign accounts and 2/2001, of July 18, on the declaration of transactions and balances of assets and liabilities in foreign negotiable securities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Law 44/2002, of November 22, on the Financial System Reform Measures created the Commissioners as the organs entrusted with the protection of the users of financial services. However, these organs were not legally developed and, therefore, in practice, the resolution of the claims raised by clients and their protection was undertaken by the claims' services of each of the three Spanish supervisory bodies, that is, the Bank of Spain, the National Securities Market Commission and the General Directorate of Insurance and Pension Funds. With a view to amending the mismatch between the law and reality, Law 2/2011, of March 4, on Sustainable Economy repealed the Commissioners and entrusted the protection of the users of financial services, now by the book, to the organs which had been performing such task to date, the claims' services. In order to provide full effect to the provisions of Law 2/2011, of March 4, on Sustainable Economy, the Order ECC/2502/2012, of November 16, which regulates the procedure for the submission of claims before the claims' service of the Bank of Spain, the National Securities Market Commission and the General Directorate of Insurance and Pension Funds now intends to regulate the procedure for the submission of claims, complaints and enquiries by the users before these services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines internal pluralism in the governance of public service broadcasters in Spain, a dimension of pluralism on which very little research has been done in this country. In particular, it analyses the role played by social groups and professionals in the management structures of Spanish public service broadcasters through their participation in the advisory councils and professional councils of such media. Because of its importance, the case of RTVE is discussed at length. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the trail of Law 2/2011, of March 4, on Sustainable Economy, Law 5/2011 of March 29, on Social Economy entered into force the past April. The objective is twofold: to create a legal frame for the entities and companies which make up the social economy and to grant them more visibility and recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes and analyses the defining traits of the Spanish public broadcasting system (radio and television stations with local, regional and national coverage) at a time when analogue television had been switched off and the digitalisation process of terrestrial radio was in a state of stagnation. The article also considers the future challenges faced by the sector in a country that, in the western-European context, has an unparalleled number of public operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As there is a dearth of Spanish-language standardized scales that assess adaptive behavior in children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities (ID), the authors adapted one of the most widely used and studied scales of adaptive behavior in the U.S., the ABS-S:2 (Adaptive Behavior Scale-School, 2nd Edition), and validated it for use in Spain. The authors translated the ABS-S:2 into Castilian Spanish and tested the adaptation with a cohort of 207 school-age children in Burgos, Spain ( n = 142 with ID; n = 65 without an ID) to assess the validity and reliability of the translated scale. The translated scale took into account both Spanish language usage and the culture of Spain. As part of their testing of the adapted scale, the authors found that the average scores for the adaptive behavior of children without an ID were higher than those of children with ID. Their findings also showed that the averages obtained in adaptive behavior by children without ID increased with their chronological age; among children with ID, these averages showed a discontinuity in progress. From these data, they concluded that the overall assessment of their adapted ABS-S:2 more than met the quality criteria for use in assessing children and would prove to be a reliable scale to use with Castilian Spanish-speaking children with ID. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this study was to explore the association of fruit, vegetable, and pulses consumption with all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality. This prospective study included 66,933 individuals from three Spanish health surveys linked to the national death registry up to December 2022. Adjusted Poisson regression models were used to analyze the data, categorizing fruit, vegetable and pulses intake according to Spanish dietary recommendations and using splines to examine non-linear relationships. No clear association was found between pulses intake and mortality. Consuming fruits and vegetables ≥2 times/day reduced all-cause mortality risk by 20 % (95%CI = 10%–29 %) and 17 % (95%CI = 7%–26 %) respectively, compared with <3 times/week. Combined intake of fruits and vegetables from 1 to 1.99 to ≥5 times/day showed reductions in all-cause and CVD mortality ranging from 16 % (95%CI = 5%–26 %) to 30 % (95%CI = 20%–39 %), and from 25 % (95%CI = 5%–41 %) to 35 % (95%CI = 14%–50 %), respectively, compared with <1 time/day. No additional benefits against all-cause and CVD mortality for intakes of fruits over 2–3 times/day, but gradual reductions in mortality risk for vegetable intake of 2–5 times/day were observed. Combined intake showed protection up to intakes of 10 times/day, notably for CVD mortality. Associations were similar but weaker for cancer mortality. This study suggests that significant benefits of fruits and, specially, vegetables intake might go beyond the recommended five servings a day. Confirmation of these results could lead to specific dietary recommendations to prevent chronic diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The passing of Royal Decree 778/2012, of May 4, on the legal regime of electronic money institutions («RD 778/2012») culminates the process of implementation in Spain of Directive 2009/110/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 September 2009 on the taking up, pursuit and prudential supervision of the business of electronic money institutions, amending Directives 2005/60/EC and 2006/48/EC and repealing Directive 2000/46/EC. The object of RD 778/2012 is to complete the legal regime of electronic money institutions and the issuance of electronic money on the basis of the provisions laid out by Law 21/2011, of July 16, on electronic money [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pleistocene fluvial incision acceleration resulting in narrow and deeply entrenched valleys has been widely described and is generally attributed to uplift rate increase or greater climatic severity. In this paper, the long-term downcutting pattern of the Upper Ebro River and driving mechanisms are assessed, and we reconstruct the valley incision recorded by an outstanding sequence of 22 river terraces. Dating of 8 fluvial levels by means of the ESR, TCN, and OSL techniques, spanning the last 1.2 Ma, reveals a long-term incision deceleration pattern. The estimated age-incision model indicates a decrease in the incision rates, showing a long-term deceleration during the final Early Pleistocene (from 0.42 to 0.18 m/ka), and a tendency towards a steady state or base level stabilization from the Middle Pleistocene (0.15–0.03 m/ka) to the Late Pleistocene (0.03 m/ka). This incision pattern does not support climate change as a long-term incision-acceleration driver by itself, demonstrating the need for base level lowering effects to have operated. Upper Ebro deceleration incision is explained by the headward attenuation of the incision wave induced by the opening of the Ebro Cenozoic Basin in a geodynamic context characterized by an absence of significant uplift over the last million years. This trend could have changed the aggressor-victim roles of the rivers involved in fluvial captures at the drainage divide. The documented incision deceleration pattern differs from that reported for other valleys in the Iberian Peninsula, suggesting that the degree of maturity of the fluvial systems depends on their relative position with respect to the capture point, in addition to tectonic and lithostructural factors. In the Late Pleistocene-Holocene, a short-lived incision rate increase is recorded, corresponding to the last terrace dissection phase, during the transition from the last glacial MIS 2 to the interglacial MIS 1. • Incision acceleration is widely reported during Pleistocene valley entrenchment. • However, the Upper Ebro valley contains a complex sequence of fluvial terraces • which were dated within the last 1.2 Ma using ESR, TCN and OSL techniques • and indicate an incision deceleration pattern. • This suggests that the river incision is tending to a steady state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. Most cases of PD are sporadic, while 5-10% have a known genetic basis. Variants in the PARK2 gene are the most frequent cause of autosomal recessive juvenile-onset PD. PARK2 encodes parkin, a multi-domain protein that functions as an ubiquitin E3 ligase. Numerous variants spanning all parkin domains have been identified, although the pathogenic relevance for several of those remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to functionally characterize two truncating parkin variants: N52Mfs*29, which is highly prevalent in the Portuguese and Spanish populations, and L358Rfs*77, recently identified in the Portuguese population. Our results indicate that both variants are prematurely degraded by the proteasome, even though proteins levels are still moderate. We also showed that they are aggregation-prone and lead to mislocalized parkin. Interestingly, the L358Rfs*77 variant is mislocalized to the nucleus, which was never reported for parkin variants. While N52Mfs*29 impaired self-ubiquitination activity, the L358Rfs*77 variant seemed to retain it. Both variants, however, fail to ubiquitinate p62 substrate and did not relocalize to depolarized mitochondria. Therefore, we conclude that parkin truncating variants cause loss of parkin function, thus showing their causative role in PD pathogenesis.