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Spain is one of the European countries that attracts the most immigration, and the Valencian and Murcian regions have a large immigrant population. To our knowledge, no studies have analysed the representation of cultural diversity in visual representations of the body and musical practices in their music textbooks. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to describe the representation of cultural diversity in Spanish music textbooks from a critical and comparative perspective that analyses visual representations of the body and its interactions with the main musical processes. The results show a greater presence of students with white European features, as well as certain cultural stereotypes perpetuated by visual representation with musical instruments. Thus, although a greater variety of human types can be observed in the graphic representations of music textbooks, these take a reductionist and simplistic view of cultural diversity.

Young children's colouring activities are an educational resource, providing an opportunity for children to express their feelings about the people and objects in their lives. To our knowledge, no systematic empirical research has yet addressed the question of how individualised children's colouring materials with a healthy message impact physical activity patterns and movement experiences in the early childhood education context. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyse, following a quasi-experimental design, the impact of an individualised physical activity colouring pages on young children's physical activity patterns, through pedometry and systematic observation during outdoor movement sessions. Furthermore, children's drawings and narratives were used to explore children's movement experiences to the individualised colouring activity pages. Our results suggest that the individualised ad hoc colouring materials can promote increased physical activity levels, but more importantly, children had the opportunity to discover new movement possibilities and explore their capabilities. In conclusion, it is really important for a wider range of early childhood education teachers to consider how creating their own materials might encourage more movement possibilities and active behaviours among young children.

Little is known about the modes of active commuting to and from school (ACS) in toddlers (2-3 years old). The aims of the present study are threefold: (a) to describe the modes of transport to and from early childhood education and care (ECEC) institutions in toddlers; (b) to analyze the role of different barriers and neighbourhood characteristics, as perceived by parents, in ACS; and (c) to examine the contribution of ACS on levels of PA. Parents provided written input through a questionnaire about the modes of transport to school they use with their young children, the weekly use-frequency of each mode, as well as the barriers they perceived to walking or riding a bike to ECEC institutions. The final sample consisted of 154 young children from Valencia (Spain). In a randomly selected subsample of 44 children, PA was measured using accelerometers. Cars and strollers were the most common modes of transport in toddlers. Perceived distance to school was negatively correlated to ACS, whereas parents' perceptions around planning/psychosocial barriers was also negatively associated with ACS. There was a significant and positive association between ACS and total PA. However, ACS contributes positively to toddlers' overall PA levels. This study provides information about planning/psychosocial barriers as significant predictors of ACS in toddlers.

Young unaccompanied immigrants have various problems in their professional careers which lead to situations of exclusion and hinder their emancipation. The development and consolidation of employment skills is a necessary condition for the labour integration of this group. This research analyzes the employability skills of unaccompanied young immigrants who must leave the public social protection system when they reach the age of majority. A multiple case study was conducted. The cases were selected: (1) having been in residential care institutions, (2) having been in a job placement program, and (3) are 16-18 years of age. The study data were collected using qualitative and quantitative techniques. Results show that young immigrants have: (a) language and socio-emotional difficulties that limit their chances of employability; (b) some employability skills that facilitate labour insertion, and (c) families which act as a powerful motivator for achieving their goals. We discuss the need to design individual transition plans to help young immigrants overcome their limitations, cope with the transition to adulthood and consolidate their career paths.

The social functioning of adults with Down Syndrome (DS) specially influences their quality of life. Emotional intelligence (EI) plays a key role in social outcomes because it is defined as a variety of social and emotional skills that enable people to be more effective in their personal and social lives. Thus, validated EI tests for use among adults with DS must be reliable. This study aimed to evaluate psychometric properties of the Bar-On Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version (EQ-i:YV) in adults with DS. A two-stage cross-sectional investigation was conducted. First, a pilot study (n = 10) was performed to test internal consistency and item analysis of the subscales; second, exploratory (n = 90) and confirmatory (n = 96) factor analyses were carried out. The 5-factor structure of the EQ-i:YV was confirmed: general mood, stress management, adaptability, interpersonal and intrapersonal. The internal consistency (alpha and split halves) of all five dimensions and the total calculated score of the EQ-i:YV yielded high values. This new version of the EQ-i:YV represents a valid and reliable tool to assess EI in Spanish adults with DS.

From an ecological perspective that understands health behaviours to be the result of interactions between personal, psychosocial and environmental factors, different authors have described patterns and correlations between physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviours (SB) in physical education (PE). However, to our knowledge there have been no systematic evaluations of the PA levels and patterns during structured movement sessions in preschool children in Spain. Therefore, the aims of this study were: (a) to identify the individual, social and environmental factors that influence PA levels and patterns during structured movement sessions; (b) to assess PA and SB levels during these sessions in a preschool population in our country; and (c) to validate the use of the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT) in Spanish preschoolers to assess PA and SB levels, using accelerometry as the reference method. Our major findings were that: (a) young children were physically active for more than 60% of the structured movement sessions; (b) boys were significantly more active than girls; (c) the lesson context of free play was associated with low levels of SB; (d) solitary and borderline interaction patterns during structured movement sessions significantly increased moderate- to vigorous-intensity PA; (e) social interaction was generally between the same gender; and (f) teachers spent most of the time observing. This study also provides an argument for reconsidering the responsibilities of early childhood education institutions and practitioners in developing structured PA opportunities in the framework of free exploration and communication.

Purpose: An analysis of the images in music education textbooks for primary education has shown how the images do not fully reflect the human diversity present in the classroom and, therefore, continue to perpetuate positions that can lead to racism. The purpose of this paper is the analysis of the images to carried out has demonstrated how little progress has been made in the representation of diversity and how, in the 21st century, stereotypes continue to persist in the representation of cultural diversity. Design/methodology/approach: The quantitative and qualitative data collected after analysing more than 2,600 images have shown that despite the considerable increase in the use of images in music textbooks, typical clichés about what instruments are played in the world and how those who play them are represented are still present. Findings: The results also show how the images reflect the migratory flows experienced in each country. All of this has led to important conclusions, among which the importance of human diversity in images for students to normalise cultural diversity from and with musical educational materials should be highlighted. Research limitations/implications: The analysis of the 2,686 images showed how the use of the human figure has evolved up to the last educational reform. Firstly, the analysis of images focused on the evolution (year) of the presence of diversity (ethnicity) in the musical groupings represented (orchestra, band, choir, soloist or chamber group), as well as the evolution with respect to the type of instrument represented. Practical implications: With the aim of analysing the evolution in the representation of diversity in music textbooks, the authors searched the most important publishing houses in Spain. To analyse the evolution of the visual depiction of diversity in music education textbooks in light of legislative and social changes related to race, the authors constructed several variables under the category labelled "Ethnicity". Social implications: The images analysed, especially those included under the Organic General Law on the Educational System of 4 October 1990 and the Organic Law 2/2006 on Education of 3 May, tended to pair certain instruments with people with physical characteristics associated with particular ethnic profiles. In terms of musical activities, the main results can be summarised as follows: although the completely homogenous depiction of White Europeans in musical activities has given way to modestly more diverse representation, images of composition are still dominated by this group. Originality/value: The authors' analysis has led to the following conclusions, which demonstrate the need to continue the progress seen in the past several decades. The representation of human diversity in music textbooks can be considered a reality, not only in terms of the instruments with which they are represented but also in terms of their representation in other situations depicted in these textbooks. The progressive increase of images in music textbooks reflects the culturally diverse society of the national territory. However, the increase in this representation is not as considerable as might be expected. The typified representation of instruments associated with certain physical characteristics is starting to wane.

Background: The people with Down syndrome who are now adolescents can face a self-report questionnaire with guarantees of being answered with validity to evaluate areas of development that traditionally have not been able to be evaluated. This is the case of emotional intelligence, measured in this research with the Emotional Quotient Inventory: Youth Version-EQ-i:YV. Aims: To validate and analyse the scale's psychometric properties in adolescents with Down syndrome. Methods: A two-stage cross-sectional investigation was conducted. The inventory consists of 60 items that measure 5 dimensions. The test was administered to 644 adolescents with Down syndrome. We carried out exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Outcomes: The 5-factor structure of the test was confirmed. The internal consistency of four dimensions and the EQ-i:YV's total calculated score yielded high values. Conclusions: This new version of the EQ-i:YV represents a valid and reliable tool to assess emotional intelligence in Spanish adolescents with Down syndrome.

Background/Objective: Researchers have traditionally reported that individuals with Down syndrome possess a strength in their social development, yet the opposite occurs with Asperger's syndrome. Based on this premise, we sought to assess effectiveness of the social skills training program. Method: Thirty adolescents aged 11 to 14 years with Down syndrome and Asperger's syndrome participated in the study. Results: Significant differences between both groups were detected in the posttreatment measures and a connection was found between adolescents' learning potential and the benefits gained. Conclusions: The training program is effective at improving the social skills under evaluation in adolescents with Down syndrome; however, this benefit is greater among adolescents with Asperger's syndrome.

According to International and European Law, teachers are encouraged to analyse, challenge and to help to eliminate sexist stereotypes and distortions in curricular materials. We aimed to characterize and compare the efficacy of implementation of the gender equality-based approach in the Spanish educational system, through a content analysis of the illustrations in music education (ME) textbooks following a coding scheme constructed by the research team according to guidelines from previous studies about the depiction of women and girls in ME textbooks during two periods of Spanish democracy: before (1992-2005); and after (2006-2015). Our major findings were: (a) female characters were under-represented in both time periods studied; (b) the stereotype of women as amateur but not professional musicians is not perpetuated in the current primary ME textbooks; (c) both children and adults independently of gender were portrayed interacting with others; (d) despite the fact that women teachers are actively participating in schools, ME textbooks do not faithfully reflect that reality; and (e) the virtual absence of females and males with disabilities suggests that this aspect of inclusion is still pending. Notwithstanding, ME textbooks printed after 2006 tended to challenge some traditional stereotypes pertaining to how females and males think, play and act within the musical world.

The main aim of this study was to examine how different physical activity domains are represented on the official social media sites of Spanish universities, through a content analysis of the photographs. Our results show that the representation of different physical activity domains is not balanced. While the analysed images do promote a message of gender equality in sedentary and leisure time physical activity behaviour, pictures illustrating active commuting and disabled groups were under-represented. We conclude that Internet-based physical activity promotion in university settings must to be guided by the principles of "health-promoting universities" in the sense of promoting a comprehensive view on healthy behaviours in every action carried out with the university community, and in particular including diversity as a norm rather than the exception. Professionals should be aware of their responsibility in the design of the built online environment and their influence on the welfare of the university community.

This article describes a research project developed at the University of Cordoba during the academic year 2007-8, in which 2414 students took part, all studying courses included in a pilot scheme for the implementation of European Credit Transfer System credits. The aim was to ascertain the opinions of students in relation to their grasp and working level of the transversal competences encompassed in the Tuning Project. This article begins by clarifying the concept of competence as it is understood here, then contextualises the study within the research being carried out both within Spain and abroad, and finally presents the research results and identifies the most valued and least developed competences with a view to planning useful training activities. (Contains 6 tables and 4 figures.)

Copyright of Education Policy Analysis Archives / Archivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas / Arquivos Analíticos de Políticas Educativas is the property of Educational Policy Analysis Archives & Education Review and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Educacao e Pesquisa is the property of Faculdade de Educacao da Universidade de Sao Paulo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: A site-specific dairy-industry sludge application plan (GIS-based) has been development in Vilalba municipality, Galiza (NW Spain). Sites suitable for sludge application were identified using GIS based weighted linear combination (WLC) model. The degree of land suitability for dairy sludge was determined using a range of environmental, agronomic and socio-economic factors: water runoff and groundwater risk of pollution, heavy metals input to system, proximity to watercourses and potable water sources, presence of sensitive areas (protected and flooded land), land use, soil depth, plot suitability for mechanisation, distance from human settlements and main roads, and sludge spread cost were included in the model. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the development of innovative chemical terminology in Spain during the first half of the nineteenth century. It describes the discursive process through which chemical terms were established in chemistry textbooks. It then discusses resistance to changes in chemical terminology by the scientific community in Spain. Other subjects under discussion include the relation between scientific knowledge and society, the characteristics of Spanish scientific debates in relation to other European intellectual debates, and the transmission of knowledge in the 19th century.

The so-called IPPC Directive concerning integrated pollution prevention and control came into force 10 years ago affecting those industrial installations enumerated in its annex I, mainly characterized for being highly polluting sources. One of the innovations of this regulation is that the installations must have an integrated environmental permit granted by the competent authority of the region in which they are located. This environmental permit should include, among others, the Emission Limit Values (ELV) for the more relevant and potential pollutants which cannot be overcome, taking into account the Best Available Techniques (BAT). In Spain this Directive was transposed by the Law 16/2002 on July 2002. This paper shows the application of this law to the surface treatment sector using electrolytic or chemical procedures, encompassed as epigraph 2.6 in its annex I, in Galicia (NW Spain). An overview of the sector is made by analyzing the productive operations applied and their environmental aspects to consider the options to prevent and/or reduce the potential pollution. To assist this task a simple method to determine whether a technique can be considered or not as BAT is offered. Finally, a support guide to apply for the environmental permit was exclusively elaborated for this sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Conservation is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An introduction to the journal is presented in which the editor discusses various articles within the issue on topics including economic history of Spain and important contributions to international historiography.

The article presents information on the conservation of paintings found during excavations at the burial chamber, or dolmen, of Dombate in Cabana, La Coruña, Spain, between 1987 and 1989. The authors discuss emergency conservation work that was conducted in 1988 and 1991, explore the painting technique and stability, and examine potential deteriorating agents and damaging factors that could impact conservation efforts.

Aim: To analyze clinical profile and management of patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation treated with rivaroxaban in clinical practice according to age and to ascertain rates of thromboembolic and bleeding events during rivaroxaban therapy., Methods: Retrospective study of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients that started rivaroxaban therapy between May 2013 and February 2017 in the cardiology department of two hospitals from Huesca, Spain., Results: A total of 137 patients (mean age 78.2 ± 8.9 years; CHA 2 DS 2 -VASc 3.5 ± 1.3; HAS-BLED 1.6 ± 0.7) were included. Comorbidity was common. After a mean duration of treatment of 30.5 ± 17.2 months, no strokes were reported. Rates of transient ischemic attack, major bleeding and intracranial bleeding were low., Conclusion: In this cohort of elderly and highly comorbid patients treated with rivaroxaban, rates of thromboembolic and bleeding events were low.

The heavy ceramic industry (building materials and refractory products manufacture) is an important source of pollutants to the environment. For this reason these industrial sub-sectors are included in prevention and control pollution policies, specifically those of the European Union. The IPPC Directive pays particular attention to the mineral industries, not least to the ceramic industry (epigraph 3.5, Annex I). In this paper, a methodology which is being applied to support IPPC installations and the competent administrative authority in Galicia (NW Spain) is presented. For that, the Galician heavy ceramic industry is analysed, as also are the ways to study the Best Available Techniques (BAT) with a view to establishing the emission limit values (ELV) for each specific case. Hence, a technological state of the art has been carried out for both sub-sectors, from the point of view of implementation of the IPPC in Galicia. Following this, the processes are described briefly and an analysis of the consumption and emission levels of the main pollutants is made. An inventory that includes the best environmental practices and the preventive and abatement candidate techniques as BAT was elaborated for both considered sub-sectors. An information data sheet for each candidate BAT is presented as a method to help both the industries and the competent authority to identify a candidate technique of the inventory as BAT. Three illustrative examples of the application of this procedure are presented for different emissions to environmental media for Galician installations.

Aim: The aim of this study is to assess the clinical impact of gallium-67 scintigraphy, before and after treatment, in patients with Hodgkin's disease, and to compare the overall survival between the patients whose gallium studies after treatment were negative and those whose studies remained positive., Methods: We have studied 75 patients (40 women, 35 men) with Hodgkin's disease. All the patients underwent (67)Ga scintigraphy at the moment of the diagnosis (basal study) and in the case that basal study was positive (abnormal hyper-uptake focus) we performed follow-up studies after the treatment. We have calculated the overall survival among patients whose studies after treatment were negative (1(st) group) and those whose studies remained positive (2(nd) group) and between patients whose studies were negative at diagnosis (3(rd) group)., Results: Gallium scintigraphy was positive at diagnosis in 47 patients (62.6%). In 39 of them we were able to perform the follow-up study after treatment. The follow-up study was negative in 31 patients while in 8 patients the gallium scintigraphy remained positive. The overall survival was significantly higher (p<0.001) in the 1(st) group compared with the 2(nd) group. The overall survival was higher in the 1(st) group compared with the 3(rd) but statistic significance level was not reached., Conclusion: Our data suggest that: 1) in Hodgkin's disease (67)Ga scintigraphy is useful to establish the diagnosis of complete remission; 2) if the gallium scan remains positive after treatment, the prognosis of patients is worse than the prognosis of patients with a negative scan.

Introduction: The few existing studies on the demand for neuropediatric care in Spain offer information of enormous value, contributing to our knowledge of this specialty and of the needs of specialists and their training, as well as to the correct planning and use of economic and human resources., Aim: To determine the real demand, predominant disorders and usefulness of complementary examinations with a view to determining the need for neuropediatric care in a general hospital., Materials and Methods: Descriptive, retrospective study of patients attending the neuropediatric department for the first time during a 7-year period and for follow-up visits during a 4-year period. The periods were randomly selected., Results: During this period 1130 children, generating 5033 consultations, were assessed. The total number of visits amounted to 25% of all consultations in the Pediatric Department, involving 31% of the children under 14 years of age in the pediatric population of Segovia. The overall rate of reexaminations/new patients was 3.4. The most frequent diagnosis was headache (32%), followed by non-epileptic paroxysms, febrile convulsions and epilepsy. The disorders requiring the greatest number of follow-up consultations were epilepsy (20%), headache (9%) and febrile convulsions (5%). The rate of reexamination/new patients was significantly higher in pediatric cerebral palsy and epilepsy. Electroencephalogram was the most frequently requested complementary examination, followed by neuroradiological studies., Conclusions: Demand for neuropediatric care mainly involves headaches, epilepsy, convulsions, non-epileptic paroxysmal disorders, and neonatal neurology in the first years of life. Pressure on neuropediatric departments is great due to the number of patients attending consulting rooms because of functional or self-limiting disorders. This pressure could be reduced by appropriate neurological training of general pediatricians or family doctors.