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Compatible model systems were developed for estimating fuel load dynamics in Ulex europaeus (gorse) and in Erica australis (Spanish heath) dominated shrub communities at stand level. The models were based on intensive, detailed destructive field sampling and were fitted simultaneously to fulfill the additivity principle. The models enable, for the first time, estimation of the biomass dynamics of the total shrub layer, size fractions and vegetative stage, with reasonably good accuracy. The approach used addresses the high variability in shrub biomass estimates by using a site index (SI) based on biomass levels at a reference age of 10 years. Analysis of the effect of climatic variables on site index confirmed the preference of gorse for mild temperatures and the ability of high heath communities to tolerate a wider range of temperatures. In the gorse communities, SI tended to increase as summer rainfall and the mean temperature of the coldest month increased. However, in the heath communities, no relationships were observed between SI and any of the climatic variables analyzed. The study findings may be useful for assessing and monitoring fuel hazards, updating fuel mapping, planning and implementing fuel reduction treatments and predicting fire behavior, among other important ecological and biomass use-related applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rivers are dynamic systems, with mobility due to their changing flows. Variations in flow give rise to floods, forming floodplains, whose human occupation depends on the probability of flooding; the reduction of floods favours human occupation. This study analyses the modification of the fluvial territory of the lower stretch of the Jarama River between 1956 and 2020, through orthophotographic analysis. The regulation of the basin by dams has led to the disappearance of floods, favouring human occupation of the fluvial territory. Concurrently, the length of the river channel has increased by 2.3% due to the excavation of some meanders, favoured by the modification of flows due to the discharge of wastewater treatment plants. As a consequence, the fluvial territory has increased by 0.88 km2 due to erosion, but at the same time has lost 14.36 km2 due to human occupation, with a net loss of 58.3% of the area. Most of the occupied fluvial territory has been used for agriculture, followed by grassland and mining, although much of the grasslands are former mining areas. The current public river domain is very narrow, and is defined as a fixed space, incompatible with fluvial dynamics. Floodplains are a strategic resource, as a defence against floods and to preserve river dynamics, sediment transport and biodiversity. It is necessary to preserve the fluvial territory and expand it by recovering lost land, and to maintain a space of freedom for the river, allowing its natural dynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper introduces a new model used to study and analyse the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV2) epidemic-reported-data from Spain. This is a Hidden Markov Model whose hidden layer is a regeneration process with Poisson immigration, Po-INAR(1), together with a mechanism that allows the estimation of the under-reporting in non-stationary count time series. A novelty of the model is that the expectation of the unobserved process's innovations is a time-dependent function defined in such a way that information about the spread of an epidemic, as modelled through a Susceptible-Infectious-Removed dynamical system, is incorporated into the model. In addition, the parameter controlling the intensity of the under-reporting is also made to vary with time to adjust to possible seasonality or trend in the data. Maximum likelihood methods are used to estimate the parameters of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: The proposed system will allow for dynamic measurement and calculation of cybersecurity risk metrics in an administrative domain with just some asset estimations. With the increasing complexity of cyberthreats, it is necessary to have tools to understand the changing context in real-time. This document will present architecture and a prototype designed to model the risk of administrative domains, exemplifying the case of a country in real-time, specifically, Spain. In order to carry out this task, a modeling of the assets and threats detected by various sources of information has been carried out. All this information is stored as knowledge making use of ontologies, which enables the application of reasoning engines in order to infer new knowledge that can be used later in the following reasoning. This modeling and reasoning have been enriched with a dynamic system for managing the trust of the different sources of information and capabilities for increased reliability with the inclusion of additional threat intelligence information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Investigación Geográfica is the property of Universidad de la Rioja, Servicio de Publicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Worldwide farmer managed irrigation systems have provided crops for food, feed and the market for centuries. From high mountain environments to river valleys and deltas, in all continents people have organized to construct, use, maintain, transform and sustain irrigated agro-ecosystems. In this context it is important to better understand how these systems are sustained. The objective of this contribution is to explore and theorize through which strategies and mechanisms irrigators are able to sustain these systems in a constantly changing socio-environmental context. The study is based on ethnographic qualitative research in four areas where farmer managed irrigation systems are sustained by irrigators (Valencia region, Spain; Ecuadorian highlands; Cambodian Mekong delta; and Tsangano district, Mozambique). Research consisted of interviews and observations in these areas and was supported by a literature review of what has been published about these systems. Results show that farmer managed irrigation systems are dynamic systems that constantly transform but that are sustained in these changes through what we term ' communality '. We introduce this term to point out three interrelated elements that stand at the basis of farmer managed irrigation systems sustenance, namely: commons, community and polity. Analysis of the four case studies points out that these three elements are mobilized differently by farmers depending on their socio-environmental context. We show that the mobilization of these different elements amidst internal and external challenges and conflicts, forms the basis for the longevity and sustainability of collectively managed irrigation systems. In the literature on farmer managed irrigation systems collective action has been portrayed as the main pillar that sustains these systems. This contribution challenges this notion by showing that irrigation systems are sustained by a combination of individual actions, collective practices, normative frameworks and organizational forms; a sense of community; and the development of political agency (polity). Recognizing that these elements come together as site specific hybrids opens new avenues of inquiry to better understand the sustainability of farmer managed irrigation systems. [Display omitted] • We need new frameworks to understand farmer managed irrigation systems (FMIS) sustainability. • This paper develops the analytical framework of communality to fill this gap. • Four cases of sustained FMIS are analyzed through communality. • Differences in strategies to sustain irrigation systems are identified. • Communality opens new avenues of inquiry to better understand the sustainability of FMIS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the combined use of tools from dynamical systems theory and remote sensing techniques and shows how they are effective instruments which may greatly contribute to the decision making protocols of the emergency services for the real-time management of oil spills. This work presents the successful interplay of these techniques for a recent situation, the sinking of the Oleg Naydenov fishing ship that took place in Spain, close to the Canary Islands, in April 2015. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A technique for dynamic clustering is developed based on static K-means. [•] The dynamic clustering is applied on a sample of energy consumption profiles from residential customers. [•] The resulting patterns allow evaluating customers’ trends in energy consumption. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of this paper is to develop a multiple-indicator multiple-cause model to explain dynamic capabilities generation. We use one of the main common effects of dynamic capabilities (operational, structural and strategic flexibility) to design a measurement tool for dynamic capabilities generation. Based on this measurement tool, we test the influence of several factors identified in the specialized literature as potential causes that trigger and promote dynamic capabilities generation. We use data from a survey of 200 CEOs of Spanish firms to test the model. The results show that only organizations whose managers have perceived a high degree of environmental dynamism have generated dynamic capabilities. The results also show that knowledge codification and technical innovation are significantly related to dynamic capabilities generation. We attempt to shed light on current theoretical debates about dynamic capabilities generation and provide a practical guide to explain the origin and results of dynamic capabilities that have been tested empirically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of DYNA - Ingeniería e Industria is the property of Publicaciones Dyna SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of DYNA - Ingeniería e Industria is the property of Publicaciones Dyna SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)