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The aim of this paper is to analyse the relationship between household employment insecurity and the risk of children's exposure to household material deprivation in Spain and Portugal. Specifically, using EU-SILC microdata for 2012, 2016 and 2020, it examines how this relationship evolved during the Post-Great Recession period. Although in both countries there was an improvement in the employment situation of individuals and families after the Great Recession, the main findings reflect an increase in the risk of children's exposure to material deprivation in households where no adults have a secure job. However, there are some differences between the two countries. In the case of Spain, the results seem to indicate that the incidence of household employment insecurity on material deprivation was higher in 2016 and 2020 than in 2012. In Portugal, the increase in the effect of employment insecurity on deprivation seems to have occurred only in 2020, the year the Covid-19 pandemic began. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Athenaeum: Polskie Studia Politologiczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Security Studies Nicolaus Copernicus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Working conditions during the economic crisis of the first decade of the 21st century have been the object of extensive research. This study delves into the main risks facing workers subsequent to the recession and economic crisis of 2008-2014 and prior to the unsettling times provoked by the COVID-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. The choice of Spain as the study area stems from the deep effects of the economic crisis on this country and the fragmentation of its trade unions. Spain is likewise relevant as its authorities adopted two opposite strategies (respectively austerity followed by expansive investment) to cope and counter these problems over time. This qualitative study comprises in-depth interviews with 45 experts from various sectors of business. The findings suggest that factors such as persistent job insecurity and work overload profoundly affect the social environment and relationships of employees both at work and in the family generating individual coping strategies that weaken the role of trade unions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the effects of a negative economic shock on short- and long-term youth emancipation in Spain over the period 1995-2017. We use a vector autoregressive (VAR) model with different endogenous and exogenous variables which might have an impact on youth residential emancipation according to the academic literature. The results show how emancipation is impacted negatively by the shock after two quarters on average. Following this, the situation returns to its prior state at an accelerated rate. We also find that, in the short-term, the unemployment rate has a greater influence than the temporary employment rate on youth emancipation. In the long-term, this trend is reversed. To conclude, we find that emancipation processes do not depend as much on entry into the labour market as they do on the conditions to stay in it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking the case of Spain as example, this article aims to answer the question about the degree to which the problems and concerns of ordinary citizens were included in the press coverage on the boom and the crash of the real estate bubble, and around the economic problems related to the euro crisis. The objective is to determine whether people were a main actor -as agent and/or victim- in the coverage of the crisis, and the degree to which the different nature of the crises and the diverse orientations of the newspapers affected this coverage. In contrast with the idea of a rise of ordinary people as actors in everyday news coverage, the content analysis confirms the hypothesis that people played a very marginal role in the journalistic coverage of both crises. It also confirms that the "silence" of people in the economic coverage did not depend on the ideological or thematic focus of the newspapers under research. The findings also contextualize the ignoring of "people" in the journalistic coverage of economic crises within the silence of traditional media on the connection between the economic crisis and the intense social indignation, which was the breeding ground for political populisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the social bias in the access to both formal and informal care by different household income groups in Spain. Based on data from the Living Conditions Survey (Encuesta de Condiciones de Vida), a statistical model is used to isolate the effect of mothers' occupation on the use of childcare. The 2006-2016 period is analysed in order to assess the conjunctural effect of the economic crisis of 2008. The results show that access to formal care in Spain is clearly stratified by household income. While this access bias predates the economic crisis, it was exacerbated during the recession years. Informal care is therefore a complementary resource, especially for middle- and lower-class families and in households with part-time employed mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The national and European economic crisis has caused significant changes in the National Health System in Spain, among others a considerable deterioration in the working conditions of nursing professionals. The aim of this study was to analyse whether the economic crisis situation influenced the burnout and engagement of Spanish nursing professionals. The research design was a transversal study based on descriptive and inferential statistical analysis. Because the variable "economic crisis" is not susceptible to direct experimental manipulation, to explore its possible influence on the burnout and engagement of nursing staff, we use an indirect strategy of "priming". That is, we presented a group of participants with news about how the economic crisis was affecting healthcare personnel, in order to facilitate their cognitive accessibility, while another control group did not read any news. The participants were 66 nursing professionals from two public hospitals in the north of Spain completed various questionnaires that allowed information to be collected on the factors of interest in the study. The work experience of the participants contributes significantly to their burnout levels. The economic crisis situation helps to explain the burnout of Spanish nurses, but not their engagement levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I analyse the processes of vulnerabilisation related to unemployment, based on the case of Spain in the period 2010–2020. I conceptualise unemployment time as empty time that unemployed people attempt to fill using temporal tactics. To explain the degree of temporal agency of the unemployed, I shall analyse their tactics according to four social conditions: previous work socialisation, duration of unemployment, domestic relationship and social class. In terms of method, this study was based on quantitative time data obtained from the most recent Time Use Survey for Spain (from 2009 to 2010), and on qualitative time use data obtained from eight discussion groups and 49 interviews with unemployed people. Drawing on these data, I analyse relationships between temporal tactics in unemployment, the social conditions of the subjects and their processes of vulnerability, and define five temporal tactics, which I term: the investing time tactic, the domestic hyperactivity tactic, the domestic work rejection tactic, the constant effort tactic and the non-tactic. I conclude by demonstrating that these tactics can be sequenced as stages in a process of vulnerability associated with gradual desynchronisation from pre-unemployment times, underlining the importance of socio-temporal categories and conditions in understanding vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The austerity policies implemented in Spain during the years of the «great recession» (2008-2014) have had diverse effects on the socio-economic and vital conditions of children, young people and the elderly. In particular, the agenda of public policies and social spending applied during the crisis increased inequality between these social groups, privileging the interests of the adult population and the elderly, and calling into question7 the principle of inter-generational solidarity on which our familistic welfare system. In this article we describe this phenomenon and highlight the dominant narratives formulated by the main political actors when defining the rules of eligibility of the beneficiaries of public policies and attending to the specific needs of each age group. The statistical and documentary evidence collected points to the convenience of reflecting on the foundations of the inter-generational pact that organizes the redistribution of public resources in our country and that must ensure the sustainability of our social protection system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With national data from tourists who reside in Spain, this article researches antecedents of tourist autonomy in trip planning, including both tourists' characteristics and details of their trips. The results indicate positive relationships of tourists' educational background and their travel experience with autonomy but negative relationships of trip length with autonomy. These data from Spain also highlight the role of the last global economic crisis, revealing its moderating influence on the relationships among several of the antecedent factors and autonomy. These results in turn have relevant managerial implications for tourism operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

European countries responded to the economic crisis of 2008 by adopting austerity policies that deeply transformed their economic and social model, leading to a general decline in welfare. This study attempts to demonstrate how the media contributed to legitimise this kind of policies by portraying them as the only possible alternative, focusing on the Spanish press. To this end, we carry out a Content Analysis of the frames used by two Spanish newspapers to address the policies applied in response to the crisis between 2008 and 2015. Additionally, this article links through a Z-test the frames reproduced by the media with the type of sources that promoted them, a dimension of the crisis coverage that remains largely unexplored. It also analyses the evolution of the media discourse throughout the crisis. The results show how coverage was dominated by frames that legitimised austerity by presenting it as the only existing option. In a relevant way, both elitist and alternative sources mostly promoted frames that legitimised austerity, although in a different way. On the other hand, the legitimisation of austerity was exercised more intensely in the crisis periods in which these policies were being applied more strongly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Those in positions of leadership are accustomed to having to deal with complex and uncertain situations. However, the on-going COVID-19 pandemic has taken this challenge to a new level of complexity. Although econometric models are being used to predict economic scenarios relating to the fall-out from the pandemic, these forecasts do not factor-in the uncertainty generated by new changes announced weekly by policymakers. The aim of the present study is therefore to apply a fuzzy approach to develop a method for providing consistent and reliable forecasting scenarios that facilitate managers' and policymaker's decision-making in complex and uncertain situations. The chosen context of the study is the case of the potential consequences of COVID-19 for the international tourism sector in Spain, using fuzzy cognitive maps. This semi-quantitative model can help researchers to forecast the potential impact of major events in fuzzy or uncertain environments by constructing flexible and adaptable scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On 11 March 2020, the WHO declares that covid-19 is considered a pandemic, which has global economic effects. In Spain, the first response was to declare a state of alarm for the management of the health crisis on 14 March, as an instrument to limit the mobility of the population and, in this way, prevent its advance. Thus, the Spanish economy was practically paralysed in the first stage, with de-escalation being uneven across sectors. This provoked a major economic crisis with effects on employment. The aim of our work is to test two hypotheses. The first is to analyse whether the destruction of employment is less in Social Economy enterprises than in capitalist economy enterprises. The second hypothesis is whether the different impact of this crisis at sectoral level is also evident among Social Economy enterprises. To achieve these objectives, we analyse the year-on-year change in employment for all companies, cooperatives and worker-owned companies registered with the Social Security, at sectoral level in the second quarter of 2020 (when there were different levels of economic activity paralysis by sector), and we apply shift-share analysis to study the sectoral differences that have arisen due to the impact of the crisis. We observe a more resilient behaviour of employment in Spanish cooperatives and detect the differential impacts of the crisis at the sectoral level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides an overview of trends in fertility of foreign and national women in Greece, Spain, and Italy during the last decade and before the Covid pandemic. It focuses on the fertility of foreigners and compares this with that of ‘nationals’. The main analysis focuses on a period marked, firstly, by the economic recession and stagnation, and then by the recent wave of the ‘refugee crisis’. Foreigner fertility in the three south Mediterranean countries differs significantly from that of nationals, with the former having higher fertility rates and lower mean age at childbearing. However, although foreigners make a large contribution to births, their impact on period fertility (total fertility rate or TFR) is limited. At the same time, although the fertility of both groups decreased during the first years of the recession, foreigner TFRs fell faster in both absolute and relative terms in Italy and Greece. However, after 2014, the foreigner period fertility among the three countries differs as a relative stabilisation is observed in Spain and Italy, while indicators rise in Greece. This divergence is due to the various composition changes in the settled after-2014 foreigners in the three countries and the strong recovery of foreigner births in Greece (as fertility in Greece was much more affected by the recession). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Household formation does not follow a similar pattern in all European countries since it depends mainly on specific structural factors, such as the socioeconomic conditions to access property and the legal and institutional frameworks that control the housing market in each country. For this reason, this paper studies the effects of a negative shock in household formation in Spain and its duration during the 1995-2017 period. We use a vector autoregressive (VAR) model with different endogenous and exogenous variables that, according to the literature, may have an impact on household formation. The results show that the negative impact on household formation is not immediate but takes about a year to generate results. Also, the rise in unemployment due to the economic crisis explains almost a third of household formation variance, which is strengthened by the impact of housing prices. Finally, there is no virtual development in household formation before a change in housing stock in the short term. This result means that public policies aimed to strengthen housing and, particularly, the emancipation of young people must improve opportunities and labor market conditions to allow young people access to the real estate market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Sociología is the property of Federacion Espanola de Sociologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper, our goal is to analyze trap music and its development in Spain in recent years. We try to understand its impact among young people, identifying their ethics and aesthetics and finding out how they are perceived among their consumers. Understanding youth cultures as metaphors for social and political changes, we study Spanish trap to find out what it tells us about our society and its recent transformations. Methodologically, we use the analysis of songs and videoclips, we develop interviews and focus groups with young consumers, trappers and producers, and we study representative trapper biographies. Appeared during the crisis that began in 2008 in impoverished areas as a song of the excluded and depoliticized youth, trap will become popular reflecting the concerns of a precarious youth. Trap, we conclude, is a contradictory genre that reproduces the logic of capitalism while opening up spaces for its response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies women's vulnerability to the economic crisis of 2008 through the lens of part-time work in Spain. It posits that part-time work made the female employment position more fragile by acting as a transmission mechanism of traditional gender norms that establish women as secondary workers. This argument is tested through an analysis of Labour Force Survey data from 2007 to 2014 that examines the influence of the employment situation of the household on women's part-time employment patterns. The results expose the limited take-up of part-time work but also persistent patterns of involuntariness and underemployment corresponding to negative household employment situations, highlighting the constraining role of gender norms borne by the relative position of part-time work in the configuration of employment structures. The article concludes that, during the crisis, part-time work participated in the re-establishment of women as a family dependent and flexible labour supply, increasing their vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Under what conditions are governments able to liberalize labor markets? I leverage the cases of Portugal and Spain, two countries hit by the Eurozone crisis and constrained in their policy options, that diverge in the key measure mandated by international creditors to recover--the decentralization of collective bargaining. Against the common assumption that the liberalization of labor is widely embraced by capital, I show that governments are only able to advance labor reforms when there is a leading industrial export sector that benefits from it and provides a powerful domestic social partner. I test this argument with in-depth qualitative data collected during twelve months of fieldwork in both countries, including 129 interviews with politicians, policy-makers, and members of business associations and labor confederations, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Literature suggests that urban regeneration policies might contribute towards improving mental health of residents, but to date there is a lack of empirical research on how these policies and downward social mobility can interact and influence health outcomes. The current study aims to explicitly test whether regeneration policies implemented in deprived Andalusian urban places (southern Spain) moderate the use of anxiolytics and/or antidepressants, taking into consideration families' downward social mobility during the recent period of economic crisis in Spain. We designed a post intervention survey to retrospectively compare the evolution of psychotropic drug consumption in target and comparison areas. We observe a general increase in the use of anxiolytics and/or antidepressants from 2008 to 2015, specifically for people in whose families the economic crisis had the greatest impact (odds ratio = 2.18; p value < 0.001). However, better evolution is observed among residents of the target areas compared with residents of similar urban areas where this kind of polices have been not in force (odds ratio = 0.50; p value < 0.05). Therefore, urban regeneration policies might act as moderators of the risk of mental health, particularly when people are subject to the loss of individual/family resources in urban vulnerable contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Since 2007, Europe has been living through one of its deepest crises in recent history. What began as financial turmoil has quickly become a public-debt crunch. In Spain, public debt rose from less than 40% of GDP in 2008 to nearly 100% of GDP in 2013. This shock has resulted in a deterioration of public-debt ratings. In Spain, as in many other countries, public debt is composed not only of the central government's debt but also of debt issued by sub-national entities. Although the evolution of national ratings has received broad attention in the literature, few articles have dealt with sub-national entities. The purpose of this article is to shed new light on the structure and evolution of the public-debt ratings of Spain's regional governments. Our main contribution rests on an analysis of recent changes in the main variables, before and after the crisis, and specifically of the sustainability of the 2012 debt reform and the structure of Spain's public debt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to examine the consequences of the last great recession on the child protection system (CPS) in Spain, to estimate whether there is any kind of relationship between the conditions of socio-economic crisis and its protective activity. Design/methodology/approach: Data on child protection legal measures issued by the CPS and socio-economic data from 8 of the 17 regions of the country were cross-checked. Using the chi-square test, it was possible to determine the significance and intensity of the relationship between the different variables in each of the regions of the study. Findings: During the crisis, the number of recorded cases fell most sharply in those regions with the worst socio-economic indicators. The study shows that there is a significant relationship between the socio-economic conditions of the regions and families and the activity of the CPS in each of them, so that the worsening of the former reduces the protective activity of their protection system. Practical implications: The results ask about the influence of the socioeconomic situation in the decision-making of the CPS in Spain and the need to deepen in its study. Originality/value: To the best of the author's knowledge, this is the first longitudinal study on the effects of the economic crisis on CPS activity in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes separately for men and women the main factors associated with labor underutilization (underemployment and unemployment) in Spain before and after the economic crisis. It does so by means of a novel application of the mixed logit econometric model, which has not been used before in the specialized literature on this topic and which represents a significant advance with respect to previous models. The results evidence significant modifications during this period of crisis and underscore important differences between men and women pertaining to these two conditions of labor underutilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Europe's leading film-producing countries are France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. They were all hit by the global economic crisis, which had a particularly severe impact on Europe in 2010-2012. The consequences of this crisis for film policies and the film industry are understudied. Spain is a unique case for this study because it had to ask the European Union for a financial assistance programme. What changes were made to State film policies as a result of the crisis? How did those changes reflect on the feature film production? This article aims to answer these questions. The method used includes an analysis of film-industry policy documents and official data, and in-depth interviews. The period studied is 2007-2017. The results refer to topics such as State aid for film production; tax incentives; value-added tax (VAT); the obligation to provide advance funding for European audiovisual production, and the number, genre, and mean cost of the feature films produced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theory of social capital rarely takes economic variables into account. This article confirms that economic factors had greater explanatory power for social trust and trust in institutions during times of economic crisis, due mainly to increased economic polarization of the population. We use Spain as a case study to analyse the impact of a number of variables on social and institutional trust before and during the economic crisis. The 2008 economic crisis in Spain resulted in a paradox: a notable decline in trust in institutions, together with a surprising increase—rather than the expected decrease—in social trust. The data analysed here also highlight the possibility that the two types of trust did not track in a mutually supportive manner due to the emergence of Movimiento 15 M, which gave rise to the appearance of new political parties such as Podemos, on the extreme left of the electoral scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The last 20 years of sociodemographic history in Spain cannot be interpreted without considering the impact of foreign immigration, numerous publications have shown. The aim of this article is to contribute a clear spatial representation of migrants in Spain by combining statistical and mapping methods. Maps showing the rate of variation of immigrant populations point to the existence of an uneven distribution around Spain, during both the period of economic growth and the years when migratory flows waned. On the other hand, the immigrant clusters show that certain geographic areas in Spain attract specific groups; the extent of their presence can be seen on density maps based on location coefficients. In short, this article provides an understanding of foreign immigration in Spain, which other approaches have not achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article looks at the changing configuration of work–family arrangements (WFA) in Spain through the lens of labour market segmentation. Using European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU‐SILC) data for 2005, 2007, 2010 and 2012, it examines occupational differences in WFA comparing the period of prosperity to the period of recession and the implementation of austerity policies. The findings show that the dynamics of labour market segmentation produce differential employment opportunities and degrees of job security for men and women across occupational groups, significantly shaping WFA. The crisis reinforced already balkanized gender contracts, with working‐class households suffering most from job losses and pressing economic needs. Couples whose members were services employees and/or manual workers saw the greatest increases in dual activity over the whole period, as dual earners during the prosperity period and as added workers during the crisis. The economic crisis and austerity policies have reinforced the social divide across work‐poor and work‐rich households, and dual‐earning skilled couples versus those earning out of economic necessity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Using the Panel of Social Inequalities in Catalonia, Spain (PaD 2001–2012), this article investigates the relationship between perceptions of economic conditions and subjective well-being in times of prosperity and economic crisis. It also analyses how this relationship plays out across different social backgrounds. Periods of economic crisis and prosperity serve as a proxy for objective macroeconomic conditions. The Spanish region of Catalonia is a relevant setting because it faced one of the highest increases in inequality and unemployment in Europe as a result of the 2008 Economic Crisis. Our results show that perceived economic conditions matter beyond objective micro and macroeconomic realm and become a strong determinant of subjective well-being during a crisis, particularly for the middle class. However, contrary to our initial expectations, our results also show the existence of a close correlation between perceptions of economic conditions and subjective well-being for low social background individuals in times of economic prosperity, and an even stronger relationship in times of economic crisis. The article stipulates several potential explanations for these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immigration from Latin America and the Caribbean to Spain in the turn of the century has been broadly studied since it originated flows of a large amount in times of economic expansion (1998-2007), when the Spanish labour market demanded workforce in the secondary segments. Since 2008 a shortening of inflows occurred as well as an increase of the return and ongoing migrations, consistent with the intensity of the economic crisis. These flows diminish during the incipient post-crisis period (2015-2017) and immigration resumes. With the target to deepen in these trends, this study is based on information provided by the Residential Variation Statistics microdata, which allows us to characterize the evolution of Latin Americans' migrations to and from Spain. The sequence of these flows, regarding the countries of origin, and their features according to the age-sex patterns, inform us of disparate dynamics and differentiated migratory cycles, as well as of changes that point to a reconfiguration of migration trends throughout the study stage and of more intense and complex forms of mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the factors that determine the solvency of insurance companies operating in Spain. The selected time span, from 2008 to 2015, encompasses a period of economic instability characterised by record low interest rates and low or even negative economic growth. Using a dynamic panel data model, we conclude that actual solvency margins are positively related to profitability, underwriting risk and a mutual‐type organisation but inversely related to size, reinsurance use, longer‐tailed business and life insurance specialisation. We also find that less concentrated markets and the context of an economic crisis decrease solvency margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Dimensión Empresarial is the property of Universidad Autonoma del Caribe, Departamento del Atlantico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The coronavirus represents an extremely dangerous threat, since not only affects the health of the population, but also puts their way of life at risk. In Spain, the coronavirus is much more than a risk for health, since it also takes advantage from the turbulences in economy and the permanent quarrel among politiciens. In some few days, the pandemic spread in those Western countries where the Y-DNA R1b haplogroup reaches its highest values. If the pandemic continues its activity during the forthcoming months, the entire world may suffer from supplies scarcity that could lead to famines from which not even Europe would be spared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to analyse the association between drug consumption and unemployment. This paper also studies the differential association between these variables in both the preand current-crisis periods. The results are compared in an attempt to verify that the population of users is more vulnerable in terms of how likely they are to get and hold down a job in the labour market. Design/methodology/approach - Matching methods and microdata from the Survey on Alcohol and Drugs in Spain, EDADES are used. The use of these methods on the estimates carried out prove to be particularly effective in reducing treatment-selection bias. The authors' interest is also to analyse the differential association between the interest variables in both the pre- and current-crisis periods. For this purpose, the authors also use the differences-in-differences (DID) estimation method between the two periods to check if the impact of drug use on unemployment depends on the economic context. The estimations are compared in an attempt to verify that the population of users is less likely to attain and hold down a job in the labour market than non-drug users. Findings - The results obtained in the current study are consistent with the hypothesis that drug use decreases an individual's capacity and availability when he or she is trying to enter the labour market. In both 2007 and 2013, drug users were more likely to be unemployed, regardless of the type of drug. Differences in the probability of being unemployed intensify during an economic crisis. In light of these results, it is possible to conclude that the negative effect of drug consumption on an individual's employability is increased during periods of economic recession. Research limitations/implications - The study presented here has some limitations. Firstly, crosssectional data were used to examine the causal relationship between consumption and employment. In this sense, the results are susceptible to bias. The unavailability of longitudinal data on the same individual made it impossible for the researchers to consider periods of abstinence, the duration of periods of consumption and how this consumption affected an individual's productivity and his or her working situation. Another limitation is that certain relevant unemployment variables may have been omitted. Among the variables that affect an individual's labour participation is the existence of sources of income as an alternative to market salaries. With state subsidies, income from illegal activities and money sent by family or friends, an individual may decide not to work. This problem could be mitigated if omitted variables operate in a similar way throughout both of the periods examined. Social implications - Given the results obtained in this paper, the authors believe that public policy conclusions should be mainly concerned with the importance of implementing proactive employment policies, along with family support programmes and a greater role for primary care among the people with the highest risks of exclusion. Health treatment should go jointly with measures that make it easier for individuals to enter the workforce. These steps would only be possible with an improved level of education and more complete professional profiles, to increase motivation when individuals seek employment. Originality/value - This study could make various contributions to the existing body of evidence. In the authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt to document the effect of the economic crisis on the employability of the drug-using population in contrast with the general population. Moreover, a methodology is presented that provides an alternative to those used in earlier studies, in terms of reducing treatment-selection bias. At the same time, the use of a DID estimation method between pre- and current-crisis periods allow us to check if the impact of drugs consumption on unemployment depends on the economic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the trust in the Monarchy in Spain during the recent economic crisis, relative to other political institutions. The article differentiates public opinion on political institutions depending on whether they are or not accountable to the electorate. The purpose is to confirm whether there is internal homogeneity in the trust that citizens place in political accountability institutions, such as the government, parliament, political parties or even the Monarchy. The article analyzes the specific evolution of the perception about the Monarchy, showing that such perception has behaved differently as compared to other "unaccountable institutions" during the recent period of political and economic crisis. It also presents the effects that the perception on the political and economic context has on it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TRANS: Revista de Traductología is the property of TRANS: Revista de Traductologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of e-Revista Internacional de la Protección Social is the property of e-Revista Internacional de la Proteccion Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main objective of this article is to test the hypothesis that the economic crisis has resulted in significant changes in the socioeconomic and labor profile of the new self-employed in Spain between 2008 and 2013. Additionally, it is intended to determine if there are homogeneous profiles of new self-employed workers that allow to set clusters, and, if so, to check how these clusters have changed in the studied period. To verify the above-mentioned hypotheses, it has been carried out a descriptive analysis followed by a Cluster Analysis, using the Continuous Sample of Working Lives data. The research concludes that the economic recession has been accompanied by a fall in the number of new self-employed between 2008 and 2013, along with a significant change in their socio-demographic and occupational profile. There is also evidence of the existence of several clusters of self-employed, with heterogeneous sociodemographic and labor characteristics. The composition and features of these clusters evolved in parallel to the economic situation, showing an intense increase in the educational level and a reduction in the job stability between 2008 and 2013. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores what happens when the term "austerity" becomes a global catchword. Specifically, we study how this term has been used in national policy making in the Portuguese and Spanish parliaments from the 1970s until recently. We show that although Portugal and Spain were in a somewhat different situation regarding the 2008 economic crisis, the increased popularity of the term austerity occurred practically simultaneously in the Portuguese and Spanish parliaments. This suggests that the term's popularity in political debates is not solely determined by a nation's political or fiscal situation. Rather, our contention is that employing the term austerity to discuss government policies became a global fashion after the fiscal crisis of 2008. The study also shows why austerity became an increasingly popular concept: the term changed from being mainly used in fiscal policy to being commonly used in other policy areas too. Related Articles: Exadaktylos, Theofanis, and Nikolaos Zahariadis. 2014. "Quid pro Quo: Political Trust and Policy Implementation in Greece during the Age of Austerity." Politics & Policy 42 (1): 160‐183. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12058 Monza, Sabina, and Eva Anduiza. 2016. "The Visibility of the EU in the National Public Spheres in Times of Crisis and Austerity." Politics & Policy 44 (3): 499‐524. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12163 Sager, Fritz, and Markus Hinterleitner. 2016. "How do Credit Rating Agencies Rate? An Implementation Perspective on the Assessment of Austerity Programs during the European Debt Crisis." Politics & Policy 44 (4): 783‐815. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12165 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on populist parties has tended to look at this new phenomenon as distinct from traditional party models. While there are a number of studies focusing on specific dimensions, there have been few attempts to systematically examine the features of these new players through the eyes of distinct party types. This work uses the case of Podemos to highlight what distinguished this new party from mainstream parties. We consider the following dimensions: the genetic model, ideological and programmatic stances, its organization, and the profile of its electoral base. It is shown that Podemos presents hybrid characteristics, combining those of traditional party models with the characteristics transposed from the digital culture. The findings also show that populist parties evolve similarly to mainstream parties and this evolution depends not only on electoral and strategic pressures, but also on the process of institutionalization. The lessons of Podemos will allow us to discuss comparable cases from contemporary democracies, thus strengthening our findings and generating more robust evidence about the (alleged) novelty of populist parties with regard to party models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of European Journal of Social Work is the property of Routledge and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spain is generally regarded as one of the European countries most affected by the Great Recession starting in 2008 and subsequent restrictive policies. In the first part of this paper we attempt to understand the impacts of the crisis on the welfare state that have led to health inequalities, with a special emphasis on the history of the Spanish National Health System from mid-twentieth century onwards. We also examine citizens' responses to austerity measures within the health system, highlighting the role of the "white tides" movement. In the second part of the paper, we provide a selective review of the main findings on the effects of the Great Recession in the country, focusing particularly on its outcomes on mental health and on inequalities in health and healthcare use. We conclude that key policies need to be directed towards "the causes of the causes" of health inequalities, a complicated challenge in the current phase of capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Televisión del Principado de Asturias (TPA) is a regional public television that has been operating in Spain since 2005 by outsourcing part of its broadcasting activities. From the perspective of the political economy of communication and culture, this article studies the evolution of TPA's outsourcing model, taking into account the production of news content. The time of the analysis extends from the start of its broadcasting to its last tender in this respect, in 2016. Initially, with the goal of promoting the regional audiovisual sector, TPA implemented a contracting model divided into content batches that were allocated to various companies, mostly regional. By doing so, the activities of production were distributed into different territorial areas. However, after the economic crisis of 2008, the confluence of several factors (economic austerity measures, the political change in the regional government and a torrent of lawsuits for illegal transfer of workers) changed the outsourcing model. Currently, the complete activity of production is concentrated on a sole tenderer, which is part of an audiovisual conglomerate at the national level, selected because of proposing the most advantageous economic offer. This has represented a reduction in the diversity of sources of production contracted and the triumph of an economic mindset over social benefit and public service in the socio-economic contexts of austerity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greece, Portugal and Spain are among the countries worst hit by the 2008 Great Recession, followed by significant electoral and political turmoil. However, one of the dimensions in which they differ is the presence and varieties of populism in parties' political proposals. Drawing on holistic coding of party manifestos, we assess the varying presence of populist rhetoric in mainstream and challenger parties before and after the 2008 economic downturn. Our empirical findings show that populism is much higher in Greece compared to Spain and Portugal. We do not find a significant impact of the crisis as the degree of populism remains rather stable in Greece and Portugal, while it increases in Spain, mainly due to the rise of new populist forces. The study confirms that populist rhetoric is a strategy adopted mainly by challenger and ideologically radical parties. In addition, inclusionary populism is the predominant flavour of populist parties in new Southern Europe, although exclusionary populism is present to a lesser extent in the Greek case. We contend that the interaction between the national context – namely the ideological legacy of parties and the main dimensions of competition – and the strategic options of party leadership is crucial for explaining cross-country variation in the intensity of populism and the specific issues that characterise populist discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This letter assesses the impact of the Great Recession on well-being in Spanish provinces using two alternative composite indicators of objective well-being that include somewhat different dimensions. Whereas the crisis notably eroded economic well-being, its impact on overall well-being – which in addition to economic dimensions also includes non-economic ones – was imperceptible. This result points to the need to carefully define and assess well-being in empirical analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Noting increasingly independent traveling by tourists, as well as changes on the tourist activity worldwide due to the 2008 economic crisis, this study analyzes the relationships between an economic crisis, tourist's self-organization in trip planning, and tourist's trip satisfaction. Data from a panel (2006–2011) on how residents in Spain complete their accommodation and transport bookings are used, including data on their trip satisfaction. The study identifies a negative relationship between the 2008 economic crisis and trip satisfaction, a positive relationship between self-organization and satisfaction, as well as positive moderating effects of the crisis on the relationship between self-organization and satisfaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]