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The effects of offshoring of production have received a great deal of interest due to their implications on labour markets. However, the main theoretical predictions related to this issue are not always fulfilled in the empirical analysis; according to the Stolper–Samuelson theorem, there seems to be unanimous support for its effects in advanced countries whose production is relocated but not at all for recipient economies of the same. Additionally, there is a lack of empirical evidence in countries specialized in unskilled-labour tasks which are, at the same time, economies with higher relative wages in a global framework such as the Spanish economy. In this sense, the aim of this article is to analyse the effects of material offshoring in the relative composition of employment in the Spanish manufacturing industry during the period 1990–2007. Furthermore, we investigate the effects of immigrant labour and the temporary employment rate due to its increasing relevance in the Spanish economy during the period analysed. Using a generalized methods of moments (GMM) approach, our results suggest that, as opposed to most developed countries, offshoring in Spain has favoured the demand for blue-collar workers. In addition, we confirm that the increase in immigration and the increasing use of temporary contracts have enlarged the share of low-skilled workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although Spain is a traditional wine-producing area, there is little research on its wine tourism segmentation in comparison to that carried out in New World countries. The main aim of this paper is to identify the different segments of wine tourists that visit Spanish wineries. This research makes a theoretical and practical contribution to both the literature on the segmentation of wine tourists and segmentation techniques. The empirical analysis was carried out in the five Spanish denominations of origin with the largest market shares (Rioja, Ribera del Duero, Navarra, Rueda and La Mancha) and was based on a survey of 598 tourists. The latent class segmentation technique was used for the analysis, and four segments of wine tourists were obtained according to subjective and objective variables. This paper demonstrates how the a posteriori technique of segmentation can be applied in wine tourism research. The findings may provide the managers of wineries and destination management organizations with an important instrument when making strategic decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past thirty years the spanish government has made a great effort to draft and put into practice public policies concerning sport, whereby local bodies have become major promotors of sport and physical activity. Evaluation of public sports policies, however, has been very limited, partly because of a lack of appropriate information systems to prop up the design, implantation and evaluation process. the aim of this article is to describe the experience, in terms of sport, of one city council in Spain which has led the way in developing financial management systems. the article is based on the premise that the information provided by these systems will allow public policies to be assessed at every stage from an efficiency point of view and that the use of this information needs to be backed up by other assessment tools in order to determine effectiveness and efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent changes in tourist flows between regions in Spain and the availability of several accommodation alternatives provide useful information to study the most relevant structural changes in the configuration of the accommodations network in Spanish regions. This study employs network analysis tools to provide an alternative methodology that allows us to contrast the results from traditional descriptive analyses: the most important changes related to the configuration of the accommodation possibilities between Spanish regions between 2001 and 2012. Network analysis findings show some changes in the structural dynamics of the regional tourism network such as a greater tourist flow intensity that has become diversified between a more numbers of regions, especially for non-hotel accommodations; also the increasing central role for some of the interior areas in the configuration of the hotel and non-hotel accommodations network. This structural change, thus, has favored the presence of two sub networks determined by the type of accommodation: hotel and non-hotel establishment. This approach could be useful when planning tourism development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyse the degree of control to which public sector foundations are subjected through external auditing, in order to determine whether monitoring of public management in these institutions is being conducted that will prevent the mistrust being generated by the administration's increasing use of this legal concept. The study carried out for the period 2001/2007 reveals, on the one hand, that these institutions are audited annually, as Spain's National Audit Office (Intervención General de la Administración del Estado) complies with its obligation to audit all the large-scale foundations, and, on the other hand, that most foundations obtain an unqualified audit opinion. However, it would be appropriate to extend the auditing to those which are not currently audited and improve the management of audited ones which have been given a qualified audit opinion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]