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Since Bailey and Morley (2006) developed a model of talent development (TD) in physical education (PE), several researchers have attempted to understand TD in the PE context. However, the definition of 'talent' in PE remains unclear. Currently, "identifying" refers to using a range of predefined criteria to recognise potential; "providing" to offering support for those identified; and "developing" to the process of defining, identifying, and providing talent in PE. This study aimed to examine secondary school PE teachers' perceptions of TD processes in PE. A purposive sample of 20 Spanish PE teachers was interviewed (n = 17 males and 3 females). Through thematic analysis, five main themes were identified. Teachers associated talented students in PE with physical abilities. Teachers suggested several limiting factors in identifying and supporting talent within PE, including a lack of curricular guidelines, knowledge, and time. However, some teachers acknowledged that they were not equipped with strategies for TD in PE. Some teachers employed strategies to limit the abilities of talented students and balance the level of the class, while others found it difficult to develop talent in PE. Additionally, extracurricular activities were considered to play a key role in TD. Furthermore, teachers' pedagogy might be biased when developing talented students in PE, as the difference between sports talent and PE talent is unclear. Our results reveal a need for professional development in TD for PE teachers.

Physical activity plays an important role in individuals' physical and psychological health. However, there is scarce evidence on how physical activity is associated with socioemotional aspects in gifted students. This is of special importance since previous research showed that gifted students scored significantly lower on physical self-concept when compared with their non-gifted peers. This study aimed to measure the associations between physical activity and different dimensions of academic, physical, and global self-concept in a sample of 10- to 18-year-old Spanish gifted students. It also investigated differences with non-gifted students on physical activity, self-concept, and their associations. The study involved measuring the physical activity levels of 219 gifted and 242 non-gifted students through PAQ-A, following a cross-sectional design. It relied on SDQ-II and CAF to measure academic, physical, and global self-concepts and included the importance accorded to self-concepts. Results showed that gifted students scored higher on academic self-concept and lower on self-perceived athletic ability. Physical activity was associated with better physical and global self-concepts, with no differences between gifted and non-gifted participants. No interactions between giftedness and physical activity appeared. Both samples' self-concept may benefit from physical activity equally. Strategies for promoting physical activity should be endorsed also in gifted students.

The aim of this study is to inventory and study ethnobotanical knowledge of edible plants in the Valencian Community (Spain). In respect to culinary uses, 92 species of plant were reported to be edible, finding the following uses: 58 raw, 52 cooked, 16 fried, 7 dried, 21 in liquors and beverages, 25 in dessert and sweets, 11 as seasoning, 17 in pickles, and 10 to curdle milk. We prepared a database that includes genus, family, scientific, and vernacular names in Spanish and Catalan for each plant. We also created a classification of nine edible uses and plant parts used, being Asteraceae (n = 18), Brassicaceae (n = 7), Chenopodiaceae (n = 6), and Rosaceae (n = 6) the families most characterized for gastronomic purposes. The species with the most elevated cultural importance (CI) values were Foeniculum vulgare (CI = 1.389), Cynara scolymus (CI = 1.374), Papaver rhoeas (CI = 1.211), Beta vulgaris (CI = 1.167), and Juglans regia (CI = 1.155). The most used parts were the leaves (71), flowers (25), and branches (19), while the least used were roots (9) and seeds (8). Traditional knowledge of these plants helps to preserve traditional cuisine, promote the local economy and, in several species, encourage their cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in children is a growing concern, particularly among septic patients, given the need for first-right dosing. Our aim was to determine the incidence rates and factors associated with MDR-sepsis in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), using data from the Spanish ENVIN-HELICS PICU registry between 2013 and 2019. The rate of MDR bacteria among septic children ranged between 5.8 and 16.2% throughout this study period, with a significant increase since 2015 (p = 0.013). MDR-gram-negative bacteria (92%), particularly EBL-Enterobacterales (63.7%), were the most frequent causative microorganisms of MDR-sepsis. During this study period, sixteen MDR-sepsis (32.6%) corresponded to intrahospital infections, and 33 (67.4%) had community-onset sepsis, accounting for 10.5% of the overall community-onset sepsis. Independent risk factors associated with MDR-sepsis were antibiotics 48 h prior to PICU admission (OR 2.38) and PICU onset of sepsis (OR 2.58) in >1 year-old children, and previous malnourishment (OR 4.99) in <1 year-old children. Conclusions: There was an alarming increase in MDR among septic children in Spain, mainly by gram-negative (ESBL-Enterobacterales), mostly coming from the community setting. Malnourished infants and children on antibiotics 48 h prior to PICU are at increased risk and therefore require closer surveillance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, fact-checking journalism has become one of the dominant strategies to tackle disinformation. For these entities to be effective and gain the trust of citizens, it is essential that they carry out their work under the principles of ideological neutrality, especially when they try to verify political discourse. This paper, groundbreaking in the Spanish context, aims to analyze the verification practices and possible partisan biases of political fact-checking in Spain through a specific study applied to Newtral, the main fact-checker specialized in politics in this country. The political verification practices used by this fact-checker since the beginning of its activity (October 2018-October 2022) were analyzed through quantitative content analysis. In a second phase, the same study was replicated, applied only to the discourse of the main national political leaders. The study used inferential statistics (chi-square hypothesis tests, correlational studies, Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U test). No significant differences were observed between political parties in any of the variables analyzed in the phases of execution and verdict, neither in the general sample nor in the specific sample related to political leaders. However, greater attention is paid to the statements made by politicians belonging to Partido Popular, whose discourse is more checked, which could indicate a certain selection bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article pursues a two-fold purpose. The first is to identify elements of continuity throughout history in internal armed conflicts where state structures are still in the process of being formed or, if already consolidated, where they have suffered serious deterioration. The second is to present and analyze a case study that has received scant attention in scientific literature on insurgencies, namely, the War of the Alpujarras, which was fought at the beginning of the early modern period and was the last Islamic rebellion in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lavandula latifolia is one of the main rainfed crops of aromatic and medicinal plants produced in Spain. As a global concern, the agronomic productivity of this aromatic crop is also threatened by the consequences of imminent climate change. On this basis, the study of the agronomic production of two drought-tolerant ecotypes, after three years of cultivations practices, constitutes the main objective of the present study. For this trial, clones of the two pre-selected ecotypes, along with clones from two commercial plants (control), were grown in an experimental plot. The main results confirmed an increase in biomass and essential oil production with plant age. The essential oil chemotype defined by 1,8-cineol, linalool, and camphor was maintained over time, but a decrease in 1,8-cineol in the benefit of linalool was detected. In the phenolic profile, 14 components were identified, with salvianic acid and a rosmarinic acid derivate being the main compounds quantified. These phenolic extracts showed potent in vitro antioxidant capacity, and after the second year of cultivation practices, both phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity remained stable. Thus, under semiarid conditions, L. latifolia drought-tolerant ecotypes reach a good level of production after the second year of crop establishment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oak pinhole borer, Platypus cylindrus F., mainly colonizes oaks (Quercus sp.), and it is considered among the most serious pests of cork oak (Quercus suber L.). Despite being traditionally considered as a secondary pest in thermophilic oak woodlands, outbreaks seem to be more frequent throughout the Mediterranean Basin thus becoming a growing forest health concern. In the Iberian Peninsula, this insect mainly attacks cork oaks (Q. suber) causing intense stress to mature trees specially after cork harvesting season. In this study, we investigated the summer flight phenology of P. cylindrus in six stands located in north‐eastern Spain. We recorded the number of insects trapped in pheromone‐baited traps from late April to early September of 2021, and computed sex ratio, average date of flight and season flight curve in each plot. We fitted a GAM model to evaluate how population dynamics are driven by date and climatic factors. A total of 1795 insects were collected during the sampling period. Population peaks occurred from late May to mid‐August. The fitted GAM predicted changes in the number of captures throughout the summer varying with microclimatic conditions. In addition, diversity of trapped non‐target Curculionidae resulted moderate with low evenness including either ambrosia or bark beetles. This study represents the first attempt at modelling P. cylindrus flight, thus providing insights into the association between climate, pests and forestry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this paper is the characterisation of seven clays of the province of Alicante (SE Spain) and their possible use to improve the fertility, water absorption and contaminant-retaining capacity of degraded soils. Three soils affected by the dumping of construction debris were also studied to diagnose the problems and possible recovery strategies. Several physicochemical properties were measured, such as the water holding capacity, soil organic matter, lime, pH, EC and CEC. A high correlationship between mineralogical and elemental composition was obtained. Illite was present in all clays and soils. Some of the samples also contained kaolinite and significant amounts of lime. The CEC, as expected, was more closely related to the organic matter content. Soil organic matter was detected in the second derivative of the FTIR spectra by the signals of the CH2 groups at 2850 and 2919. This way, the FTIR spectrum for the soils of the area would make it possible to estimate both the organic matter content and the CEC. Despite their origin, soils did not show heavy metal pollution; however, salinisation risk seemed to be the most probable cause of degradation. According to the organic matter, lime and illite content, two clays were selected as the most suitable for soil degradation recovery. Furthermore, organic matter additions may help to improve the self-depurative ability of the soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The precipitation of sparingly soluble calcium phosphate in calcareous soils decreases the bioavailability of macronutrients, which makes their addition by way of fertilisers necessary. Sludge resulting from treating urban wastewater does not only provide significant amounts of phosphorus, but also helps lower the pH, thus increasing its bioavailability. The loss of part of soil nutrients due to irrigation or rain can contaminate groundwater. In order to assess the movement of phosphorus, a experiment was conducted on percolation columns, to which different doses of wastes were applied. The pH decreased by as much as 0.89 units, as well as the assimilable and soluble P, in intervals of 20 cm of depth, obtaining maximum values of 254 mg P kg−1 and 1455 μg P kg−1 respectively, and the P present in the leached water collected, which did not surpass 95 μg PL−1. The intent was to learn which was the majoritarian inorganic formed crystalline phase that immobilised the movement of phosphorus through the percolation column. The results obtained by the diffraction of X-rays are not conclusive, although they point to the formation of octacalcium phosphate. The diffractograms of the studied samples have similar diffraction lines to those of apatites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Journal of Educational Research, Assessment & Evaluation / Revista Electrónica de Investigación y Evaluación Educativa is the property of RELIEVE - Revista Electonica de Investigacion y Evaluacion Educativa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Heavy metals in ecosystems affect human health through the web chain. Castellon Province is home to the largest ceramic production hub in Spain, with 94% of the country's total production. Agricultural soils in the vicinity of the ceramic hub were reported to contain potentially toxic elements (Pb, Cr, Ni and Cd) in 2008 and have since been subject to repeated amendment with biosolids (sewage sludge). The sample sites were revisited in 2019, and the chemical distribution of these metals reassessed. The distribution of heavy chemical forms was analysed using a sequential extraction protocol that fractionates these four heavy metals into five phases. The incorporation of biosolids for the past 10 years has changed the chemistry of the soil, leading to increased levels of some hazardous elements. The carbonate‐sorbed, residual and reducible phases were dominant. From the point of view of compliance with regulations, levels of Cd remained elevated and have increased over the 10‐year period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Doxa Comunicación is the property of Fundacion Universitaria San Pablo - CEU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Climate change attitudes and perceptions vary significantly among countries and cultures through a host of factors. Within media content about climate change, framing is one of the most relevant elements. This research interrogated how framing combinations across local-global and gain-loss frames influence attitudes and perceptions about climate change. We examined varying framing approaches through case-study experimentation with university students in Spain (N = 120). Students viewed one of four videos, each one based on a different combination of frames before answering a set of survey questions, with the aim of testing (i) how do the combinations of the local-global and the gain-loss frames affect the perception of the seriousness of climate change and (ii) how do combinations of the four frames affect support for action to address climate change. Results indicate that the participants scored similar values, regarding the seriousness of climate change and the need to take action, regardless of the video they watched. This means that interaction effects and other contextual factors (e.g., previous environmental concerns) may limit efficacy of deliberately introduced frames more than previously considered. These findings help to further deepen and nuance possible explanations for wider discursive interactions that comprise our attitudes and perceptions of climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A survey of the native parasitoid community was conducted to characterize its possible use as biological control for Asian Chestnut Gall Wasp (ACGW) at two sampling sites in northern Spain. To this end, 500 ACGW galls were collected over five sampling dates between May and July 2017; 250 of them were dissected to estimate the parasitism rates and the remaining 250 galls were placed in emerging rearing boxes to collect adult parasitoids. Seven native parasitoid species belonging to six families (i.e. Eupelmidae, Eurytomidae, Ormyridae, Megastigmidae, Pteromalidae and Torymidae) were identified by morphological traits. All sampled species are considered as native parasitoids of gallers-oaks (Quercus spp.). The most abundant species were Sycophila variegata (Curtis), Torymus auratus (Müller) and Sycophila biguttata (Swederus), representing 70% of the identified parasitoids. In addition, the presence of these native parasitoids was associated with high parasitism rates, especially at the site that was surrounded by oak trees. Our findings highlight the important contribution of native parasitoids to pest regulation throughout the period of ACGW gall development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pedagogical hope is a fundamental disposition for raising children. This attitude among fathers of children with Down syndrome (DS) plays an essential role in their children's development. This phenomenological study sought to explore fathers' lived experiences and to reflect on what it means to be a pedagogically hopeful father of a child with DS. Methods: Max van Manen's hermeneutic–phenomenological method was applied. Phenomenological interviews were held with 10 fathers of children with DS in Spain, Ecuador and Scotland. Anecdotal narratives from the transcribed interviews were analysed based on philosophical, philological and human science methods. Results: The four eidetic themes in the phenomenological text show how a pedagogically hopeful father (1) is realistic; (2) believes in the strengths of his child with DS; (3) trusts in his positive influence; and (4) is open to unexpected surprises. Conclusions: Lived experiences of pedagogical hope reveal fathers' fundamental roles in stimulating the utmost development of their child's capabilities. Reflecting on this pedagogical attitude will undoubtedly encourage fathers, educators and health care professionals to make the most of this disposition and enhance their relationship with their children with DS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence shows that size matters in terms of productivity. Within this literature, this paper analyses whether corporation tax penalises the productivity growth of smaller enterprises (SEs) (< 20 workers). For this purpose, we use a sample of Spanish manufacturing companies for the period 1996 to 2009. Results show that corporation tax has a negative effect upon productivity growth in companies with the greatest profitability, whether large or small. However, in relative terms, this barrier is greater for SEs. The results therefore show that corporation tax prevents the SMEs in Spain from improving their low productivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The production of porcelain stoneware has experienced a considerable increase. Therefore, it was necessary to undertake an investigation that would allow knowing the mineralogical evolution that porcelain stoneware undergoes during the firing process, as well as establishing the influence of the formation of mullite and other mineral or vitreous phases and their quantification. The firing transformations of mine spoils associated with mined coal in the Utrillas-Escucha-Estercuel and Ariño-Andorra areas are studied in this paper. The mineralogical composition of the bulk mine spoils is kaolinite, illite, chlorite, and smectites (in traces), with quartz and feldspar, and minor hematite, calcite, and dolomite. The main objective is to understand the generation of high-temperature mineral phases after firing, and their quantification. The formation of mullite and other high-temperature phases are studied from samples that include variable proportions of illite. Samples with a high content of illite generate mullite at 995 °C. Cristobalite was not detected as a high-temperature phase. Mullite is the most abundant mineral. The hercynite content is higher at low temperatures (995 °C), and hematite content is higher at 1150 °C. The vitreous phase represents about 50% of fired bodies. Despite observing a porous microstructure, the non-porous areas are well sintered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landscape connectivity is of major importance in biodiversity conservation, and is one of the key aspects to be taken into consideration in the spatial design of networks of protected areas. Graph-theoretical approaches are useful in modelling habitat connectivity and defining priority areas for the protection of connectivity. This prioritization can be done based on rankings of the centrality (or importance) of individual habitat patches. Moreover, the centrality of a set of n habitat patches can also be calculated. Importantly, the most central single patch is not necessarily a member of the most central group of n patches (non-nested topology). Multi-node analyses identify groups of patches that maximally complement each other in order to increase the protection of connectivity for the whole network. We apply multi-node analyses to the prioritization of habitat patches for five vulnerable bird species in Catalonia, Spain, using two different approaches to connectivity, based on fragmentation and reachability. Groups of patches based on fragmentation are usually concentrated in core areas, while reachability groups are widely spread. Fragmentation sets have higher centrality value for low-mobility species, and reachability sets for long distance dispersers. The protection of the networks against fragmentation requires fewer patches, allows for more gradual implementation and is currently better accounted for by the Natura 2000 network of protected areas, while the protection of reachability is less costly and more efficient in terms of area requirements. Our work contributes to the development of landscape graph analysis for reserve design towards multi-node approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Diplodia corticola airborne inoculum is present during cork harvesting season. • Spore release tends to describe local events of inoculum accumulation (bursts) • Wet episodes are related with higher availability of D. corticola airborne inoculum. • Wet episodes seem to favor co-occurrence of susceptible host, carriers and pathogen. The canker disease caused by Diplodia corticola is one of the most important emerging pathologies of cork oak (Quercus suber) in western Europe. The fungus is dispersed by borer insects, although it is also thought that the spores can be dispersed by wind and rain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of airborne inoculum of D. corticola in managed cork oak stands during cork harvesting season. Semi-passive spore traps were set in eight sampling plots in Catalonia (north-eastern Spain) in summer of 2020. Traps were replaced every week and the number of D. corticola s spores per sampling event was estimated based on a specific nested-qPCR protocol. Spatial-temporal distribution of airborne inoculum accumulation along sampling areas was analyzed using generalized additive models (GAMs). The availability of airborne inoculum resulted rather low with noticeable accumulation peaks in some of the sampled areas. The fitted GAM revealed a positive effect of high air humidity during the sampling period on the availability of spores. This study represents the first attempt to model the spore release of this emerging pathogen, and it provides insights for developing D. corticola canker control strategies based on the precise timing of cork harvesting operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main aims of the present study is to translate, carry out and test the validity and reliability of a transcultural adaptation of the Children Attitudes towards Integrated Physical Education - Revised CAIPE-R (Block, 1995) into the Spanish language in order to be used in Spain. Participants were 791 primary school students without disabilities (393 males and 398 females, aged between 9 to 13 years old, mean age 10.80 ± 0.739). The CAIPE-R measures the attitudes that children without disabilities have towards the inclusion of children with disabilities in their general physical education (GPE) lessons. Results confirm a structure of three components of the scale CAIPE-SP accounting for 35.982% of the variance. The estimation of reliability for the subscales was .812, .470 and .374, respectively. Taking into account the obtained results, the transcultural adaptation of the scale CAIPE-R into Spanish supposes a valuable contribution to the research about the perception of disabilities in physical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship between soil organic matter (SOM) content and organic molecular assemblages ( n-alkane/alkenes pairs and n-fatty acids) with soil water repellency (WR) in different sieve fractions (1-2, 0·25-1, 0·05-0·5 and <0·05 mm) was studied in sandy soils from the Doñana National Park (SW Spain) under four vegetation species: Quercus suber (QS), Pteridium aquilinum (PA), Pinus pinea (PP) and Halimium halimifolium (HH). The severity of soil WR [assessed according to the water drop penetration time (WDPT) test] was ordered according to the sequence QS > PA > PP > HH. A positive correlation was found between soil WR from each sieve fraction and SOM content. Most severe soil WR was detected in QS for all sieve fractions, followed by the finer fractions (<0·05 mm) from PA, PP and HH samples. The finer fraction had the highest SOM content, ranging between 20·9% (PP) and 46·9% (QS). Coarser PA, PP and HH soil fractions (1-2 mm) showed the highest long-chain-even C numbered fatty acids in the order PP > PA > HH. A significant correlation was observed between SOM content and the severity of soil WR in QS samples and finer fractions of soil under other vegetation (PA, PP and HH). Coarser fractions (1-2 mm) from PP, PA and HH 1-2 mm sieve fractions showed high severity of WR and relatively low SOM contents that could be explained by a low degree of evolution of the organic residues as seen by analytical pyrolysis, that is, higher alkane/alkene carbon preference index values and the presence of a higher diversity of fatty acid structures. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clay spoils from lignite mines are studied to know their industrial possibilities. The clays come from a coal mining area in NW Spain. In relation to their mineralogical composition, clays can be classified into three main groups. Group 1 was characterized by the presence of kaolinite with an average value of 39%, illite with an average value of 28% and quartz with an average value of 30%. Group 2 was characterized to have the lowest content of kaolinite (30%), 12% of illite content, the highest quartz content (47%), an absence of dolomite and calcite. Group 3 shows the highest kaolinite content (72%), illite (10%) and lower quartz content (15%). The chemical and mineralogical composition allows the evaluation of the applicability of the clays studied. The heated samples were composed of bulky particles, predominantly of quartz and hematite, which are agglomerated in a vitreous matrix. An intermediate phase between spinel and hercynite was formed at 950 °C in the Groups 1 and 3, and remains in this series up to a temperature of 1150 °C. At higher temperatures other phases such as mullite was formed in Group 3 series together an abundant amorphous phase. Imported clays (ball-clays) from the UK and France by Spanish ceramic industry have similar characteristics, behaviour and uses that the clays from lignite deposits studied, (i.e. Groups 1 and 3). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the main determinants influencing environmental innovators (i.e. firms developing or adopting environmental innovations) in Spain with respect to non-environmental innovators. Similarly to other contributions in the literature, our results show that Spanish environmental innovators respond to regulatory stimulus in the form of demand-pull and technology-push instruments. They have a high internal technological capability and combine internal and external information sources, mostly in cooperation with knowledge institutions. Environmental innovators are more concentrated in mature, traditionally highly polluting sectors, but new firms are not more environmentally innovative than incumbents. Most importantly, in contrast to other environmental innovation studies, mostly carried out in a German context, we have not found evidence of a market pull from either the domestic or international markets. Furthermore, cost savings are not found to be a distinctive driver for environmental innovators. These differential results are possibly related to the special features of Spain regarding its national innovation system and the degree of stringency of environmental regulation and environmental consciousness of its consumers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Tobacco smoke pollution (TSP) has major negative effects on infant health. Our objectives were to determine the effectiveness of a brief primary care intervention directed at parents who smoke in reducing babies’ TSP exposure, and to establish variables related to greater exposure. Method A multicentre, open, cluster-randomised clinical trial in Catalonia. The 83 participating primary health paediatric teams of the Catalan Health Service recruited 1101 babies whose parents were smokers. The intervention group (IG) received a brief TSP intervention; the control group (CG) received the usual care. Outcomes were measured by parents’ reported strategies to avoid TSP exposure. Baseline clinical data and characteristics of each baby’s TSP exposure were collected, along with infant hair samples and parents’ tobacco use and related attitudes/behaviours. At 3-month and 6-month follow-up, behavioural changes to avoid TSP exposure were recorded; the association between reported parental behaviours and nicotine concentration in infant hair samples was tested in a random sample of 253 babies at baseline and 6 months. Results During follow-up, TSP-avoidance strategies improved more in the IG than in the CG: 35.4% and 26.9% ( p=0.006) at home, and 62.2% and 53.1% in cars (p=0.008). Logistic regression showed adjusted ORs for appropriate measures in the IG versus CG of 1.59 (95% CI 1.21 to 2.09) at home and 1.30 (95% CI 0.97 to 1.75) in cars. Hair samples showed that 78.7% of the babies tested were exposed. Reduced nicotine concentration was associated with improved implementation of effective strategies reported by parents at home (p=0.029) and in cars (p=0.014). Conclusions The intervention produced behavioural changes to avoid TSP exposure in babies. The proportion of babies with nicotine (>=1ng/mg) in hair samples at baseline is a concern. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article estimates, for the Spanish personal income tax, the elasticity of reported gross income to marginal tax rates. The identification of this elasticity has been performed using the reform approved by Law 35/2006, which came into force in January 2007. The elasticities obtained suggest the existence of important efficiency costs, with significant regional differences. The average elasticity estimated for Spain as a whole is 0.676. However, this elasticity is highly dispersed throughout the Spanish administrative regions, which indicates the unequal power of distortion of the tax. Thus, households whose principal source of income is salary display an elasticity of 0.337, compared to 0.682 for households whose main income source comes from business or savings. Lastly, a positive correlation is also detected between elasticity and income level: an elasticity of 3.6 is reached for taxpayers with an annual gross income exceeding 100 000€. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Copyright of Archivo Ibero-Americano is the property of Editorial Cisneros and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper analyses the determinants of household electricity demand with a panel data, partial adjustment model of the Spanish regions between 1998 and 2009. We find that electricity demand is positively and significantly related to several variables (electricity demand in the previous year, income, temperature range, penetration of electric water heating in households and the number of heating and cooling degree days). It is significantly and negatively related to electricity prices, gas prices, penetration of electric heating in households and the presence of older people in the household. Electricity demand is slightly more responsive to changes in income than to changes in prices. The short-term and long-term price elasticities of our preferred model (DIFF-GMM) are -0.26 and -0.37 respectively. The income elasticities are 0.31 (short-term) and 0.43 (long-term). Some policy implications are derived from the results of the analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we identify the potential determinants of firm R&D to understand the effectiveness of public policies. Our results suggest a considerably low impact of tax credits and public grants on the R&D investment of the Spanish manufacturing firms. Tax credits are mainly considered by large firms that use them as a reduction in the tax burden in the corporate tax, while SMEs use public grants to alleviate financial constraints. This evidence leads to discuss alternatives to the current design of the public policies analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Archivo Ibero-Americano is the property of Editorial Cisneros and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Archivo de Prehistoria Levantina is the property of Museu de Prehistoria de Valencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

There are studies that suggests that the use of environmental taxes to promote the consumption of "clean goods" could have unwanted effects in that it leads to the consumption of "dirty goods". The results will depend on the multiple effects of cross-price elasticities. This paper illustrates the above hypothesis as applied to earth transport consumption in Spanish households. Using microdata for Spanish households, we firstly estimate an AIDS model for 16 groups of goods and services. And secondly simulate two alternative revenue-neutral tax reforms in which the relative price of public transport, in terms of private transport, is reduced between 1 and 2%. The results confirm Sandmo's hypothesis. With both reforms, fuel consumption (as measure of private transport use) increases and public transport consumption decreases. The consequence in each case is a net increase in CO2 emissions per household. So, fiscal reforms of this kind do not seem to be effective to improve the environmental performance of passengers earth transport sector in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The essential oil yield, volatile profile and antimicrobial activity of individual Rosmarinus officinalis L. shrubs growing wild in the different bioclimatic areas of the province of Murcia (Spain) were studied. A low thermicity index favoured the production of essential oil; however, no differentiation related to a specific chemotype depended on the geographical origin. In individual plants, the effect of the order of abundance among the components that define the rosemary essential oil chemotype (eucalyptol, camphor, α-pinene), on the antimicrobial activity was also determined. All the chemotypes showed strong antibacterial activity against four food-borne pathogens. Determination of the diameter of inhibition in Salmonella typhimurium pointed to a positive contribution effect of eucalyptol and α-pinene. A high proportion of α-pinene increases the effectiveness of the oil against Staphylococcus aureus, while the presence of eucalyptol, as the most abundant compound, considerably decreases the efficiency of rosemary oil. In contrast, the efficacy of these oils against Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli was not affected by this condition. As regards the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and bactericide (MBC) concentrations, the strong activities exhibited by these essentials oils (<0.5 μL/mL) did not allow the chemotypes and antibacterial activities to be differentiated. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Spain was one of the first countries in Europe to initiate supported employment. However, its development compared with sheltered employment has not been positive. This article attempts to answer why we have not been able to make this decisive step forward towards the ordinary labor market. One of the keys to this has been the priorities in the social policies reflected at the various levels of financial investment in both types of employment. Where funding has gone hand-in-hand with supported employment programs, the results have enabled a significant increase in instances of vocational integration in competitive employment. Another key to explaining the lack of progress is pressure and influence in the face of sector management that defends sheltered employment. The article concludes with proposals for forward movement, and stresses that public policies and financial investment need to aim for the highest possible level of integration and normalization with regard to people who are significantly limited in their day-to-day functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The population of people with disabilities (PWD) in Spain, according to available data reveals high rates of unemployment (20.34%) and, more alarmingly, a low rate of paid work within this collective at 35.5%. One of the possible causes of this low level of work may be related to the receipt of allowances that would seem to have an inhibiting effect on employment. Specific aims: The aim of this project was to investigate the effects of receiving an allowance on work and employment in PWD. We also studied compatibility between non-contributory allowances and work. Method: This involved working with a sample of 2,259 PWD nationwide, these mainly being men (57.61%). The methodology used was both quantitative and qualitative. Findings: The study results showed that people who receive an allowance, whether contributory or non-contributory, reveal unemployment rates higher than in the remainder of PWD. Similarly, recipients of allowances are mainly inactive while PWD not in receipt of an allowance are mainly active. Discussion: While the pension system is necessary, this must be very flexible in compatibility with the job and be accompanied by incentive measures for access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the study which quantifies and explores the role of land use and soil as determinants of soils' ability to store carbon (C) along Mediterranean systems. The study investigated the soil organic C (SOC) contents from different soil and land use types in Andalusia, Spain. The study used soil information from different databases, digital maps, and digital elevation models. Results show that SOC stocks were calculated for each combination of land use and soil type.

Physical inactivity during the early years of life is currently indicated as a major contributor to increased levels of obesity and other serious medical conditions and is being seen in children and adolescents all across Europe. Children spend a large part of their time at school. The new school curriculum provides good opportunities to promote physical activity. The present study aims to measure children's all day physical activity objectively and identify the amount of physical activity that takes place during physical education classes. The study comprised a sample of 32 Spanish children ages 11-12 from a school in Toledo, Spain. An accelerometer was used to measure physical activity. Most of the children did not achieve the physical activity health guidelines (i.e., a minimum of 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity (mvpa). Physical education classes provided a considerable amount of mvpa and played an important role in relation to the total amount of mvpa that took place during the week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

calvo r., martínez-zapata m.j., urrútia g., gich i., jordán m., del arco a., aguilera f.j., celaya f., sarasquete j., majó j. & bonfill x. (2011) Low- vs. high-pressure suction drainage after total knee arthroplasty: a double-blind randomized controlled trial. Journal of Advanced Nursing 68(4), 758-766. Abstract Aim. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of continuous low-pressure suction drainage compared with closed high-pressure suction following total knee arthroplasty. Background. Closed wound drainage systems are used in surgical interventions to reduce the incidence of haematomas, promote wound healing and reduce infections. However, evidence shows that using a closed wound drainage system can increase transfusion requirements. Data sources. A randomized, double-blind and parallel controlled trial was performed. Adult knee replacement patients recruited between May 2006 and March 2007 were assigned to receive low-pressure suction of 50 mmHg (experimental drainage) or high-pressure suction of 700 mmHg (comparator drainage). Methods. The primary outcome was total blood loss after surgery. Secondary outcomes were incidence of transfusion, complications and mortality. Statistical analysis was based on an intention-to-treat approach. Linear regression was performed to account for factors that could influence blood loss. Results. A total of 169 patients were included. Mean age was 73 (±6) years, 128 women and 41 men. A total of 84 patients were randomized to the experimental drainage and 85 to the comparator drainage. Analysis showed a total postoperative blood loss of 541·8 mL in the experimental group and 524·4 mL in the comparator group ( P = 0·734). The only factor that showed an association with blood loss was the length of surgery. Linear regression did not show differences between the groups. Conclusion. Continuous low-pressure suction of 50 mmHg is not more effective than the higher aspiration pressure system to diminish the blood loss in total knee arthroplasty. The results do not support any change in current nursing practice relating to the use of this drain system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metals can be transferred from soils to other ecosystem parts and affect ecosystems and human health through the food chain. Today the use of biosolids to improve the nutrient contents of a soil is a common practice. Contamination of soils by potentially toxic elements (e.g., Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb) from amendments of biosolids is subject to strict controls within the European Community in relation to total permissible metal concentrations, soil properties and intended use. In this context, heavy metal concentrations were studied in agricultural soils devoted to vegetable crops in the province of Alicante (SE Spain), where an intensive agriculture takes place. This study is aimed at ascertaining the chemical partitioning of Cd, Ni, Cr, and Pb in agricultural soils repeatedly amended with sludge. Selected soil properties relevant to control the mobility and bioavaibility of heavy metals were analyzed for the general characterisation of these agricultural soils. The distribution of chemical forms of Cd, Ni, Cr, and Pb in five biosolids-amended soils was studied using a sequential extraction procedure that fractionates the metal into soluble-exchangeable, specifically sorbed-carbonate bound, oxidizable, reducible, and residual forms. The biosolids incorporation has modified the soil composition, leading to the increment of heavy metals. The residual, reducible, and carbonate-sorbed forms were dominant. Detailed knowledge of the soil at the application site, especially pH, CEC, buffering capacity, organic matter, clay minerals, and clay content, is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To know the situation of Sheltered Employment Centers (CEE) in the Autonomous Community of Madrid. Method: A quantitative approach was developed by using a questionnaire which was sent to all the CEE. With this questionnaire we got information about the performance level of CEE. A qualitative approach was developed too by using an interview applied to a representative sample of users. With the interview we got information about users' perception and satisfaction. Participants: 73 centers from 175 (41.71%) participated in the quantitative approach. For the qualitative approach, 60 workers were selected from 1,899 (3.16%) in a randomized and stratified sample by age and gender. Results: Users of CEE have most of them physical (38.41%) or intellectual (26.88%) disabilities, between 25 and 44 years old (65.44%) with permanent and full-time contract (64.17%). Satisfaction is very high (93.33%), mainly with the task (41.76%) and their coworkers (30.00%), and emphasizing that money is the least attractive feature (35.59%). Conclusions: CEE need to give careful thought to some of the key aspects of their makeup and practices. We would point out the need to make clear use of the personal and social adaptation services, act as routes for the transition to normalized employment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma: Serie I, Prehistoria y Arqueología is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper is the last in a series of quantitative studies about Supported Employment in Spain, looking at how the situation has changed since the previous studies. The study is based on an Internet survey of all organizations participating in the national ECA Caja Madrid program. The results show a significant increase in the number of organizations that provide Supported Employment programs, in total 202, delivering services to 23,342 users in Spain. This paper analyses the characteristics of the services provided, the users, the professionals and the funding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Application of crop residues to soil and reduced or no tillage are current management practices in order to achieve better water management, increase soil fertility, crop production and soil erosion control. This study was carried out to quantify the effect of wheat straw mulching in a no tilled Fluvisol under semi-arid conditions in SW Spain and to determine the optimum rate in terms of cost and soil protection. After a 3-years experiment, mulching application significantly improved physical and chemical properties of the studied soil with respect to control, and the intensity of changes was related to mulching rate. The organic matter content was generally increased, although no benefit was found beyond 10Mg ha− 1 year− 1. Bulk density, porosity and aggregate stability were also improved with increasing mulching rates, which confirmed the interactions of these properties. Low mulching rates did not have a significant effect on water properties with respect to control, although the available water capacity increased greatly under high mulching rates. After simulated rainfall experiments (65mm h− 1 intensity), it was found that the mulch layer contributed to increase the roughness and the interception of raindrops, delaying runoff generation and enhancing the infiltration of rain water during storms. Mulching contributed to a reduction in runoff generation and soil losses compared to bare soil, and negligible runoff flow or sediment yield were determined under just 5Mg ha− 1 year− 1 mulching rate. It was observed that during simulations, the erosive response quickly decreases with time after prolonged storms (30min) due to the exhaustion of available erodible particles. These results suggest that the erosive consequences of intermediate intensity 5-years-recurrent storms in the studied area could be strongly diminished by using just 5Mg ha− 1 year− 1 mulching rates. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a study which examines the changes and medium-term evolution of soil water repellency after intense burning. The study used an experimental fire in Sierra de Algeciras in Cádiz, Spain to analyze the changes in the soil surface following the intense burning. Moreover, the study used other water repellency tests for comparison purposes such as ethanol percentage test (EPT). The results demonstrate that intense burning partly destroyed the soil water repellency.

The article presents a study which determines the importance of charred litter and the ash-bed on water repellency, runoff generation and soil loss in the post-fire period at the Mediterranean heathland in southern Spain. The study conducts a prescribed fire a year after the fire in the heathland and compares the pre- and post-changes which took place in the ground surface. The result reveals that the ash and charred litter layers reduces water repellency and minimizes soil loss.

Abstract: This study is focussed on the behaviour of Permo–Triassic ceramic clays from the area around Castellon (Spain) having a large ceramic industry. The aim of this work is to establish the mineralogical composition of Permo–Triassic raw materials and fired ceramic bodies. Particular emphasis is placed on the compositional variations along the lithostratigraphic section. Bulk rock XRD analysis shows a homogeneous composition dominated by quartz, phyllosilicates and hematite. Minor components (<5%) include potassium feldspar, dolomite and calcite. The clay minerals assemblage is formed by illite±kaolin±chlorite±I/S±C/S. Test samples have been prepared by extrusion and firing in the range of 900–1150 °C. Analysis of the fired samples was carried out by X-ray diffraction. The results from the study of mineralogical transformations show the persistence of illite up to at least 900 °C. From the destruction of illite, an intermediate phase between spinel and hercynite originates. Quartz and hematites are present in all samples. These clays are an excellent raw material for the formulation of low porosity ceramic stoneware. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article discusses the book "Tratado de la virtud santa en sabia y humilde labradora" by 17th century Spanish author Juan Suárez de Gamboa. It describes the style and content of the book, explores its depiction of a devout Spanish rural woman and her spiritual wisdom and comments on Suárez de Gamboa´s reasons for dedicating the work to New Spain's viceroy. The author also considers the development of Roman Catholic spirituality in the Spanish colonies in America and points out its links with the 17th century Catholic Counter Reformation in Spain.

Copyright of Revista Española de Cardiología (18855857) is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Oliete basin (Early Cretaceous, NE Teruel, Spain) is one of the most important areas for the supply of mine spoils used as ball clays for the production of white and red stoneware in the Spanish ceramic industry of wall and floor tiles. This study corresponds to the second part of the paper published recently by Meseguer et al. (Environ Geol ) about the use of mine spoils from Teruel coal mining district. The present study shows a statistical data analysis from chemical data (major, minor and trace elements). The performed statistical analysis of chemical data included descriptive statistics and cluster analysis (with ANOVA and Scheffé methods). The cluster analysis of chemical data provided three main groups: C3 with the highest mean SiO2 content (66%) and lowest mean Al2O3 content (20%); C2 with lower SiO2 content (48%) and higher mean Al2O3 content (28%); and C1 with medium values for the SiO2 and Al2O3 mean content. The main applications of these materials are refractory, white and red ceramics, stoneware, heavy ceramics (including red earthenware, bricks and roof tiles), and components of white Portland cement and aluminous cement. Clays from group 2 are used in refractories (with higher kaolinite content, and constrictions to CaO + MgO and K2O + Na2O contents). All materials can be used in fine ceramics (white or red, according to the Fe2O3 + TiO2 content). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]