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This paper examines, through a survey, the level of education and training in data verification among directors and department heads in the Spanish media (n=190). Findings reveal a limited level of training in this area, mainly acquired through in-house courses or self-directed learning, resulting in a limited knowledge and use of specific digital tools for information verification. Despite this, respondents generally hold a positive self-assessment of their verification skills, with (almost) all expressing a willingness to participate in training initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Transformations in Business & Economics is the property of Vilnius University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the main ways hatred expresses itself in the virtual environment is through speech. Despite the relevance gained by the incitement of hatred due to online media, this discourse can be conveyed through different media formats, using various strategies, expressions, and languages. However, to develop strategies to combat this phenomenon, it is necessary to take into account the opinions of the population, in order to understand which types of platforms and hatred are perceived as more frequent, following the approaches of previous works such as Kenski (2020). Therefore, our study aims to contribute to the understanding of the perception and experience of the Spanish population with hate speech in the media and social networks. A quantitative research based on a previously validated questionnaire was conducted with a random sample of 421 Spaniards obtained through a subcontracted online panel. We seek to discover how they perceive and experience this phenomenon on social networks and if there are possible differences among different social groups. The study concludes that women, individuals with higher levels of education, and those with more progressive views tend to be more aware of hate speech, while age differences offer more contradictory observations, and differences in income or the size of the municipalities where they live did not prove to be relevant. Differences never have a high effect size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's public sphere is increasingly shaped by a dynamic, global, cross-cutting digital landscape, mostly ruled by social media and algorithms. Individuals are the raw material, the product, in this digital scenario, insofar as they generate and create information that coexists and is consumed alongside the information generated by the media outlets. In this context, this study focusses on an international sample from three countries (Spain, Colombia, and Costa Rica) to study the youngest information consumption, the trust they relay in media used to get informed, and their perceptions. The research was articulated from a quantitative methodological approach, focusing on a descriptive and correlational perspective. The results show interesting and innovative outcomes that point out that country origin does not constitute a significative factor when describing consumption patterns related to social media. It was confirmed in the study that these scenarios seem to become the new gatekeepers for young people, who barely consume traditional media such as press or radio broadcast. The lack of trust in the media that they consume to get informed is a matter of awareness, and digital literacy is described to be the most appropriated solution in a transformative normality in which young people do not consume information from traditional media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to describe the images that accompanied information about the Covid-19 pandemic, vaccination and treatment of the virus in the following digital news media: ABC, Deia, EITB.eus, El Correo, elDiario.es, El Mundo, La Razón, La Vanguardia, Naiz and Público (20202022). A sample of 15,654 single images was studied, of which 15 clusters were identified with Artificial Intelligence techniques, including the algorithm Inception V3. The analysis is based on the combined use of a series of innovative techniques within the field of Communication. This methodology involves a large data set of images, along with the use of AI techniques such as embeddings. We opted for an unsupervised strategy, typical of exploratory and inductive research. Among the results, the identification of different typologies of images used by the medical and health-oriented media, representations of death and of the human drama caused by the pandemic, linked to the more political and economic dimension of the vaccination campaign, stands out. The images analyzed are part of 'political communication': a communication model that seeks and reinforces the relationship between the government and the media, and vice versa, to generate confidence in the management and in the system itself. The diversity of approaches observed is a positive value as it contributes to establish a more multifaceted and richer operational social reality. The media show different preferences when it comes to visually representing the issues, which translates into an unequal distribution of the same. The study has identified the different narratives revealing different uses of emotionally charged images that pose a complex scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fact checking is becoming an essential journalistic task because of the proliferation of misinformative content disseminated massively through social media and other channels. Based on this observation, the fundamental objective of the research that serves as the basis for this paper was to learn about the Spanish journalists' professional routines and training in fact-checking. The authors developed a 29-item questionnaire distributed via email to journalists nationwide between May and June 2023 to collect the information. We obtained 326 responses, resulting in several findings: a) the implementation of data verification is not uniform, being more frequent in some types of media --newspapers and verification platforms-- and in large corporations; b) workload is an obstacle that prevents most journalists from devoting as much time to verification as it would require; c) some areas generate more problems when it comes to cross-checking data --such as politics and economics--; d) the preferred sources for verification are academic and official sources --governments, state security forces-; e) the digital tools that are known or used by professionals still have low penetration rates, with only some exceptions; f) although the perception of the respondents is that they are sufficiently trained for verification work, only a minority have received specific training in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos.info is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Facultad de Comunicaciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper focuses on the analysis of information on environmental catastrophes published in the digital editions of different national and regional newspapers, from a theoretical perspective that situates them as possible amplifiers of the social perception of risk or generators of alarm among the population in situations of risk or catastrophe. Within this framework, the general objective of the research was to find out to what extent the analysed media (a) transmit specialized, accurate, truthful and contrasted information that moves away from the characteristics of sensationalist news; (b) are useful sources of information for the public in the face of the possibility that they may act as generators of confusion and biased perceptions; and (c) show "communication gaps" in their news in relation to two cases of forest fires in Spain: the fires in Galicia in 2017 and those in Gran Canaria in 2019. The results obtained highlight the need for the media to make an effort to transmit truthful and useful communication for citizens in situations of crisis or catastrophe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between immigration and group sexual assaults in Spain through the media. It was found that there were 194 immigrant offenders from 21 nationalities in 182 cases of group sexual violence recorded between 2014 and 2019. The study seeks to debunk the idea that immigrants have a higher involvement in this type of crime. Some studies find an overrepresentation of immigrants in criminal acts, while others indicate that immigrants engage in antisocial behaviors similarly to natives or even have lower crime rates. In Spain, studies conclude that immigration does not increase crime, although the relationship may vary depending on the type of crime and the characteristics of immigrants. The study analyzes group sexual violence and its relationship with the immigrant population in Spain. The results show that there is a higher participation of the immigrant population in these crimes, especially from countries in northwest Africa. However, other complementary aspects of this information are unknown, such as the legal status of the offenders or the motivations of the minors involved. It is concluded that the nationality of the offender is not a significant predictor by itself, and it is suggested to conduct more rigorous research to establish causal relationships and consider other factors that may increase criminal risk in the immigrant population. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose: Governments around the world have shown poor capabilities in responding effectively to the COVID-19 health emergency outbreaks. After the declaration of COVID-19 as an international pandemic by the World Health Organization on January 31, 2020, three countries experienced the greatest initial impact in Europe. Sequentially Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom (UK) were hit by the highest numbers of contagion and death in the first few months in Europe. The aim of this paper is to assess how information channels and sources influenced the public's evaluation of the three government's communication response strategies. Design/methodology/approach: An online survey was conducted between March 14 and April 14, 2020, during the first wave of lockdowns and declarations of States of Emergency in the three countries. Findings: Findings show particularities for the different countries, but also similarities in response and reactions of the public in the three scenarios. The response strategy of the UK Government was the most untrusted and criticized by citizens. In contrast, the Italian and Spanish Governments, which both chose to respond with the severest restrictions, attracted more support from citizens, especially in Italy, which was the first to close borders and impose lockdowns for the population. Research limitations/implications: Despite the national differences in the preference of information channels and sources, overall, an empirical relationship between government communication assessment and media use were found in all the scenarios. Practical implications: This empirical study has theoretical and practical implications. Theoretically, findings will add evidence of implications of the Channel Complementary Theory to the field of risk, crisis and emergency communication. The results also provide insights for communication practitioners in the public sector on how forms of information and trust in sources influence the public's assessment of authorities' communication. Originality/value: Implications for theory and empirical research about communication during a health pandemic are identified and discussed. Highlights: Citizens engage at a high level and synchronize their use of multiple media and platforms in all the three national scenarios. Stronger criticism is provided by online media, especially social media and online press in the different national contexts. Results corroborate that factors related to media choice need to be operationalized for risk and crisis communication research. When public health depends on people understanding the actions they need to take, the possibility of disobedience is highly dependent on trust. Compared with Spain and the United Kingdom (UK), trust in government institutions in Italy was stronger and could be explained by the higher use of owned media for information-seeking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic has been a turning point in terms of communication and economics within the borders of the EU. Hence, the economic response to the consequences of the pandemic has been different from previous crises. Both factors influence the media's representation of the European project, and the construction of this image is particularly relevant to generating a favourable public opinion towards the European project. This research aims to determine how the Spanish media represent the Next Generation recovery funds and to determine the main discourses around this issue. We analysed news items disseminated by a sample of six leading Spanish news media through qualitative and quantitative methods by applying content and critical discourse analysis. The selection collects data via Twitter from July 2021 to March 2022. We found that media discourse reflects a pro-European sentiment, departing from previous Eurosceptic views. Next Generation funds have positively influenced Spanish perception of the EU and shifted the narrative towards Europeanisation. The EU's support for Spanish funds management advances European integration, but concerns about transparency and control remain. The findings show how the Spanish media present a pro-European view, placing the economic response as a window of opportunity for profound political, societal, and economic structural changes in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation that the communicative environment has undergone in recent decades poses a challenge for the media in relation to their audiences, as trust is sensitive to social, economic, cultural, and technological changes. The aim of this research is to deepen the understanding of the reasons and factors that influence the loss of trust in the media by audiences who traditionally trusted news more (young people and adults aged 25-54), examining the relevance of disinformation and polarization in discrediting the media. Firstly, the state of the issue is reviewed from the theoretical point of view and the data provided, among others, such as the Digital News Report and several studies about the global loss of trust in other institutions, with special reference to the Edelman Trust Barometer. Secondly, the article adopts a qualitative methodology to investigate the motivations and expectations of citizens regarding the media. Specifically, three discussion groups were held in various Spanish cities. To ensure representativeness, sociodemographic diversity was considered, including gender, age, and educational level criteria, among others. Among the findings, it stands out that one of the main reasons for distrust towards the media is the perception that news is biased for political or economic reasons. The Covid-19 pandemic, which was rife with disinformation, has influenced attitudes towards the media and the way news is consumed. Once the pandemic was overcome, trust in the media decreased and participants sought alternative sources of information. However, some differences in perceptions and consumption habits are noted depending on age and educational level. Finally, the research indicates that distrust extends well beyond the media ecosystem, affecting all institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article addresses the use of clickbait in the current media ecosystem, dominated by the hegemony of social networks and in which the competition to attract the attention of users is increasing among the media. In this scenario, one of the challenges that journalism faces is misinformation, but also the challenge of attracting readers to their websites, which is why the use of headlines that seek to attract attention is becoming more and more common. of the user to click on the link, regardless of their informative rigor, which may cause further misinformation. Due to this, this work seeks to analyze the content (messages) that appear in the Twitter profiles of the main Spanish media that use techniques such as clickbait and to evaluate whether the bait headlines produce more misinformation or not, in the current panorama. Spanish media. The methodology is based on the content analysis of the Twitter profiles of Spanish media such as ABC, El País, El Mundo, Público, Diario.es, RTVE Noticias, COPE, Cadena Ser, Onda Cero, Antena 3 Noticias, Noticias Cuatro and La Sexta Noticias. The results indicate that the media analyzed make very little use of this practice and it is mainly concentrated in sections such as Society or Science. It should be noted that, despite making low use of clickbait, the use of other formulas is observed, such as questions in headlines, seeking to attract users and increase the number of page views. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the media discourse about Islamophobia in Spain. Specifically, an overview of all the appearances of the term in four Spanish newspapers (ABC, El Mundo, El País, and La Vanguardia) is provided with the aim of finding out when the term was first used and became standard language. The study also demonstrates the links with the public interest and identifies the ideological and terminological attitudes in the discourse of each newspaper. The corpus includes 1475 news articles since the first reference (in 1987) to the term Islamophobia and May 2022, which were quantitatively examined in two steps. While the first was manual and served to document the historical background, the second allowed us to monitor the media content by means of Sketch Engine. Furthermore, the searches for the term "islamofobia" in Google Trends from Spain were also reviewed. The main findings show that both terrorist attacks in Western countries and the controversies surrounding freedom of speech are key to the emergence and normalisation of the concept, particularly since 2015. However, the interest of each newspaper differs, with El País covering the topic most frequently. This left-wing newspaper offers some notable variations in terminology as well. While the three right-wing newspapers consistently relate Islamophobia to threat, the vocabulary used in El País underpins the victimisation of the Arab-Islamic population. According to the Sketch Engine analysis, the usual terms that occur in combination with Islamophobia are racism, terrorism, violence, hate, anti-semitism, and xenophobia. Finally, Google Trends data confirmed the peak in public interest in the Barcelona and Cambrils attacks (17A). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this cross-sectional study is to analyze the consumption of information about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Spain and to ascertain the public’s perception of the role of journalists, the media, the scientific community, and governmental and health authorities. The methodology involved taking a descriptive survey of a sample of 1,800 people who were representative of the Spanish population, were of legal age, and were residents of the 17 autonomous communities, between June 6 and 22, 2022. Age, political leaning, attitude toward vaccines, and level of education were determining variables. The results show that ideology and age are the factors that most condition the use of different types of information sources. Centrists consume more traditional media than those on the political left or right, who are the least likely to obtain their information from traditional media. And left-wingers rely more on official sources, such as health authorities, in contrast to centrists or right-wingers. Anti-vaccinationists (anti-vaxxers) prefer alternative sources. Meanwhile, the use of sources does not differ between men and women. Their consumption behavior is similar, which shows that gender is not a variable that significantly influences information consumption, neither in the selection of sources nor in the perception of the role of science and journalism. In general, the main sources of information consulted during the COVID-19 pandemic were the traditional media and the health authorities. In the context of the pandemic, young people consumed the least information and expressed the greatest distrust in journalism and science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several studies show that female politicians face greater obstacles in their access to power that are normalized and enhanced by the role of the media. Contrary to their male counterparts, women in politics tend to receive different treatment by the media. This article analyzes the problem of gender stereotypes as drivers that frame opinion through the media coverage of the electoral campaigns and periods of government of Claudia López in Colombia and Manuela Carmena in Spain. The methodology used is mixed, and a total of 394 publications from the two most widely read digital newspapers in each country are analyzed, with the aim of identifying stereotypical frames. Following this, the analysis elaborates two variables: the intimate sphere and the traits related with gender roles and leadership. It can be seen from the results that eltiempo. com and semana.com in Colombia, as well as elmundo.es and elpais.es in Spain, demonstrate that the media continue to use frames that reinforce sexism, translated into differentiated media coverage, which also varies in times of campaign and government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an understudied cluster of films from the 1920s in Spain that feature the tumultuous lives of female music-hall entertainers, posters, postcards, and magazines not only mirror the shape of windows, doors and thresholds, but also direct the flow of circulating images of women. These portable, paper media immobilize or propel women's bodies into motion, constituting portals that enable or disrupt fame, security and "happiness." Rectangular artifacts both don the walls, windows, and cabinets in these films' mise-en-scène, and drive the story, character development, and the production of gender and racial identity. These films show characters interacting with posters, postcards, and magazines in a way that becomes as determining as the gripping plots, enabling women to pivot between stark, atavistic, or impoverished rurality and electrifying urban spaces. In this article, I examine the governing status of paratexts and the female star image in early Spanish film culture by tracing the history of La gitana blanca, a film directed by Ricardo de Baños initially released in 1919 and then reedited and redistributed internationally in 1923. In its opening moments, La gitana blanca offers us a view into how paratexts not only saturated the media ecology of the 1920s but also were "responsible for popular culture's encounters with countless story worlds." In the context of Spanish film historiography's master narratives, in which cultural hierarchies remain tightly enmeshed with gendered and racialized logics, a cross-media perspective proves instrumental in revealing the extent to which film culture mediated the real and fictive lives of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recerca is the property of Universitat Jaume I and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Audiences have adopted and integrated the consumption of mega-sports events, such as the Olympic Games, through social platforms like Twitter. It is the objective of this research to identify, 'what' is being said (text) and 'how' female athletes are presented (image) on Twitter during Rio2016 Olympic Games. Qualitative methodology was used to analyze the official Twitter accounts of four Spanish media accounts —two sport-specific accounts: @Marca and @MundoDeportivo, and two generalist media accounts: @ElPais_Deportes and @ABC_Deportes— which are the media with the highest number of followers/readers and the largest circulation in Spain. The sample consisted of 6,856 tweets, of which 1,343 were about women posted on the Twitter to positive information (47.46%), such as the achievements of the athletes, although one third of the tweets allude to negative content that highlights the female athletes' failures. As for the photographs analyzed, it was found that 9% of the images of female athletes still revealed a clear sexual connotation, reinforcing gender stereotypes. The emergence of new technologies, such as Twitter, free from time and space constraints that are used to justify the low coverage of women's sport in traditional media (TV, radio, and press), do not allow the reversal of the marginal presence of female athletes in the media coverage during sports mega-events such as the Olympic Games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The QR code (from the English quick response code) is a type of two-dimensional bar code that, when scanned, directs you to an internet site. Audiovisual groups, as part of their hybrid strategies and digitization actions, incorporate it into their television programs to provide them with interactivity and improve participation and engagement with their viewers. In this article, a radiography of the audiovisual ecosystem in Spain is created to show the use of this technology in linear television broadcasts and its impact. The methodology used for this is mixed: semi-structured in-depth interviews (with heads of this strategies from the 3 audiovisual and multimedia groups in Spain) and an analysis of its use in 150 news programs to find out the functions and themes for which it is used, and the frequency of QR codes used in television broadcasts. The results of this work are illuminating since, despite detecting very different degrees of use in each channel, high interest and actions to implement them are detected by all of them, both in the news and in other programs. As the most relevant conclusion, we observe that audiovisual groups create a digital ecosystem to generate a transfer of viewers between television born before the Internet and its new digital media, generating a great impact of digitization in the transformation of the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the factors which affect trust in the Spanish monarchy and public preferences between monarchy and republic. In order to investigate these two factors, 9420 people were interviewed across Spain using a specially designed survey. The data show the extent to which the perception of the monarchy's effectiveness affects trust in the institution and in the form of government. The answers to these two questions revealed a significant polarization in the Spanish society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The image of Spain abroad is of the utmost importance for its politics in general and for establishing its hallmarks outside its borders. This paper analyzes the crisis it had in the global economic crisis of 2008 and following years through two Anglo-Saxon media and determines the importance of communication in public diplomacy and the need it had to achieve true country brand strategies to overcome the crisis. image bump that, to a greater or lesser extent caused by third parties, had at that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain has been one of the most severely impacted countries by COVID-19. Vaccination against COVID-19 is one of the most successful preventive strategies. However, some citizens show vaccine resistance, in part due to widespread disinformation that has been disseminated since the pandemic's start. The objective of this study was to explore the characteristics of the Spanish population in terms of their use of traditional and social media for COVID-19 vaccine-related information. A countrywide survey was conducted in June 2022 following a descriptive cross-sectional analysis. Respondents declared that 80.4% had received the full schedule of COVID-19 vaccination, and over 60% would take the booster dosage without hesitation. The major reasons for not having the booster vaccine were possible health risks (37%), and a lack of trust in the COVID-19 vaccines (29%). More than 85% of respondents closely followed the news on this topic, with the journalistic media (27%) and health authorities (26%) considered to be the most important sources for pandemic information, while social media was considered by 9% of respondents. Further collaboration between the media and health professionals, as well as campaigns to enhance vaccination uptake of the COVID-19 booster dose, might be considered in future strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Worker and Parasite is an animated scene of less than twenty seconds in length from the episode Krusty Gets Kancelled of The Simpsons (4th season / year 1993) that parodies the avant-garde cartoons of 20th century Eastern Europe, as well as being a contemporary critique of American capitalism towards the defeated communist model of the late 1990s. By means of semiotics, the aim is to analyse and compare all the information that this popular "sketch" promotes to the audience by means of the introduction to the cartoon, the five scenes that make it up and the outcome of its broadcast during the episode. The results indicate that Worker and Parasite can be fully identified with the so-called experimental animation, its great contrast with commercial animation being the key to the success of this iconic animated scene, although the scene would only reflect a preconceived idea that the American people have of Eastern European animation and not its enormous value. This stereotype would also spread to Spain due to the popularity of the tv series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain's gradual integration into the European Union through the development of institutions and economic and structural changes is intrinsic to the construction of a pro-European public opinion in which the media have actively participated. Objectives: This research aims to analyse the topics disseminated by the leading Spanish media to detect how the EU is represented in these themes, determine the main, adjacent and counter-discourses and find out the degree of North/South polarisation. Methodology: By content analysis and critical discourse analysis, this paper studies 543 units from the Spanish media El País, El Confidencial, ABC, El Diario.es, RTVE and Antena 3 from July 2021 to March 2022. Discussion and conclusion: Following the methodological application, the results obtained allow us to conclude that the construction of Europeanisation in the Spanish media is constructed about specific issues, and after an in-depth analysis of the energy issue, we can affirm that media coverage is neutral in general terms. Europeanisation is presented from a role with the greater weight of Spain in the common project than in previous historical stages presented in the introduction to this paper. Likewise, there is a certain unanimity in the Spanish media, both in the thematic selection and in the actors who are given a voice in the information, as well as in the pre-European construction of public opinion, regardless of their editorial line. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Transparency in the media has become a fundamental pillar within all democratic societies, as a mechanism for reinforcing government regulation (Anderson, 2009) and citizen trust in institutions (Vos and Craft, 2016). Journalism, which has traditionally acted as a watchdog and a check on power, is now in the midst of a credibility crisis, compounded by polarization and the rise of disinformation. For this reason, various studies advocate that media outlets, just like institutions and governments, should use transparency mechanisms that allow them to respond directly or indirectly to society regarding the content they publish, as an exercise of responsibility. This research aims to evaluate media transparency in the Spanish-Portuguese landscape by means of an index that includes variables studied in the theoretical framework and that come from legislative, academic, and professional sources. These variables have been used to measure corporate and financial transparency, transparency in content production, openness to public participation, and the self-regulation mechanisms of ten media outlets in Spain and Portugal. This study concluded that, with only 43% adherence to the transparency variables analyzed, promoting accountability is still a work in progress for media outlets, and it must be stepped up at both the academic and professional levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses public subsidies for the media awarded by Spain's autonomous communities in the years 2018, 2019 and 2020. The aim is to establish the amounts and the number of beneficiaries, as well as what such subsidies represent as a proportion of the main beneficiaries' operating incomes. To that end, 38 calls for applications for subsidies issued by nine autonomous communities were analysed, as were their respective decisions. The total amounts, the itemised subsidies received by each media outlet, and the three main beneficiaries per call have been identified. For the main beneficiaries, the subsidies as a proportion of their operating incomes have been calculated. It is concluded that the press sector received the largest volume of subsidies but is not very financially dependent on them. However, many examples of private radio and television outlets whose activities are maintained by public funding were observed. In the audiovisual sector, it was found that public subsidies represented more than 20% of some beneficiary's total declared income, and even up to 50% in some cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos de Información y Comunicación is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examined the use of data from a transparency portal in media coverage of a high-profile case of alleged public procurement irregularities in Spain. Access to Twitter API was used to identify relevant URLs related to this issue. It was found that direct links to a portal were of low relevance, and most of the linked documents did not even mention the availability of data from a portal. Qualitative analysis revealed that the most frequent topics were the use of portal data as an authoritative argument to endorse information, the statement that the portal did not contain sufficient information for journalistic purposes, and the absence of data on third parties involved in public procurement. It is recommended that governments promote the existence of Portals and make media outlets aware that providing links to original data is beneficial for their reporting. In addition, linked open data should be used to ensure accuracy and transparency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telegram, an Industry 4.0 style communication service, is one of the world's most widespread communication platforms. The availability of channels and bots has opened as a broadcast channel for any media outlet. We asked the following questions: Do media outlets from Spain use Telegram channels? Which media outlets? Are they verified? What is their volume of subscribers? Can this information be used to rank media outlets? We identified many media channels and data were collected from each one. We present the results in a ranking. Forty-two media based in Spain have Telegram channels, 26 of which are ranked in the directory. Less than half of these channels are verified by the platform, and only three are linked to their website. This lack of verification could lead to the proliferation of fake channels. The article ends with a series of recommendations for channel managers to make it easier for the end user to identify and verify each media outlet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anonymity provided by social networks offers those who promote the rejection of LGBT diversity an ideal space to publish and expand their homophobic discourse. The aim of this research is to analyse the discourse of the Spanish press and its social audience in relation to nonheteronormative people. We have extracted and analysed the comments written by Twitter users on the news referring to the collective published during Pride Week 2021 (held in Spain from 25 June to 4 July) by the five newspapers with the largest number of followers on this social network: El País, El Mundo, ABC, eldiario.es and La Vanguardia. A total of 2,643 comments on 95 news items. Through the critical analysis of the discourse, we have determined the positioning of the media themselves on the collective. On a quantitative level, we have carried out a content analysis of the feedback from the social audience. The results obtained show the verbal aggressions that LGBT people receive from the social audience of social networks, which, added to their invisibility or rejection by some media, prevents and delays their social normalisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article examines the relationship between traditional television content and TikTok, a social network whose consumption is very high among young people in Spain. To be precise, the article focuses on analyzing the genres, network of origin and original broadcast year of traditional Spanish television content present on TikTok. To this end, several research methods were applied: an 80-day-long content analysis of TikTok, which produce a sample of 6,000 videos; a survey questionnaire applied to 412 users; and four semi-structured interviews with industry experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is twofold: to examine the coverage of human trafficking in the digital press and the perceptions of media professionals and specialised entities regarding such news. The methodology employed is mixed and relies on the technique of content analysis of news stories between January 2019 and December 2020 to investigate how the phenomenon is addressed by digital newspapers. This is also combined with the semi-structured interview technique to identify the discourse of media professionals and the heads of specialised non-governmental organisations in relation to their assessment of the news production on trafficking in Spain. There is lack of information on trafficking of human beings, partly due to the lack of media resources to inform and investigate. The trafficking of human beings for the purpose of sexual exploitation continues to dominate media coverage. Addressing the trafficking of human beings from a holistic and human rights approach, including the visibility of all forms of trafficking, as well as deepening collaboration and cooperation between the media and specialised entities, are tasks of vital importance for further progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an up-to-date overview of how students in Compulsory Secondary Education (ESO) in Spanish public schools, aged between 11 and 16, approach the media, how they inform themselves, the degree of journalistic discrimination they have, and how they deal with the news in times of an infodemic and disinformation. In addition, it explores the opinion of teachers on the media deficits they perceive in their students. The main research technique used in this study was a descriptive, cross-sectional survey of 1,651 ESO students from all over Spain with a confidence level of <95% and a ±3% sampling error. In order to delve deeper into some of the main aspects pointed out by students, 77 in-depth interviews were conducted with teachers from all over Spain. The main results highlight that high school students are mainly informed through social networks, television, and their family or friendship groups; that they have difficulties in discriminating between information and opinion; and that, although they consider themselves capable of differentiating between news and hoaxes, more than half are unable to distinguish between fake and real news. According to the teachers in some of these schools, media consumption among students is non-critical, fuelled by the compulsive consumption of audiovisual and digital media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to analyse the perceptions, social discourses and practices regarding the verification processes of the information consumed in the context of the information disorder that societies are experiencing. To do this, we created seven discussion groups structured around the variables age, position in the social structure and political ideology. We found that (1) there is a shared perception about how disinformation compromises one of the basic pillars of democracy; (2) this perception contradicts the few practices used to verify the information consumed; (3) macro-structural changes that generate a climate of less polarization, more critical education and regulation of information practices are put forward as solutions to disinformation and the circulation of false information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios sobre el Mensaje Periodistico is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In July 1974, a she-wolf allegedly killed two children in Ourense (Spain). A press outburst followed, with a heated debate about the extermination or conservation of wolf populations. This article examines that media coverage as a highly illustrative example of a multilayered process of natural history knowledge construction. The initial focus on the legal standing of wolves soon turned to an argument about Spain’s modernization, a central contention during Franco’s dictatorship, particularly in the last two decades. In a context of the rise of the natural sciences as a noteworthy field of sociopolitical negotiation worldwide, the scientific definition and management of natural heritage, intertwined with nationalist and internationalist rationales that were integral to the regime’s enduring legitimation strategies, quickly became central issues. In addition, Felix Rodr´ıguez de la Fuente (1928–1980), a highly influential naturalist, media icon, and celebrity champion of wolves, whose stance of a scientifically based activism elicited mixed feelings in late Franco’s Spain, was quickly drawn into the quarrel with shepherds, hunters, scholars, policymakers, and journalists. His involvement, against a backdrop of locally situated and environmentally related conflicts, allows us to analyze the ambivalent role of science, media, and celebrity in the establishment of the epistemological status of local/rural and outsider/urban knowledge in the construction of narratives about nature. In all, this case brings together official mechanisms of production of scientific knowledge, various forms of public and institutional engagement, a wide range of people’s everyday-life experiences, and the crucial involvement of the media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Convictions of political corruption depend on public communication, since for citizens, to perceive deviant behaviours, these must receive attention. In Spain, this type of behaviour is part of the agendas of citizens, media, and politicians and, to fight against it, accountability is essential. In addition to the judiciary and legislature (in their oversight role), the media and social media help voters, MPs and others to make informed decisions and press for action. However, the interrelationships between different agents, types, and forms of control for accountability are a rather unexplored research topic, especially when considering non-accountable institutions (those that have power, but are not directly accountable to the electorate, such as the monarchy). The debate on the inviolability of the emeritus presents a perfect scenario to describe what formulas and what kind of sanctions (legal, labour, reputational or personal) for accountability have occurred in Spain in the case of a non-accountable institution. This study explores the agendas of media, Parliament, and Twitter (and their inter-influences) during the Geneva papers scandal. We analyzed 189,037 tweets, 1,220 journalistic pieces and 78 parliamentary initiatives related to the former monarch. The main results show that the media, social networks, and Parliament have acted as agents of accountability with Juan Carlos I, as if it were an accountable institution. Online newspapers and Twitter have led the oversight, while the parliamentary initiative has been ineffective and has essentially served as an instrument of partisan communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disinformation has become a core concept in communications research, related to media, technological and political phenomena that complexify its definition and diagnosis. Although its approach has been mainly quantitative, focus groups have also been used to understand the perception of the audience of this particular issue. This research is part of this second group of studies, and attempts to investigate the notions and discourses on disinformation in the case of Spain. For this purpose, seven discussion groups were conducted, with a structural sample constructed according to employment situation, ideology and age. The results show a perception of the communicative ecosystem structured in two chronological poles, which contrasts a past of reduced information supply – associated with traditional media – with a current informational environment where there is more media diversity, but also less trust in them. The groups point to the overabundance of information and associated disinformation with decontextualisation, low-quality journalism and the economic and political interests of different actors. Discourses outline a scenario of decline in journalism and the public sphere, which is perceived as polarised and emotional. Disinformation is therefore perceived as a multidimensional phenomenon that is associated with issues of major democratic transcendence rather than merely sending hoaxes through the Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Doxa Comunicación is the property of Fundacion Universitaria San Pablo - CEU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Comunicar (English Edition) is the property of Oxbridge Publishing House and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The following research reviews articles in the press related to Isabel Preysler, a celebrity of Filipino origin in Spain, who was often covered by the Spanish media because of her romantic relationships: marrying the singer Julio Iglesias in the 1970s, remarrying twice in the following decade (to Hispanic aristocrat, Carlos Falcó, in 1980, and then to the politician Miguel Boyer in 1988), and starting a new relationship with the novelist Mario Vargas Llosa after becoming a widow in 2014. Through an analysis of issues related to racism and sexism in different press releases, the objective of this paper is to determine whether significant temporal and historical changes affected the way the articles about this celebrity were framed. The conclusions indicate that although there was an improvement in the news from the seventies and eighties (i.e., Preysler's first marriages), the journalistic articles during the years of Preysler's relationship with Vargas Llosa presented misogynist biases by characterizing Preysler as an attractive exotic woman because she is Asian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5G is a key tool for the cloud-based wireless production of audio-visual contents. By providing higher throughput and lower latency than previous mobile network technologies, as well as flexible allocation of network resources, it enables that some content production pipelines, which are currently implemented using wired connectivity, are provided on top of a 5G network. This brings down production costs, reduces environmental impact and increases operational efficiency. In particular, live immersive production services, such as free-viewpoint video (FVV), can be provided in a much more efficient way. In this paper, we address the challenge of producing and streaming FVV services in real time through 5G networks. We have adapted a state-of-the-art FVV system to integrate it within a 5G architecture, using three key technological enablers: mmWave radio access network to support the uplink traffic requirements from FVV cameras, multi-access edge computing to run video processing algorithms with minimum latency, and end-to-end slicing to guarantee a sufficient quality of service (QoS) within the production pipeline. We have built a field trial over the production network of a telecommunication operator, including a mmWave pilot deployment, edge cloud processing, and remote content production, involving three different locations across Spain. We have measured the key performance indicators at the relevant parts of our trial deployment, showing that, with existing 5G technology, it is possible to achieve live FVV production, although with some limitations. We have also analyzed such limitations, obtaining some insights on how the next generation of 5G networks can overcome them to achieve higher quality of experience (QoE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-Media applications are amongst the most demanding services, requiring high amounts of network capacity and computational resources for synchronous audio-visual streaming with high quality. Gaming streaming is one of the most demanding of these media applications. Recent technological advances in the 5G domain, precisely Network Function Virtualization (NFV) and Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC), unlock media industries’ potential by offering high-quality media services through dynamic and efficient resource allocation with low latency. This work presents a multi-site gaming streaming use case implemented over an end-to-end 5G-enabled platform provided by the EU H2020 5G-PPP 5G EVE project. Furthermore, we present the executed use case experiment scenarios to validate the use case performance following a set of defined Quality of Experience(QoE)-related Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). In particular, this paper discusses the design workflow and orchestration of the multi-site gaming streaming use case across two 5G EVE sites (i.e., Spain and Greece), providing a detailed description of the network function applications and resources utilized for the use case. Subsequently, leveraging the 5G EVE monitoring platform, this paper elaborates on the executed experiment scenarios that provide the defined KPI metrics data. Finally, this paper presents, discusses, and analyzes the obtained KPI metrics data results and provides recommendations on future works for these kinds of use cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to dissect the presence of female writers in the main four cultural supplements of Spanish reference press: Babelia (El país), Cultura/s (La vanguardia), El cultural (El mundo) and ABC cultural (ABC). For this, we analyzed the "books of the year" recommended between 2010 and 2021 (n = 1,286), as well as the juries in charge of elaborating these ranks. The results show the subsidiary role reserved for women in this sphere of cultural information: they barely author 25.3% of the selected books, although some degree is progress is observed in the historical series, after going from 4.8% in 2011 to 37.8% in 2020. The increase in the presence of women in the juries has contributed to this phenomenon --the correlation between ratio of women in both lists being statiscally significant (rs = 0.647, p < 0.001)--, together with the commitment of supplement such as Babelia and Cultura/s to literature written by women. On the contrary, there still seem to be pockets of exclusion in El cultural and ABC cultural, which reduce the visibility of work of female writers in Spain. According to our findings, women authors stand out for their youth (they are between 8 and 20 years younger than men, depending on the indicator), cosmopolitism (there are more foreign female writers, especially American, than Spanish) and origin (mainly, Madrid and Barcelona). This article evinces the collective imaginary, settled for centuries, by which literature was considered a men's affair, and reflects on the role of cultural journalism and its prescriptive function when it comes to breaking down gender stereotype --a task that, in view of the data provided in this paper, is still far from been completed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

82.8% of media users in Spain watch television daily, each of them spending 203 minutes a day, according to the second wave of the General Media Study 2021, a figure that exceeds the European average. In Andalusia, the number rises to 216 minutes a day according to the same report. Hence the interest in analysing the audio-visual companies that fill the different channels with content and, specifically, their social responsibility in the case of Andalusia as an autonomous community, which is above average in terms of consumption. This article studies this social commitment from the perspective of a case study, that of the production company Indaloymedia, a benchmark in Andalusian audiovisual production. The purpose of this company is the creation, production, and distribution of works for television and audio-visual works for the regional market. But what social responsibility can be demanded of a media company? It should not be forgotten that the role of the media is constitutionally enshrined and has its raison d'etre in this social function. The methodology used was the structural approach (Reig, 2017), combined with direct and participant observation. In-depth interviews were also used, complemented by a survey of journalists. The results point to the company's fulfilment of a relevant social function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main external causes of death in Spain since 2011 have been, in this order, suicides, accidental falls, drowning and traffic accidents. In this research, a study is carried out on the perception of the informative treatment of traffic accidents and suicides published in the media in general. To do this, in-depth interviews have been conducted with media professionals and a heterogeneous discussion group has been prepared. The results indicate that, in the opinion of journalists and citizens, there is pending pedagogical work on the part of the media, since sensationalism must be avoided, and a more professional and ethical treatment of information must be provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core programming activity of the traditional television business has been strongly impacted by the disruptive alteration of the media ecosystem caused by over-the-top (OTT) platforms. Despite the new programmatic challenges that this suggests, such as conquering global audiences or defining engagement strategies appropriate to new consumer habits, OTTs share the needs of linear television that justified the development of television programming. The main objective of this work is to verify the validity of programming in the new context of nonlinear consumption and to determine the importance of the different factors that determine it. The premise is that programming is an enduring activity, regardless of the structural changes in the ecosystem. The factors that condition the activity linked to the development of the offering and, therefore, the function of the platforms as content providers continue in force. However, the impact of these factors varies depending on the different needs of the platforms in comparison with linear television. A hypothetical-deductive methodology is applied based on a literature review of factors related to television programming, followed by an exploratory and descriptive analysis of the main platforms operating in Spain. The results contribute to the generation of a conceptualization of programming as a fundamental activity in the streaming platform system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]