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Purpose: We endeavored to identify objective salivary biomarkers for pain, a subjective sensation with a biological basis, using molecules already described related to pain. The study aimed to analyze inter-individual differences and intersession variability in salivary potential ocular pain biomarkers on healthy subjects, in samples obtained under the influence of controlled environmental conditions. Methods: Thirty-four healthy subjects, 20 male, 14 female, median age 35.44 years (range 30–40) were exposed for 30 minutes under standard environmental conditions (T: 22°C, 50% relative humidity) in the Controlled Environmental Research Laboratory (CE-Lab, Vision R&D, Valladolid Spain) in two separate visits (V1, V2) at least 24 hours apart. Saliva was collected after the exposure in each of the visits, and cortisol, α-amylase (sAA), secretory IgA (sIgA), testosterone, and soluble fraction of TNFα receptor II (sTNFαRII) were analyzed by ELISA. Repeatability of inter-subject inter-session measurements was assayed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: There were no significant inter-session differences in testosterone (p = 0.2497), sTNFαRII (p = 0.6451) and sIgA (p = 0.9689) salivary levels. The reproducibility for salivary cortisol, sAA, testosterone, sTNFαRII and sIgA were 0.98 ng/ml, 20.58 U/ml, 21.07 μg/ml, 24.68 pg/ml and 0.19 pg/ml, respectively. Salivary cortisol, sAA, testosterone, sTNFαRII and sIgA yielded the following ICCs: 0.506, 0.569, 0.824, 0.870 and 0.4295, respectively; all these ICCs (except that for cortisol and sIgA) were found to be improved compared to those found previously by our group in a previous study in salivary samples obtained from healthy subjects under non-controlled environmental conditions; Cortisol´s ICC didn´t improve and was in both cases at the limit of acceptability. Conclusion: Environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidity affect the reproducibility of measurement of some salivary molecules which have been proposed as potential pain biomarkers. The exposure of subjects to standard controlled environmental conditions before salivary sample obtention would improve the reproducibility of these molecule measures' as potential biomarkers of chronic ocular pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the use of video feedback on student learning in physical education, while also examining the teacher's responses to the innovation. Three classes from one Spanish high school participated in different conditions for learning hurdles in a track and field unit. These conditions compared the use of video feedback (either from the teacher or from peers) with no video. The "video and teacher feedback" condition provided the most positive overall results, with statistically significant improvements in skill execution, technique, and knowledge learning, as well as the highest level of practice. Nonetheless, while acknowledging the utility of video feedback as an instructional tool, the teacher felt overwhelmed by the demands of the technology on both his time commitments and in terms of his own technology competencies.

In terms of planning and achieving student learning in physical education, important variables that influence this goal include task organization, quantity and quality of practice, task structure, communication with students or feedback, appropriateness of the skills, and motivational climate. With respect to the construct of quality practice trials, goal achievement depends largely on how the teacher organizes his or her students. While a number of studies highlighted the importance of task planning and strict control over the tasks to enhance learning, little is known about student outcomes when they participate in different organizational formats within lessons. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of various forms of task organization (lines, circuits, and game-like activities) on the quantity and quality of closed skills practice in physical education classes. In this study, those skills were the track and field events of hurdles, high jump, and shot put (representing one run, one jump, and one throw). The results from this study suggest that organizing practice in circuits allows for the most practice as well as the highest proportion of successful practice. While a possible explanation for this may be that teachers can plan tasks with different levels of complexity and, hence, better accommodate students of different skill levels, closer examination of the data suggests that certain tradeoffs might be considered. (Contains 2 tables.)

The aim of this work is to analyse trends in music education research from Spain through bibliometric analysis of the academic output in the Web of Science database, comprising 143 articles published between 2000 and 2015. Several types of variable were analysed: a) structural variables; b) variables relating to the topic being studied; c) variables relating to the sample; and d) variables relating to the research methods and instruments used. The results show increased representation of music education in specialised journals and broad dissemination in journals from related areas. The data indicate that both the number of articles published on music education and their impact are still limited when compared with other related areas. Measures are proposed to achieve a greater impact of the publications on the career development of their authors and to give the discipline a higher profile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the technical-tactical performance profile of the serve for various age groups and categories of competition in men's volleyball. The sample comprised 13,262 serves performed by 986 players in 299 sets observed in various categories of competition (U-14, U-16, U-19, national senior, and international senior). An observational design was used. The variables studied were category of competition, type of execution, and serve performance. The results showed that for higher age groups (senior categories), there were significantly fewer jump serves and poorer serve performance, regardless of players' maturity and training development. The use of the jump serves increased the serve risk while attempting to hinder the organization of the opponent attack. This paper discusses the serve evolution and the implications on the training process at the different age groups in men's volleyball. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of the use of video feedback on student learning in physical education, while also examining the teacher’s responses to the innovation. Three classes from one Spanish high school participated in different conditions for learning hurdles in a track and field unit. These conditions compared the use of video feedback (either from the teacher or from peers) with no video. The ‘video and teacher feedback’ condition provided the most positive overall results, with statistically significant improvements in skill execution, technique, and knowledge learning, as well as the highest level of practice. Nonetheless, while acknowledging the utility of video feedback as an instructional tool, the teacher felt overwhelmed by the demands of the technology on both his time commitments and in terms of his own technology competencies. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

We report that the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is increasing in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected patients in Spain. Thus, the incidence of HCC in HIV/hepatitis C virus–coinfected patients increased from 0.2 cases per 1000 person-years in 2000 to 2.8 cases per 1000 person-years in 2009.Background. To report the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) diagnosed in a cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected patients in Spain.Methods. All HIV-infected patients diagnosed of HCC in 18 hospitals in Spain before 31 December 2010 were included. The main characteristics of HCC cases are described and comparisons between cases according to the year of diagnosis are presented.Results. Eighty-two cases of HCC in HIV-infected patients were included, all of them related to viral hepatitis coinfection: hepatitis C virus (HCV) in 66 (81%), hepatitis B virus (HBV) in 6 (7%), and HBV/HCV in 10 (12%). From 1999, when the first case of HCC was diagnosed, a progressive increment in the incidence of HCC in the cohort has occurred. In patients coinfected with HIV/HCV-coinfected patients, the incidence HCC increased from 0.2 to 2.8 cases per 1000 person-years between 2000 and 2009. Death occurred in 65 patients (79%), with a median survival of 91 days (interquartile range, 31–227 days). Three of 11 patients (28%) who received potentially curative therapy died, compared with 62 of 71 patients (87%) who did not receive curative therapy (P = .0001). Compared with cases of HCC diagnosed before 2005, cases diagnosed later did not show a higher survival rate.Conclusions. HCC is an emerging complication of cirrhosis in HIV-infected patients. A sharp increase in its incidence has occurred in those also infected by HCV in the recent years. Unfortunately, HCC is frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage, and mortality continues to be very high, with no significant changes in recent years. Earlier diagnosis, which may allow potentially curative therapy, is necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the study which aims to investigate the impact of various forms of task organization on the quantity and quality of student skill level in physical education classes. The study involved 122 students from six physical education classes in secondary school in southern Spain. The students were participated in the track and field events. The opportunity-to-respond (OTR) data shown that circuits was the task organization with highest number of repetitions, followed by games.

Abstract: Until now, there has not been a compilation of data concerning the reuse of treated effluent in Spain. Since January 2005 and at the request of the Ministry of Environment and Rural and Marine Affairs, the Hydrology Research Center (CEH) of CEDEX has been preparing a Database with information regarding the reuse activities in every Autonomous Community. This information compiles the types and characteristics of regeneration treatments adopted for various uses and the places where regenerated water is being used. In addition, it includes regenerated treatment under construction and future projects as well, which have been gathered together from different sources such as River Basin District Management or Autonomous Communities Reuse Programs. This whole laborious job is composed of four main parts: Database design, fieldwork collection of data, checking and storage of data and to make easier the management of data and connection of this database with a Geographic Information System (GIS). This basic information is essential to develop the State Water Reuse Plan that is currently being written in Spain. This paper shows the main results of the Database and a proposal of regeneration treatments to meet legal requirements in Spain, where a general estimated cost of investment and operation are included. The majority of costs presented are based on real Spanish regeneration plants although there are prototype processes in which costs have been calculated with additional references and using the knowledge of the authors and operators. “State of the reuse of treated effluent in Spain” is an internal report based on the RDB data and delivered by CEDEX to the Ministry of the Environmental last year. It gives an overview of the status of water reuse in Spain by Basin Departments and Autonomous Communities. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte is the property of Cultura, Ciencia y Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Collegium Antropologicum is the property of Croatian Anthropological Society and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To assess the differences in morbidity, mortality, and other immediate postoperative results of colorectal resection with primary anastomosis in relation to age. Design: Prospective study. Setting: District hospital, Spain. Subjects: 316 consecutive patients who required colorectal resection with primary anastomosis between 1991 and 1995, 155 of whom were aged <70 years and 161 who were 70 years or more. Main outcome measures: Mortality, morbidity, and hospital stay Results: 116 patients aged <70 (75%) were American Society of Anaesthesiologists (ASA) grades I-II compared with 82 (51%) aged ≥70. 33 of the younger patients (21%) and 49 of the older (30%) developed complications. The anastomotic leak rate was 14% (n = 21) in the younger group and 16% (n = 26) among those aged ≥70. Median hospital stay was 14 and 15 days, respectively (ranges 8-81 and 1-120). 4 died (3%) among those aged <70 compared with 17 (11%) in the older group (p = 0.009, chi square 6.9). Mortality for elective resections was 6% (15/263) compared with 11% (6/53) for emergencies. There were no significant differences in mortality according to ASA grade between age groups. Conclusions: People aged 70 or more are not a high risk group for colorectal resection and primary anastomosis as a result of their age alone. Mortality and morbidity depend more on ASA grade and whether the operation was elective or emergency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reports on the description of patients characteristics and natural history of the patients diagnosed with HIV-related osteonecrosis in Spain. Osteonecrosis is avascular necrosis of the bone, a disabling condition that has been increasingly described in the setting of HIV infection since its first reported case in the early 1990. The case was diagnosed from 1990 through 2003 in 19 Spanish clinics. HIV-related osteonecrosis is associated with significant disability over time.

Background: Around 57,000 people in Spain and Portugal currently living with HIV or chronic hepatitis C are unaware of their infection. The COVID-19 pandemic severely disrupted screening efforts for these infections. We designed an intervention to increase and sustain opportunistic blood-borne virus (BBV) screening and linkage to care (SLTC) by implementing the TEST model., Methods: The Plan Do Study Act (PDSA) method of quality improvement (QI) was implemented in 8 healthcare organizations (HCOs), including four hospitals, two clusters of community health centers, and two community-based organizations (CBOs). Baseline assessment included a review of BBV SLTC practices, testing volume, and results 12 months before the intervention. Changes in BBV testing rates over time were measured before, during, and after the COVID-19 lockdowns in 2020. A mixed ANOVA model was used to analyze the possible effect on testing volumes among HCOs over the three study periods., Intervention: BBV testing was integrated into normal clinical flow in all HCOs using existing clinical infrastructure and staff. Electronic health record (EHR) systems were modified whenever possible to streamline screening processes, implement systemic institutional policy changes, and promote QI., Results: Two years after the launch of the intervention in screening practices, testing volumes increased by 116%, with formal healthcare settings recording larger increases than CBOs. The start of the COVID-19 lockdowns was accompanied by a global 60% decrease in testing in all HCOs. Screening emergency department patients or using EHR systems to automate screening showed the highest resilience and lowest reduction in testing. HCOs recovered 77% of their testing volume once the lockdowns were lifted, with CBOs making the fullest recovery. Globally, enhanced screening techniques enabled HCOs to diagnose a total of 1,860 individuals over the research period., Conclusions: Implementation of the TEST model enabled HCOs to increase and sustain BBV screening, even during COVID-19 lockdowns. Although improvement in screening was noted in all HCOs, additional work is needed to develop strong patient linkage to care models in challenging times, such as global pandemics., Competing Interests: DM owns stock in and is an employee of Gilead Sciences. Data collection and management were conducted independently, with additional oversight of independent data monitoring agencies. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Vaz-Pinto, Ortega, Chivite, Butí, Turnes-Vázquez, Magno-Pereira, Rocha, Garrido, Esteves-Santos, Guimaraes, Mourão, Martínez Roma, Guilera, Llaneras-Artigues, Barreira-Díaz, Pérez Cachafeiro, Daponte Angueira, Xavier, Vicente, Garrido, Heredia, Medina and García Deltoro.)

Background/aims: Data regarding the use of all-oral direct-acting antivirals in HIV/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-coinfected patients with advanced liver fibrosis are required, because they are generally under-represented in clinical trials. This study sought to evaluate the use of these drugs in a cohort of coinfected patients, mostly with factors that have previously been recognized as predictors of treatment failure., Methods: COINFECOVA-2 is an observational, multicenter study conducted in Eastern Spain. Data of all HIV/HCV-coinfected patients treated with direct-acting antiviral under real-life conditions were retrospectively collected, and factors associated with treatment success or safety were analysed., Results: Among 515 included patients, 96% were on antiretroviral therapy and 89.5% had an HIV-RNA less than 50 copies/ml. HCV genotype (G) distribution was 47% G-1a, 20% G-4, 14.4% G-1b, and 12.8% G-3. Patients with cirrhosis were 54.2%, and 46% failed to prior HCV-therapies. Overall, 92.8% patients (95% confidence interval: 90.2-94.9) achieved sustained virologic response (SVR12). Cirrhosis was the only factor associated with treatment failure, and SVR12 rate was significantly lower in patients with liver stiffness at least 21 kPa. Adverse events were reported in 36.7%, but only two patients (0.4%) discontinued treatment because of adverse events. The bivariate analysis showed an association between ribavirin use and an increased risk of adverse events (odds ratio 2.84; 95% confidence interval: 1.95-4.1; P ≤ 0.0001)., Conclusion: This heterogeneous cohort of coinfected patients showed a high rate of SVR12. Among cirrhotic patients, those with a liver stiffness at least 21 kPa had a higher probability of treatment failure. Ribavirin use seems to increase the appearance of adverse events.

HIV infections are still a very serious concern for public heath worldwide. We have applied molecular evolution methods to study the HIV-1 epidemics in the Comunidad Valenciana (CV, Spain) from a public health surveillance perspective. For this, we analysed 1804 HIV-1 sequences comprising protease and reverse transcriptase (PR/RT) coding regions, sampled between 2004 and 2014. These sequences were subtyped and subjected to phylogenetic analyses in order to detect transmission clusters. In addition, univariate and multinomial comparisons were performed to detect epidemiological differences between HIV-1 subtypes, and risk groups. The HIV epidemic in the CV is dominated by subtype B infections among local men who have sex with men (MSM). 270 transmission clusters were identified (>57% of the dataset), 12 of which included ≥10 patients; 11 of subtype B (9 affecting MSMs) and one (n = 21) of CRF14, affecting predominately intravenous drug users (IDUs). Dated phylogenies revealed these large clusters to have originated from the mid-80s to the early 00 s. Subtype B is more likely to form transmission clusters than non-B variants and MSMs to cluster than other risk groups. Multinomial analyses revealed an association between non-B variants, which are not established in the local population yet, and different foreign groups.

Background: HIV-1 CRF19&#95;cpx, is a recombinant variant found almost exclusively in Cuba and recently associated to a faster AIDS onset. Infection with this variant leads to higher viral loads and levels of RANTES and CXCR4 co-receptor use., Objectives: The goal of this study was to assess the presence of CRF19&#95;cpx in the Spanish province of Valencia, given its high pathogenicity., Study Design: 1294 HIV-1 protease-reverse transcriptase (PR/RT) sequences were obtained in Valencia (Spain), between 2005 and 2014. After subtyping, the detected CRF19&#95;cpx sequences were aligned with 201 CRF19&#95;cpx and 66 subtype D sequences retrieved from LANL, and subjected to maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analyses and Bayesian coalescent reconstructions. The presence of resistance mutations in the PR/RT region of these sequences was also analyzed., Results: Among the 9 CRF19&#95;cpx sequences from different patients found (prevalence <0.1%), 7 grouped in two well-supported clades (groups A, n=4, and B, n=3), suggesting the existence of at least two independent introductions which subsequently started to expand in the studied Spanish region. Unprotected sex between men was the only known transmission route. Coalescent analyses suggested that the introductions in Valencia occurred between 2008 and 2010. Resistance mutations in the RT region were found in all sequences from group A (V139D) and in two sequences from group B (E138A)., Conclusions: This study reports for the first time the recent expansion of CRF19&#95;cpx outside Cuba. Our results suggest that CRF19&#95;cpx might become an emerging HIV variant in Spain, affecting Spanish native MSM and not only Cuban migrants., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: Sustained virological response (SVR) after therapy with interferon plus ribavirin reduces liver-related complications and mortality in patients coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). We assessed the effect of SVR on HIV progression and mortality not related to liver disease., Methods: An observational cohort study including consecutive HIV/HCV-coinfected patients treated with interferon plus ribavirin between 2000 and 2008 in 19 centers in Spain., Results: Of 1599 patients, 626 (39%) had an SVR. After a median follow-up of approximately 5 years, we confirmed that failure to achieve an SVR was associated with an increased risk of liver-related events and liver-related death. We also observed higher rates of the following events in nonresponders than in responders: AIDS-defining conditions (rate per 100 person years, 0.84 [95% confidence interval (CI), .59-1.10] vs 0.29 [.10-.48]; P= .003), non-liver-related deaths (0.65 [.42-.87] vs 0.16 [.02-.30]; P = .002), and non-liver-related, non-AIDS-related deaths (0.55 [.34-.75] vs 0.16 [.02-.30]; P = .002). Cox regression analysis showed that the adjusted hazard ratios of new AIDS-defining conditions, non-liver-related deaths, and non-liver-related, non-AIDS-related deaths for nonresponders compared with responders were 1.90 (95% CI, .89-4.10; P = .095), 3.19 (1.21-8.40; P = .019), and 2.85 (1.07-7.60; P = .036), respectively., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that eradication of HCV after therapy with interferon plus ribavirin in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients is associated not only with a reduction in liver-related events but also with a reduction in HIV progression and mortality not related to liver disease.

The aim of the present study was to identify differences in defensive strategies used during basketball games, to compare the defensive strategies used by home and away basketball teams, and to analyze the effectiveness of home and away ball possessions when playing against each defensive strategy. The sample was composed of 10 games of the Spanish men's 2005-2006 regular basketball season (N = 1,785 ball possessions). The analyzed variables were the number of types of defenses used, points per possession, foul percentage, and turnover percentage according to the type of defensive strategy and game location. The game location main effect was significant in points per possession, with home teams having lower values than away teams. The defensive strategy main effect was significant in number of types of defenses used, with man-to-man as the most frequently utilized defense, and foul percentages with higher values in zone defenses. There was a statistically significant interaction in turnover percentages, with significantly lower values for man-to-man defense and home games. Overall, it is suggested that team performance for the studied variables changed according to the factors and, thus, it may be beneficial to change defensive (and offensive) strategies according to game location.

The purpose of the present study was to analyse men's basketball competitions, trying to identify which game-related statistics allow to discriminate winning and losing teams. The sample used corresponded to 306 games from the 2004-2005 Regular Season of the Spanish Men's Professional League. The game-related statistics gathered were: 2 and 3 points field-goals (both successful and unsuccessful), free-throws (both successful and unsuccessful), offensive and defensive rebounds, blocks, assists, fouls, turnovers and steals. The data were analysed in two groups: balanced games (final score differences equal or below 12 points) and unbalanced games (final score differences above 12 points). Discriminant analysis allowed to conclude the following: (i) in balanced games, the variable that best differentiate both groups were the defensive rebounds; (ii) in unbalanced games, the variables that discriminate between both groups were the successful 2 points field-goals, the defensive rebounds and the assists; and (iii) in all games, the statistical analysis identified two variables that discriminate winning and losing teams (defensive rebounds and assists). The defensive rebounds were the only game-related statistic that discriminates both groups in all performed analysis. Coaches and players should be aware of these different profiles in order to increase knowledge about game cognitive and motor solicitation and, therefore, to enhance specificity at the time of practice and game planning.

The degree of variability of the interferon sensitivity determining region (ISDR) in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) genome has been postulated to predict the response to interferon therapy, mainly in patients infected with subtype 1b, although this prediction has been the subject of a long controversy. This prediction has been tested by analyzing a cohort of 67 Spanish patients infected with HCV genotype 1, 23 of which were infected with subtype 1a and 44 with subtype 1b. A sample previous to therapy with alpha-interferon plus ribavirin was obtained and several clones (between 25 and 96) including the ISDR were sequenced from each patient. A significant correlation between mutations at the ISDR and response to treatment for subtype 1b patients, but not for those infected with subtype 1a, has been detected. Although the results suggest that the same relationship holds true for subtype 1a, lack of statistical power because of the small sample size of this subtype prevented firmer conclusions. However, identical ISDR sequences were found in responder and non-responder patients, suggesting that the stability of the ISDR sequence can occasionally help HCV to evade interferon therapy, although this is not a sufficient condition. More complex interactions, including the ISDR or not, are likely to exist and govern the HCV response to interferon treatment., ((Copyright) 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.)

Little is known about the potential effects of insertions and deletions (indels) on the evolutionary dynamics of hepatitis C virus (HCV). In fact, the consequences of indels on antiviral treatment response are a field of investigation completely unexplored. Here, an extensive sequencing project was undertaken by cloning and sequencing serum samples from 25 patients infected with HCV subtype 1a and 48 patients with subtype 1b. For 23 patients, samples obtained after treatment with alpha interferon plus ribavirin were also available. Two genome fragments containing the hypervariable regions in the envelope 2 glycoprotein and the PKR-BD domain in NS5A were sequenced, yielding almost 16 000 sequences. Our results show that insertions are quite rare, but they are often present in biologically relevant domains of the HCV genome. Moreover, their frequency distributions between different time samples reflect the quasispecies dynamics of HCV populations. Deletions seem to be subject to negative selection.

Co-infection by human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis B and C viruses is quite common because they share similar routes of transmission. The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy has significantly improved the life expectancy of HIV-infected patients in the last few years. However, chronic viral hepatitis represents an emerging cause of morbidity and mortality in this population, either as a result of end-stage liver disease or as a consequence of hepatotoxicity induced by antiretroviral drugs. The main goal of the Consensus Conference was to establish specific recommendations for the management of chronic viral hepatitis B and C in HIV-infected patients. The role of orthotopic liver transplantation for co-infected individuals with end-stage liver disease was also assessed.