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Copyright of Investigaciones Turisticas is the property of Investigaciones Turisticas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the sectors worst affected by the pandemic is the tourism sector. The present study conducted a bibliometric analysis on the theme 'COVID-19 and destination marketing'. It was found that China, Spain, and the USA have conducted maximum research on the theme above. According to Bradford's law, Sustainability (Switzerland), the Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, and Current Issues in Tourism were the top journals publishing papers related to the theme. Kin J was the most productive author. Journal clustering revealed the formation of three clusters namely tourism, health/environmental, and technical clusters. Amid the pandemic, extensive research was conducted on tourism destinations, development, and perception. Researchers may shift their focus from their themes. Human rights and tourism were COVID-19's driving themes. These issues have been thoroughly explored in the literature and may direct researchers' attention toward a thorough assessment of the literature. Tourism, climate change, and the leisure industry were grouped under a specific theme for COVID-19. To characterize COVID-19-induced destination marketing and its behaviors, more research is needed to comprehend the intricacies of this theme. Ecotourism and sustainable tourism are promising areas for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims at exploring the impact of active tourism activities on sustainable development dimensions. The methodology applied was based on the Theory of Forgotten Effects, which involves the use of different matrices as a research method representing relationship between different elements. According to experts' opinions, direct and indirect relationships effects caused by active tourism on sustainable development dimensions were evaluated. Particularly, the elements in the matrices were, on the one hand, types of active tourism activities by natural setting (ground, underground, water, underwater and aerial) and, on the other hand, dimensions of sustainable development goals (economic, social, environmental, cultural and governmental). The use of the Forgotten Effects Theory allowed us to analyse incidence relationships, both direct causalities identified by experts in the first place, and also significant linkages between elements in the matrices which had been overlooked initially but showed a strong incidence after applying the aforementioned research method (indirect causalities). Besides this identification of overlooked incidences or "forgotten effects", another remarkable contribution of this pioneer work is in the selection of themes or objects of study included in the fuzzy metrics, as no other work relating active tourism activities and sustainable development dimensions was found in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural areas face the challenge of managing intangible heritage in ways that avoid problems such as the loss of authenticity linked to over-tourism, or living heritage becoming disconnected from the local community due to overprotection. This study explores an innovative method for promoting a participatory governance process for intangible heritage currently managed on a non-participatory basis, in that the local community establishes a consensual model of sustainable tourism development that promotes both the rural renaissance of the area and the preservation of its Intangible Cultural Heritage. This research explores the case of the 'raiers' (timber-raftmen) of La Pobla de Segur, an ancient trade of transporting timber by river, recently awarded Intangible World Heritage status by UNESCO. Methods include participant observation, interviews, and discussion groups. The local community felt empowered to find a consensus on how to manage this Intangible Cultural Heritage by focusing on sustainable tourism development that preserves heritage while contributing to the rural renaissance of the area. The local community eagerly engaged by putting forward proposals, indicating the importance of agreements and new initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism is a major global and local industry creating value through services that are enhanced and enabled through intermediaries that support innovation in the sector. This exploratory case study examines the roles and activities of a publicly funded tourism innovation intermediary for small medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and professionals in Andalucia, Spain. We note the gap in knowledge on how intermediaries may best support stakeholders in achieving resilience and sustainability in transitions in tourism service ecosystems. Building on interviews, reports, and observations, this study finds that the intermediary has successfully supported its stakeholders in enhancing their adaptability in the current service ecosystem. There is less evidence of achieving deliberate transformations towards long-term sustainability and resilience. As the intermediary is uniquely positioned at the meso-level of the regional tourism service ecosystem, this study proposes exploring engagement to cover both macro and micro-level activities to enable moving towards becoming a transition intermediary and a regional sustainability catalyst. This study furthermore proposes an expanded range of roles and activities for the intermediary to enable moving towards resilience and sustainability, while contributing to the understanding of innovation intermediaries supporting sustainability in the tourism sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to identify the use of Augmented Reality technology and the trend of using AR in tourism with time limitation from 2013 until 2022. It also aims to determine the valuable contributions of documents, sources, authors, countries, and institutions worldwide in tourism. The qualitative method using bibliometric analysis is suitable for this study because it can provide an overview and classify. Data was collected from the Scopus database and then analyzed using VOSviewer software. The results show that (1) museum, (2) sustainable tourism, and (3) heritage tourism are the keywords most often used in research. The potential research of AR in tourism is directed at the development of underwater tourism, the application of virtual museums, ecotourism, culture heritage tourism, digital heritage and destination image. Sustainability (Switzerland), Current Issues in Tourism, and The International Journal of Human-Computer are the journals with the most publications. Tom Dieck M. C.M.C, Jung T, and Chung N are authors with a high degree of collaboration with other authors. United Kingdom, Spain, and Italy became the countries with the highest publications. Research trends and advances in augmented reality in tourism have been discussed in more detail in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability of a territory is achieved through orderly, balanced and harmonious planning over time. Sustainable tourism planning must incorporate the emotions of interest groups. Based on a scale of negative and positive emotions that has already been validated, a participatory study of a qualitative nature has been developed with 118 hotel managers from the region of Extremadura, in the south-west of Spain. In addition, another quantitative research study has been carried out, using a longitudinal exploratory model analyzed in three phases throughout the years 2021 and 2022, using the SEM-PLS methodology. The objective is to detect if the II Tourism Plan (2021–2023) can influence the willingness of hotel managers to participate, and if this participation generates emotions that enrich the planning process of the tourist authorities. The results highlight the importance of completing decision making (cognitive part) with the measurement of emotions (sensitive part) of private agents to involve them in the planning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism has an enormous capacity to generate economic growth and boost the labor market, but contributing to sustainable development is one of the main challenges today. The slow philosophy approach advocates slow tourism as a responsible and sustainable way of life and consumption, and the Spanish Cittaslow network has adopted this approach. The objective of this research is to analyze progress in compliance with the principles of slow tourism in the Spanish Cittaslow network. The applied methodology consists of a comparative analysis of the tourism offerings communicated on the official websites of the Spanish Cittaslow municipalities, in light of slow tourism principles. The findings show that the 12 municipalities that have registered in the Citta Slow network in Spain are relevant in terms of historical heritage and natural resources, but only 30% take advantage of the uniqueness of being a Cittaslow to systematically promote their tourism. Publication of its Cittaslow indicators could accelerate progress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ager: Journal of Depopulation & Rural Development Studies / Revista de Estudios sobre Despoblación y Desarrollo Rural is the property of Rolde de Estudios Aragoneses and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anuario Turismo y Sociedad is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Facultad de Empresas Turísticas y Hoteleras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

• This study calculates the pandemic impact on the tourism carbon footprint in Spain. • Several scenarios assess the effect of new consumption trends on tourism emissions. • Improvements in emissions intensity in tourism sectors are also evaluated. • Carbon emissions resulting from the scenarios are compared to the mitigation goals. • Major changes in consumption patterns and efficiency are required to get on track. Tourism is very vulnerable to climate change and the disruption of Covid-19, facing two challenges: fighting climate change pursuing its carbon emissions goals, and recovering from the complex pandemic effects. We contribute to the incomplete understanding of tourism emissions pandemic impact and in different post-covid recovery scenarios. Using official data on tourists' consumption, we calculate the carbon footprint of tourism in Spain in 2019 and 2020 under different recovery pathways, including changes in consumption patterns and emissions efficiency, using a multiregional input-output model. Results show that the carbon footprint of tourism in Spain fell by 63% in 2020 compared to pre-pandemic levels, which would be aligned with the current sectoral decarbonisation target. However, the new tourists' consumption patterns resulting from the pandemic are insufficient to increase tourism sustainability if they imply pre-pandemic consumption levels. The results provide empirical ground for the binary debate on "recovery or reform". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the increasing importance of railways in the global context, either as a means of transport or as a tourist product, this paper aims to provide an alternative to the closure of the Aranjuez-Cuenca-Utiel railway in Spain. From the point of view of sustainable tourism, it is intended to highlight the role of this railway as a backbone of territorial socioeconomic development. The recovery and enhancement of the Portuguese Duero line is presented as an example for the future of the Cuenca's Province railway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigaciones Turisticas is the property of Investigaciones Turisticas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spain is the country with the most Biosphere Reserves in the world, 52, and Asturias, with 7, ranks first among the single-province Autonomous Communities. The tourist interest in these natural spaces is increasing, but little or nothing is known about how the residents of these natural spaces perceive the tourist impacts. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the residents' perceived changes in protected mountain areas in Asturias concerning the environmental, sociocultural, and economic dimensions related to tourism activity with survey methods and various quantitative tools. The findings obtained were the following: firstly, there were significant differences between the residents' sociodemographic characteristics and their perceptions of tourism impacts; secondly, there were positive relationships between the residents' perceived tourism economic, environmental and sociocultural impacts and their general attitude towards tourism development; and thirdly, the more positive the residents' attitude towards tourism development, the more likely residents actively support its further development. The findings indicate the willingness of residents to get involved and participate in the tourism activity, so policymakers should implicate residents in decision-making on local tourism development. In conclusion, long-term monitoring of residents' evolution of their perceptions and attitudes is necessary to achieve sustainable tourism development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collecting wild mushrooms is an ancient lifestyle practice, and wild mushrooms themselves emerge as a crucial cultural ecosystem service in rural and natural environments. Mushroom picking and mushroom cooking are vital ingredients of local cultures in many mountain areas and communities around the world, where food tourism is becoming increasingly popular. Drawing from the meanings that locals attach to a concrete cultural ecosystem service like wild foods, and how this local sense of place is transferred to food tourism practices and planned tourism placemaking, the current research explores the reasons why wild mushroom hunting is a critical seasonal lifestyle practice and how this relates to food tourism practices in peripheral areas. The methodology is based on a case study approach, where primary data are obtained from semi-structured interviews conducted with local mushroom pickers from the region of Alta Ribagorça, in the Catalan Pyrenees of north-eastern Spain. The results show the profound role this forest food plays in the culture and identity of local communities and the strong seasonality of wild mushroom-based tourist activities in a fragile human-in-nature context. This has a direct effect on sustainable forest and tourism planning in rural territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the use of internets todays, use of social media has become widespread. The use of social media is seen as an important marketing tool for businesses. Social media is widely used especially in order to communicate with customers, to carry out promotional activities and to provide feedback. With the popularity of social media, there is an increase in studies that evaluate social media and tourism related phenomenia together. With in the scope of the study, a bibliometric analysis of the concept of "social media" and "tourism" was carried out by using the Voswiever package program. Within the scope of the study, 5430 studies in the Web of Science data platform between 2001 and 2022 were analyzed. Collocation analysis was performed for the keywords "social media, tourism, sustainable tourism, media, online reviews (online reviews), user-generated content (user-generated content), Nine groups emerged as sentiment analysis, facebook, destination image. America, Spain and England are among the countries where the broadcasts are made the most. Sustainability and Tourism Management journals were determined as the journals with the highest number of publications and citations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tourism management of geoparks is an excellent way of achieving sustainable development in rural areas and improving the quality of life of the resident population while respecting their natural and cultural heritage. Spain is the country with the second highest number of geoparks in the world and the first in Europe. This study aims to find out how rural development is perceived by the highest political representatives of the municipalities affected by the declaration of geoparks in Spain, considering the dimensions of economic and social development and the infrastructures of the environment. Data were collected through a questionnaire and analysed with the structural equation modelling technique. The results reveal that the local perception of the geopark declaration is conditioned, firstly, by the perceived economic and tourism development, followed by the development of the surrounding infrastructure and social development. In conclusion, good tourism planning in these areas, increased recreational use, and the services offered by local businesses are necessary to improve the way of life for these rural populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Areas with low levels of transformation are alternative destinations for tourists who prefer to visit nonmassified places and have singular experiences. The benefits of these microdestinations are their local populations, traditional products, landscapes, and heritage, which, in turn, allow the cultural and gastronomic roots to be witnessed. Based on this assumption, the present research investigated landscape preferences in the Tejo/Tajo International Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (Portugal/Spain), where Dehesa/Montado and traditional olive groves play important economic and sociocultural roles. This investigation sought to compare the opinions of those who live there with those who visit the territory in terms of landscape and agritourism experience preferences. To this, 439 interviews were conducted, and the results were extracted through descriptive analysis techniques and parametric and nonparametric tests to understand the different opinions. The main results were that agricultural landscapes are among the most preferred, and visitors tend to give the landscape higher scores, while the local population has some ignorance of its potential. The potential of agritourism was revealed through the motivation expressed by the demand to participate in gastronomic experiences and have contact with local products, followed by participation in activities that allow people to enjoy the agricultural landscape and rural traditions. The results revealed that the agritourism concept is often confused with rural tourism and nature tourism. Thus, it is necessary to develop a strategy to support the tourism supply according to the concept of authentic agritourism. In this way, agricultural activity has an important role in driving sustainable tourism dynamics in cross-border regions and boosting new products based on the culture, nature, and biodiversity characteristics of a protected area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document is a monthly compilation of bibliographic references on environmental topics. It includes a list of books published in March 2022 on various subjects such as agriculture, biofuels, climate change, marine pollution, ecological crime, environmental law, sustainable development, energy, environmental ethics, marine environment, mining, forests, coastal management, landscape, environmental policy, corporate social responsibility, health, transportation, and sustainable tourism. Some of the mentioned authors are Fernando de la Vega García, Adolfo Núñez Sarompas, Juan Negrón Larre, Susana Borràs Pentinat, Margarita Miñarro Yanini, Francisco Javier Zamora Cabot, Laia Aubareda Dalmau, Lorenzo Bujosa Vadell, Javier López de Goicoechea Zabala, José Luis Domínguez Álvarez, Alba Nogueira López, Francisco Delgado Piqueras, Isabel Cristina Gil García, Bernard Vanheusden, Rosa Pérez Martell, and Francisco D. Busnelli. The text presents three books related to urban planning in Spain. The first, written by Pedro Mario Fernández Cabrera and Francisco Javier Garrido Jiménez, addresses the legal regime, technical aspects, jurisprudence, and forms of urban conservation entities. The second book, by Hilario Hernández Jiménez, focuses on urban planning from the perspective of local administration. Finally, the book "Memento Práctico Urbanismo 2022" by various authors provides practical information on urban planning in the year 2022. [Extracted from the article]

Campsites are one of the most sustainable models of tourism because of their temporality and close relationship with the natural environment, enhanced by the comparatively light footprint that camping activity leaves on the landscape. The fundamental value of campsites is their ability to preserve the identity of the landscape and favor the recreational use of shared outdoor space, strengthening the feeling of rootedness and belonging to a place. This research is based on a specific study of site conditions through fieldwork and a comparative analysis of case studies in Catalonia (Spain). This territory has long since been one of the most innovative touristic regions in Spain due to its proximity to Europe and the Mediterranean. The result of this study is a new methodology that facilitates the diagnosis of the integration of campsites into landscapes through the development of processes and tools based on the common criteria identified during fieldwork. The final objective is to provide a working guideline to create a diagnosis that can be applied to other settlements in the region, despite the fact that they are located in contexts with different characteristics. This consideration will facilitate decision making by managers and administrations, both at local and regional levels, favoring the preservation of the particular identity of the different cultural landscapes that make up each territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Observatorio Medioambiental is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigaciones Turisticas is the property of Investigaciones Turisticas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios de Traducción is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Eco-labels such as Blue Flags can be effective for enhancing both sustainability and tourism. Given the ongoing political debate on the effectiveness of Blue Flags for promoting tourism, we analyze the impact of the number of Blue Flag beaches on tourist arrivals (international and domestic, respectively) for Spanish coastal provinces. Panel data techniques are used to evaluate Blue Flags econometrically for the longest and most recent time period in the literature (2000–2019). Findings suggest that Blue Flags are effective at promoting international tourism but not domestic tourism. Different patterns for international and domestic tourists mean that differentiated policies should be applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Spain, since the beginning of this century, tourism initiatives related to fishing activity have been developed. It is intended to value the culture of fishing and the work of fishermen for tourist use, in order to generate new income that benefits the fishing sector and also contributes to the local economic development of the port in which this activity occurs. This article has as fundamental objectives: the compilation of the legal regulations that protect this activity, both at the regional state level, and the relationship of the initiatives that are offered in each Autonomous Community to point out their singularities and the contrasts between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Tourism for all" is based on three main aspects: accessible tourism, sustainable tourism and social tourism. Accessibility is an essential part of responsible and sustainable tourism. A sizable segment of the population comprises people who have a type of disability or people who are older and, as a result of age, experience diminished physical and/or mental abilities. The aim of this study is to analyze whether the mobile applications and websites of Portuguese and Spanish Destination Management Organizations (DMOs) are accessible. For this purpose, accessible destinations listed by the Tur4all project were taken as a sample for a quantitative exploratory study. Several tools related to accessibility were used to determine their level of compliance with the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1. The results reveal that the percentage of non-compliance with accessibility criteria is very high in DMOs in Portugal and especially in Spain. In conclusion, tourism for all is important, including its digital tools. The practical implications include guidance on accessibility for institutions and companies, as well as a need to raise awareness of its importance in the tourism sector. This is the only study that analyzes the accessibility of both apps and websites of the same institution according to the requirements in WCAG 2.1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Memoria em Rede is the property of Revista Memoria em Rede and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nowadays, tourism plays a very important role in the growth of the economy, and in particular, in the province of Burgos the tourism sector is an important source of economic and social development. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the competitive advantages of this area of northern Spain by creating a responsible and sustainable tourism model that aims to reach the 17 SDGs. This study analyses the evolution of tourist supply and demand, comparing it with data from Castilla y León, Spain and five other provinces in Spain, as well as examining the tourist's profile and perception. The findings show that the increase in the number of hotel establishments was greater than that at national and regional level, but the growth of the supply of rural tourism accommodation establishments has stagnated in the last two years. The number of passengers in Burgos has been growing since 2012, with a slight decrease in 2018, in contrast the number of travellers in rural accommodation establishments has increased substantially since 2015. The visits are characterized by being short and with few expenses, focused mainly on the restoration. The degree of overall satisfaction and loyalty continues to be high. Finally, all services related to catering, infrastructures, information points and complementary activities to historical tourism should be improved to maximize tourist satisfaction and loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural is the property of Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The catastrophic effects derived from COVID-19 for the survival of the cultural sphere in the world have once again made rural areas, peri-urban environments and less populated areas a source of interest for millions of people. Personal and family security, environmental and economic living conditions and the improvement of equipment and services are factors that have already generated perceptible movements back to the field of professionals and families. Knowing that cultural endowments and initiatives and installation costs are competitive advantages that increase this attractiveness, we approach cultural policies for the countryside, its conditions and constraints, through some of its most relevant initiatives in the democratic period in Spain with a special mention to a pioneering program: Culturalcampo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From the 1990s onwards, sustainability became one of the objectives of the tourism sector. Since then, several institutions have created particularly significant and relevant indicator systems, covering the measurement of sustainability in areas where tourism is an important source of income. However, many of these systems do not consider the characteristics of the territory or the local idiosyncrasy. In practice, the use of 'generic' indicators omits and generalises problems of an environmental, social, political and economic nature, ignoring the fact that each territory has its own uniqueness which, in many cases, is what attracts tourists and visitors. This research analise the level of sustainability based on residents' perceptions. With more than 2,100 surveys conducted in coastal regions of Spain and Portugal, with strong seasonality and high tourism dependence at the economic level, it was concluded that local participation presents different characteristics in each destination, reinforcing the need to implement new techniques for measuring sustainability that have the opinion of the resident population as a way to facilitate the governance of the tourism territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ager: Journal of Depopulation & Rural Development Studies / Revista de Estudios sobre Despoblación y Desarrollo Rural is the property of Rolde de Estudios Aragoneses and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Growing environmental awareness has made customers change their attitudes and increasingly demand that the hospitality industry provides products and services that are environmentally friendly. This sector faces increasing pressure to operate in a more ecofriendly manner given its negative influence on the natural environment. Extant research demonstrates that sustainable tourism can be promoted through environmental certifications. However, little attention has been paid to the relevance of customer perceptions about these schemes and their influence on customer behavioral intentions. So that, this study attempts to explore the conditions under which perceived green image leads to favorable customer behavioral intentions towards environmentally certified hotels by considering the mediating effects of functional and emotional images. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from hotel customers in Spain. The results indicate that green image serves as a predictor of functional image, which in turn is linked to customer behavioral intentions. This shows that the evaluation of environmental issues influences the assessment of cognitive aspects, although not the direct evaluation of affective aspects. Consequently, green image associations directly influence the cognitive responses of consumers but not their emotions. Therefore, consumers will evaluate a hotel's functional image not only by considering traditional attributes but also by taking into account environmental issues. These findings suggest that hotel companies should work to develop a green positioning strategy developing products and services possessing both greenness and high‐value attributes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Lanzarote, Spain, as a tourism destination, suffered a rapid tourist expansion for many years, and this has endangered its sustainability. The purpose of this study is to investigate the case of overtourism and its consequences for the local population and the environment, and to identify ways to mitigate this issue. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses a case study approach. Data obtained from tourists visiting the destination were used to examine three key aspects of tourism development, namely, the arrival of tourists to the island, the accommodation offer and the growth of the population. Social awareness with environmental values and protection of the island's natural resources were the main engine to establish measures to mitigate overtourism. Findings: The analysis shows rapid growth in the arrival of tourists to the island and how it affected the accommodation offer and the population. It explores the solution that the authorities of the island took to solve the problem of disorganized growth of tourism and makes reference to the importance of managing the image of a destination to contribute to tourism sustainability. Originality/value: This research proposes practical solutions to tackle overtourism at a destination which has been used by the United Nations as an example to establish sustainable tourism development guidelines. It proposes a unique mitigation strategy which is derived from the use of natural recreation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tourism experiences remarkable transformations, as a consequence of factors such as technological evolution, changes in demand and the appearance of new business models. The interrelation of these dynamics with tourist destinations raises questions that affect planning and the evolution towards a more sustainable tourism. The consequent need for new approaches and paradigms of planning bases the present work. From a theoretical and conceptual approach, an evolutionary analysis of the tourism planning in Spain is carried out and different planning dimensions are discussed, such as the wear of the theoretical models of reference; the discredit of planning; the challenge of digitalization; the difficulty of applying new techniques, methods and sources of information; or the appearance of tourism dynamics in the local society that reconfigure the relations between residents and tourists. The article proposes the foundations of the smart planning of destinations as a new paradigm of tourism planning, due to its ability to bring together different processes and the possibility that this approach may lead to an accentuation of the role of the market in tourism planning, if there is no reflection on its nature and scope. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study evaluates the carbon footprint (CF) of Barcelona tourist activity taking into account the above 30 million visitors who visit the city every year. This study analyzes the main sources of emissions considering direct (Scope 1) and indirect emissions (Scope 2 and 3) as a consequence of energy use. This research has been carried out in close collaboration with Barcelona City Council and in the context of the new Strategic Tourism Plan for Barcelona city. The impacts of arrival and departure transport, accommodation, leisure and professional activities and Intra-urban transport from Barcelona city were all included. The total CF of Barcelona tourist activity is about 9.6MtCO 2 eq/year, which represents an emission of 96.9 kg CO 2 eq/visitor·day. The main source of emissions is arrival and departure transport (95.6%), and particularly aviation. These results show that if substantial reductions in CO 2 emissions are to be achieved, initiatives strategically focused on transport and also accommodation are necessary. Highlights • The total CF of Barcelona tourist activity is about 9.6MtCO 2 eq/year, which represents 96.9 kg CO 2 eq/visitor·day. • The average carbon footprint of a tourist is 111.6 kg CO 2 eq/day and 43.0 kg CO 2 eq/day for a day-tripper. • The main source of emissions is arrival and departure transport (95.6%), and particularly aviation. • Regarding GHG emissions in destination, accommodation is responsible for 75.6% of them. • If tourist destinations had studies on their carbon footprint, it could be used for managing their tourist offer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last few decades, local governments have looked at developing their cities to increase their attractiveness for tourism consumption. Urban and tourism planners have focused their attention on adapting different local attractions to target the tourist visit and provide them with recreation and entertainment. By consuming locally sourced traditional or farmed products, tourists adopt the values associated with local identity codes. This experience allows tourists to enjoy the city more as if they were local citizens. In this sense, one method of behaving as a local is to visit a food market. This study investigates the attributes that affect tourist satisfaction in relation to food market visits and explores whether tourists intend to revisit these food halls. Based on a survey relating to La Boqueria, currently one of the most renowned food markets in Barcelona, three factors were identified: physical environment, location and accessibility, and price. The results reveal that physical environment is an important tourist satisfaction predictor, while price and location and accessibility influence revisit behaviour. The results also suggest differences between first-time visitors and repeat visitors related to attributes perception, while there is no statistically important difference on the path level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can distinctive natural assets in tourist destinations be artistically recreated and used to improve destination image and attract more visitors? This paper analyses the formation of the tourist image based on artistically recreated local nature icons, and shows how those images can enhance the overall destination image. It focuses on the island of Lanzarote, a destination with its development based on promoting an environmental image founded on the creation of a network of multifunctional, high-quality art, culture and tourism centres exhibiting artistic recreation of its unique environmental assets. The methodology utilizes a questionnaire (n= 453) structural equations modelling approach in which the overall image of the destination is directly dependent on the image of the environmental conditions and indirectly influenced by the image of the artistically recreated centres. Results show that the destination's image is significantly grounded on the image of the art, culture and tourism centres using art based on Lanzarote's natural assets. They suggest that destinations have relevant opportunities to artistically enhance natural assets to improve their tourist image and marketing, that quality multi-functional visitor centres can be important within a sustainable tourism policy, and part of the emerging breadth of approaches taken by sustainable tourism marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent policy from the European Union has attempted to justify social tourism initiatives on the basis that they lead to a more sustainable tourism industry. However, the majority of latest research in the field has been focused on the benefits for participants, with the addition of some evidence on the economic impacts of such programmes on destinations, which have pointed towards sustainability outcomes including: a longer tourism season, more even spread of demand, and longer periods of employment for tourism workers. Yet there is a lack of direct evidence linking such programme to these outcomes. This paper aimed to explore this important disconnect between policy assumptions and evidencebased outcomes through an analysis of the deseasonalising effects of the Spanish social tourism programme for older people. The research found that this programme does have an effect on the seasonal nature of employment and economic activity in most regions studied, but that the huge volume of demand from international tourists in the high seasons masks the quantitative effects in the regions with the highest seasonal concentration of international tourists. Recommendations for policy and practice in sustainable tourism are made that are transferable to many countries and regions that adopt social tourism programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study empirically examines the existence and nature of long-run relationships between, on the one hand, tourist arrivals, tourism income and economic growth in Spain, and, on the other hand the supply side expenditure, Capital Investments in the tourism industry. It also examines the long-run relationships between, on the one hand, tourism income, and, on the other hand economic growth in Spain. The time series data for the study covers the period 1995 - 2012. The results suggest the existence of positive long-run relationships between the tourism income and economic growth in Spain with unidirectional causality pattern. We may conclude that both the government and the private tourism sector in Spain must aim at attaining sustainable tourism and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of heritage tourism has experienced significant growth in recent years. In this paper, we present an analysis of the relationship between an Intangible Cultural Heritage, the Fiesta of the Patios in Córdoba, Spain and tourism development. The methodology used in this research consisted of fieldwork to determine the significance of the demographic factors and variables in the level of satisfaction with the visit to the Fiesta of the Patios. Similarly, the contribution of these variables to the level of satisfaction was analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Riotinto and Almadén mining areas in Spain are two of the best examples of European experiences in restoring the heritage of traditional mining activities. Initially promoted by public administrations, particularly municipal bodies, with the active participation of private companies and the local community, these projects are an international reference in the protection and preservation of the mining-industrial heritage and the tourist use of buildings, machines and landscapes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the qualitative, quantitative, and geographical evolution (1987–2012) of the Blue Flag campaign and accreditation process in Spain, a leading coastal tourism destination heading the list of awards. The standard Blue Flag criteria for crowded, developed beaches are now adapting to new demands for natural beaches, but they still fail to capture essential sustainable tourism features, such as limiting user numbers, or preserving and restoring sand ecosystems. Given these shortcomings, some destinations are moving to alternative awards with a higher environmental commitment, such as EMS, ISO14001, and Eco-Management and Audit Schemes (EMAS). A cluster analysis of Blue Flag data for 983 beaches in Spain over 26 years revealed different behaviour patterns: established tourist areas that have always opted for the Blue Flag programme; tourist areas that adopted the Blue Flag early on but replaced it with ISO14001 and EMAS; recently developed destinations applying for the award to boost their tourism promotion; and tourist areas with no well-defined policy that have opted intermittently for Blue Flag. These profiles illustrate the different policies of Spain's Autonomous Regions, and they are useful for tourism managers to verify whether their destination's behaviour pattern contributes to sustainable tourism and matches strategic policies they have designed for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews a tourist planning experience developed for the Couto Mixto in 2007-2008. The Couto Mixto is a small territory of three hamlets situated in Galicia ( Spain) and bordering Portugal that, until the end of the 19th century, used to be a virtually independent state of 25 km2. This tourism planning process is compared and contrasted with the well-described Action Research ( AR) approach. The paper begins by providing the conceptual foundations of tourism planning which were used as a framework for the research. Then, the tourism planning experience is introduced in detail, focussing on the results of the interviews conducted to identify the tourism resources of the area. Therefore, 23 resources were inventoried and further audited to determine their various degrees of potential for the purposes of tourism planning. Previous AR experiences and the tourism planning initiative developed for the Couto Mixto share a common objective to facilitate change in communities in trouble. However, the case-study tourism planning experience was not fully compliant with genuine AR in several respects. We conclude by recommending AR as a worthy approach for tourism planning as a way to effectively put the local community in focus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of tourists visiting coastal areas of the world is increasing every year, often resulting in negative impacts on the coastal environment. This paper proposes the analysis of ecosystem carrying and occupancy capacity (ECOC) as a useful tool for beach management. On the one hand, it considers the number of users that coincide simultaneously on a beach, including their temporal and spatial distribution and, on the other hand, it assesses the vulnerability of the ecosystem services (ES) present in the area. The combination of these two variables provides managers with integrated knowledge of the environmental and social elements that interact within their management area. The objective of this study was to carry out an analysis of ECOC on the beach of La Barrosa, located in southwestern Spain, during the summer season (July and August) of the years 2017 and 2020. To this end, a methodology was employed that can be applied in a generalized manner regardless of the physical-natural, socio-economic and cultural characteristics of the area. The analysis consisted of four phases: (1) characterization and zoning of the study area; (2) identification, evaluation, and vulnerability of ecosystem services; (3) analysis of the distribution and occupation of users; (4) calculation of the ecosystem carrying and occupancy capacity. Different ECOC values were recorded during the study months and during the same day, due to the nature of the beach and the behavior of the users. ECOC levels were observed ranging from "extreme overload" to "adequate load". The results indicate that La Barrosa beach supports high pressure during the summer season derived from a large influx of users and the installation of the required services, which translate into impacts on the ES. We concluded that the existence and conservation of ES at La Barrosa beach play an essential role in the development of the tourism sector in which the municipality is economically sustained. For this reason, it is essential to carry out coastal management based on the study of the trend and state of the ES, determining their vulnerability and monitoring them over time, in order to promote sustainable tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From an economic point of view, the tourism sector is one of the most important in the world with religious tourism, such as pilgrimages, being a growth area. Tourism activities also make a significant contribution to CO 2 emissions (roughly 8% of the world's carbon emissions). In this framework, the main objective of this research is to develop an integrated sustainable model by assessing the impact of pilgrimages to the Camino Lebaniego (Lebaniego Way) in the Cantabrian region, which is one of the most popular routes in northern Spain. To do this, it is necessary to quantify the environmental impacts of this activity since this is a key element in establishing appropriate and effective environmental management programmes. This study uses the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) method, focused on the Carbon Footprint (CF) impact category, to assess the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of this activity considering 'a pilgrim who completes the route in three days' as the selected functional unit (FU). In addition, the sub-sectors of accommodation, food and beverages, and waste management are taken into account. Following this route generated a total of 13.69 kg CO 2 eq./FU, of which accommodation and the services offered there contributed almost 71.47%, food was 17.08%, and waste management 11.45%. The evening meal and propane consumption were the hotspots in the hostel, accounting for almost 74% of the total impact, so alternatives were proposed to reduce the impacts associated with these. In terms of transport, it was found that for the same destination, it was better to use a car rather than a plane, because the associated CO 2 emissions were lower. Finally, these aspects are discussed and improvement measures for reducing GHG emissions are proposed, involving the introduction of good practices and environmental commitments from the pilgrims themselves, as well as enterprises and local communities. Ecolabels and environmental certifications should become a key tool for sending this signal to the market as should the use of public transport to the destination, among other actions. Ultimately, religious and nature tourism seems to be on the upturn, and it is likely that pilgrimage routes could be the next post-COVID travel trend. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, whale watching (WW) is the greatest economic activity that is based on cetaceans, and in mainland Spain the town of Tarifa (Strait of Gibraltar) is the main WW port. Despite it being such an economically relevant sector, little is being done to monitor and guarantee its sustainability. Dedicated questionnaires were designed and delivered to WW customers of Turmares Tarifa during the summers 2017 and 2018, to delineate the socio-economic profile of WW customers, evaluate their economic contribution to the local economy and assess their level of satisfaction with WW activities. Results obtained from the 380 questionnaires analysed showed that whale watchers generally had a university level education and a high purchasing capacity. Most came from Spain and showed signs of touristic loyalty to WW and of being in favour of conservation. Their satisfaction was influenced by the time spent with cetaceans and the education provided prior to and during the WW trip. The average daily expenditure of WW customers was €97, and their total expenditure in the period considered was €855,604, of which 51% contributed directly to the economy of Tarifa. We advocate the improvement of education, a national publicity campaign addressed to whale watchers, and the implementation of administrative facilities for WW companies, as actions to improve the management of WW towards a sustainability. • Whale Watching (WW) customers positively contribute to the economy of Tarifa. • Education provided and time spent with cetaceans influence customers' satisfaction. • Whale watchers have a pro-conservation attitude and show signs of touristic loyalty. • National tourism is an economic resource for the WW sector even in crisis' periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Pasos: Revista de Turismo y Patrimonio Cultural is the property of Universidad de La Laguna, Instituto Universitario de Ciencias Politicas y Sociales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Given the current economic contribution of tourism to the Chinese and Spanish national economies, tourism innovation in these two countries becomes a vehicle for improving tourism competitiveness and sustainability. This article presents a comparative analysis of the relevance, recent growth and particularities of tourism and innovation in China and Spain, with the objective of identifying the tourism innovation needs of each country. Innovation research on tourism is also reviewed as a means to a better understanding of tourism innovation activities in each country. This review of the academic literature further examines the levels of analysis, the research topics and the major conclusions. In light of their findings, the authors then offer recommendations on how to enhance the tourism innovation performance and improve research on tourism innovation in China and Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Observatorio Medioambiental is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)