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This article conducts a microeconometric analysis of individual participation in tourism activities. We examine the existence of habit formation in the form of state dependence by which past trips increase the taste for traveling. We also study the role of regional unemployment rates, regional price indexes, and climate conditions at origin on the likelihood of tourism participation. Individual and household characteristics are also controlled for. We use monthly longitudinal microdata for Spain between 2015 and 2018 involving more than 92,000 individuals. We estimate static and dynamic random effects Probit models finding evidence of habit formation. The initial conditions and participation in the previous month raise the propensity to make a tourist trip in the following period by 28 percentage points. Habit formation is found to be strongly associated with income and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study we empirically examine the persistence across input and output indicators of innovation using a panel of Spanish manufacturing firms during the period 1990–2013. We use R&D as innovation input and technological innovation, product innovation and process innovation as output measures. We analyse the transition matrices and design an econometric strategy consisting of the estimation of various specifications using random effects dynamic probit models that account for state dependence, unobserved heterogeneity and endogenous initial conditions. Findings indicate the presence of true persistence in all our innovation indicators. They also show the existence of different degrees of persistence depending on the innovation measure used. Persistence in R&D increases around 20% the probability of conducting R&D. The highest persistence is associated with technological innovation. The probability of introducing a technological or process innovation is 28% higher for firms that have innovated in the previous year. When technological innovation is broken down into product and process innovation, the degree of persistence is higher for process innovation than for product innovation. This result is not unexpected considering the Spanish productive structure, which is made up mainly of low and middle-low technological sectors which are based on process innovations rather than on product innovations. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The objective of this paper is to investigate the causes of the recurrences of individuals in unemployment during benefit periods. So as to attain this objective, we use administrative data from the Spanish Employment Agency to estimate a duration model with multiple spells that allows for unemployment state dependence through lagged unemployment duration in order to distinguish the heterogeneity and scarring effects. We find that an increase in the duration of previous unemployment benefit periods lengthens the expected duration of future unemployment benefit periods. True state dependence and heterogeneity, intensity of job search and local labour market conditions are among the elements that explain this unemployment state dependence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]