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The aim of this research was to know how widespread the activities were, and to what extent they were being implemented, in relation to data protection and digital sustainability in Primary Education schools. This study also analyzed whether teachers' age, gender and years of experience in the profession influenced the development of this type of practices among students. To this end, the GAUBIPRO (4150516/6) questionnaire, registered at the Spanish Patent and Trademark Office, was sent out to 308 Spanish teachers in Primary Education in Spain. The investigation was conducted by applying three multivariate statistical procedures: chi-squared with Kendall's Tau-c coefficient, variance analysis using a single-factor ANOVA, and the HJ-Plot method, to find patterns of group behavior among the variables studied. The results showed that age, gender and years of experience were significant variables in the development of strategies for data protection and digital sustainability in Primary Education. For years of experience, the results showed that teachers with the highest mean number of years in the teaching profession were the least likely to apply data protection protocols. Male teachers were found to promote more general data protection strategies, while female teachers were more active in the design and use of activities in the classroom. In terms of age, the results clearly demonstrated that the higher the mean age of the teachers, the lower the rate of application of actions to promote data protection and digital security among young students, in three variables in particular: "foster strategies", "advise students" and "inform families".

This article describes an investigation into the level of satisfaction among students at Spain's National Distance Education University (UNED) regarding use of Facebook groups as an environment for learning. Based on a structural equation methodology, the research analyzed the most relevant personal and socio-educational factors that affect satisfaction. The sample consisted of 418 undergraduate and master's degree students at UNED's Faculty of Education; participants were consulted in three semesters between September 2019 and January 2021. The results showed that students who participated in Facebook study groups achieved better results than those who did not, and that they interacted more frequently in these groups than in UNED's official learning management system. The main latent variables that influenced satisfaction with Facebook study groups were the perception of efficacy they elicited as a complement to distance learning by enabling greater interaction with other students, and the feeling of course companionship they provided. The absence of teacher control also influenced student satisfaction, which allowed students to focus on learning and achieving better results in tests and exams.

The main objective of this research is to determine the perception of teachers about the elements that increases the educational effectiveness of gamified apps in primary education. A methodology based on an importance-performance analysis was developed, using a structural equations model to calculate the degree of importance of each variable. The sample was formed of 212 Spanish teachers with experience using educational apps in the teaching-learning process. Six categories were identified as precursors of educational effectiveness: (1) curriculum connection, (2) feedback and operational experience, (3) assessment and learning analytics, (4) sustainability (Protection Personal data), (5) equal access and (6) flow. These six categories enhance the three traditional areas of gamification intervention: cognitive, emotional and social. In this sense, the design and adoption of an educational gamified app should: (1) establish a clear link between the game and curricular content and competence development; (2) promote self-regulated learning through individual and collaborative activities; (3) offer adapted learning by integrating differentiated personalized learning pathways; (4) integrate learning analytics that can be consulted by teacher, student and family; (5) comply with data protection regulation and promote a safe, sustainable and ethical use of the information generated; (6) take into account different levels of functional diversity. When the gamified app design incorporates these attributes, primary education teachers perceive that such resources can be integrated effectively into the teaching-learning processes.

This study conducted a general and comparative analysis of how university students use mobile digital devices for educational purposes in various places and spaces both inside and outside university facilities in Spain and Latin America. It analyses a total sample of 886 students (442 Spanish and 444 Latin American) corresponding to five Spanish and five Latin American universities. The research methodology was based on factorial analysis and comparison between groups with parametric and nonparametric tests. The results show that educational use of mobile digital devices in the Hispanic world concentrates on the use of smartphones and tablets inside university facilities; primarily in college cafeterias, corridors, classrooms and libraries. Spanish and Latin American students used tablets in and out of University facilities for storing and retrieving information, and smartphones for sharing educational information and content.

The objective of this article is to analyze the didactic functionality of a chatbot to improve the results of the students of the National University of Distance Education (UNED / Spain) in accessing the university in the subject of Spanish Language. For this, a quasi-experimental experiment was designed, and a quantitative methodology was used through pretest and posttest in a control and experimental group in which the effectiveness of two teaching models was compared, one more traditional based on exercises written on paper and another based on interaction with a chatbot. Subsequently, the perception of the experimental group in an academic forum about the educational use of the chatbot was analyzed through text mining with tests of Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), pairwise distance matrix and bigrams. The quantitative results showed that the students in the experimental group substantially improved the results compared to the students with a more traditional methodology (experimental group/mean: 32.1346/control group/mean: 28.4706). Punctuation correctness has been improved mainly in the usage of comma, colon and periods in different syntactic patterns. Furthermore, the perception of the students in the experimental group showed that they positively value chatbots in their teaching-learning process in three dimensions: greater "support" and companionship in the learning process, as they perceive greater interactivity due to their conversational nature; greater "feedback" and interaction compared to the more traditional methodology and, lastly, they especially value the ease of use and the possibility of interacting and learning anywhere and anytime.

This paper shows some research which analysed the didactic functionality of Personal Learning Environments (PLEs) and Open Educational Resources (OERs). They were created by students from the Master's Degree in Information and Communication Technologies applied to language teaching and processing, at Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (UNED, Spain). A thorough analysis has been carried out based on a virtual ethnography methodological framework, with a twofold qualitative dimension: on the one hand, by using the Atlas-Ti program and on the other hand by following a reticular, category-based social network analysis with UCINET and yED Graph Editor. Results show that the joint use of PLEs and OERs designed by students improves their digital competence, mainly in capabilities such as: accessing and searching for online information; articulating information needs; finding relevant information; selecting resources effectively; navigating between online sources; and creating personal information strategies. Furthermore, the scrutiny of the forums using the reticular social network analysis shows how the main benefits of the implementation of PLEs and OERs are: a student-centric approach, the development of personal knowledge management strategies and the formation of a self-regulated learning model.

This study analysed the digital competence of 1,073 students at one Italian and two Spanish universities using the COBADI 2.0 (Basic Digital Competences/Registered Trademark 2970648) questionnaire. A quantitative methodology was applied to university students' use of, and competence in, three areas of DigCom 2.1: information and data literacy, communication and collaboration, and digital content creation. The results showed that these future graduates had an upper intermediate level of competence in information and digital literacy, and communication and collaboration, but a lower intermediate level in terms of digital content creation, particularly in the creation and dissemination of multimedia content using different tools. Two student profiles were identified for time spent online: those who dedicated a lot of their time to gaming or interacting on social media, and those who used most of their online time to searching for information and completing academic work.

This diachronic study describes an innovative university experience consisting of the development of multimedia concept maps (MCM) in relation to social educators and social workers main intervention areas and an active discussion in online forums about the results obtained. These MCMs were prepared by students who attended the Information Technologies and Communication course as part of the Degree in Social Education and dual Degree in Social Education and Work during the academic years 2010-13 at Pablo Olavide University (Seville-Spain). Following a methodological framework based on virtual, collaborative action-research, a qualitative analysis is implemented to analyze 213 MCMs created by students and their interventions in ad hoc online discussion forums with a twofold methodological approach: firstly a qualitative analysis of word frequencies in MCM through the use of Atlas-Ti software and secondly a forum discussion categorization through a reticular, category based social network analysis using UCINET and yED Graph Editor. Among the most relevant conclusions, we can highlight that a combination of MCMs and discussion forums are highly interactive and collaborative digital resources and are especially beneficial when applied to social studies. Students were able to identify and categorize key areas of social and educational intervention, including: seniors, children, teens and drug dependence, people with disabilities, adults, mental health, socio-community care, and immigrants.

This article presents a research that examines the university students' risk perception when using a Learning Management System called "aLF" and implemented by the Spanish National University of Distance Education (UNED) for the development of its university distance studies. The development of comprehensive Learning Management Systems for teaching-learning distance practices in the European Higher Education Area (EHEA) is a challenge for universities all around Europe. For this reason, it is necessary to analyze not only the benefits that involve these environments but the risks perceived by its users to improve teaching methods and design better user interfaces. Through a quantitative method, we test 588 students' opinions about their risks perceptions when using this LMS to study the University degree in Pedagogy. Results show that main risks are concentrated in two dimensions: dimension 1 "basic or general" with high incidence of "fear of making mistakes" and "ignorance of the course content"; and dimension 2 "own and beyond students' circumstances" where it is important to stand out the risks not directly controlled by the students: "warning from the authorities for not developing the program", "isolation from teachers" and "delegation of control".

In this paper, the results of researcher' ongoing activities regarding the use of smartphones and a specific subject-app used at the Spanish National University of Distance Education (UNED) have been reported. The purpose of this trial is to assess the app's didactic use and potential to enhance student learning in university subjects in ubiquitous environments and developing generic competencies according to the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). To this end, a scale has been developed and validated to identify these factors based on the participation of 388 students from the class "Curriculum design and innovation" within the "University Degree in Pedagogy" program. This study has been developed through two perspectives; the first being through a descriptive methodology in which the current researcher has detailed the creation process of an app. The second perspective being through a quantitative methodology in which students' perceptions regarding the capabilities of smartphones and apps for improving learning processes in university subjects were assessed. The conclusions indicate that the use of apps developed specifically for following university subjects is highly valued by students as a new format which both supports and enhances learning practices while also providing not only further opportunities to establish connections and relations with their subjects, but also fostering collaborative work among students and professors. Therefore, it is recommended that universities continue developing new didactic strategies to connect both formal-informal and face-to-face ubiquitous learning settings.

Gamification is an educational methodology and tool that offers benefits through mechanics and dynamics. It brings motivating experiences and benefits to the instructional design approach. Several studies highlight that this methodology fosters contributions in commitment, fun, enthusiasm, motivation, satisfaction, and interaction in pedagogical contexts. The sample of 308 teachers was obtained after the mass delivery of the instrument to educational centers in Spain. The sample is nonprobabilistic, and the study participants voluntarily answered the survey. Of the participants, 69.8% were women and 30.2% were men; this proportion is representative of the population of teachers. A descriptive analysis is based on three dimensions: most used programs, devices used, and didactic functionality. These data are triangulated with an analysis through the HJ-Biplot method, which is presented as a multivariate graphical representation of the data from an Xnxp matrix. This analysis details findings on the determining role played by the teacher and the relationship between years of experience, age, devices used, and resources used, detected with descriptive and bivariate analyses. Among the conclusions are that the subjects positively value training in digital teaching competence in terms of gamification, although in real daily practice only 30% of teachers claim to use gamified tools. Gamification provides collaborative and innovative benefits in relation to its didactic functionality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research examined the acceptance, incidence, and use of digital mobile devices (tablets and smartphones) among university students in the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). The research was contextualized in a sample of 419 students from three Spanish public universities. Through a quantitative methodology, we identified the factors and variables that condition and favor the use of digital mobile devices in university studies. The factor-based structure enabled a holistic view of ICT innovation in universities across three key areas: Teaching model (face-to-face/distance), area of study, and generic competencies. The outcomes could be used as means to forecast, explain, and improve the integration of these digital mobile devices for fostering learning activities and generic competencies in the Higher Education context.

The aim of this study is to assess the use of MinecraftEdu in classroom practice analyzing the outcomes and attitudes of all members of the educational community through a quasi-experimental approach. The research presents three dimensions oriented to assessing the use of this application in a didactic unit "History and Architecture" compared through statistical inference ("t"-student) to a control group that develops the same unit with slides and traditional expositional methods. The second dimension values the attitudes of teachers, students and parents regarding the implementation of video games in formal education using descriptive analysis and nonparametric statistical inference through the Jonckheere-Terpstra test and the Kruskal-Wallis test, which allows each group ranks to be compared. The third dimension analyzes interactions in a virtual learning environment related to the implementation of MinecraftEdu. Although there are no significant improvements regarding academic outcomes and some parents hold negative attitudes, it is noteworthy that the majority of the sample considered that MinecraftEdu is fun, enhances creativity, develops discovery and is a good application for creating and exploring immersive historical environments.

The objective of this study was to identify university student profiles with different levels of predisposition and usage of digital competences in social communication and collaborative learning (CSCCL) as well as technology use in information search and treatment (CSTI). The sample comprised 383 students from three state universities in Spain. The study employed a questionnaire called "basic digital competences 2.0 in university students" (COBADI). Chi-squared automatic interaction detection (CHAID) algorithm was used for data analysis due to its capability to handle both quantitative and qualitative variables, enabling profiling and the generation of predictive models with easily interpretable graphical representations (decision trees). The results revealed a high level of digital competence in socialization and execution of tasks online, managing digital tools for planning study time, and using resources for information searching and browsing. These findings align with previous works on collaborative writing on the Internet and digital competence. However, students demonstrated low digital competence in data analysis processes and image production using social software apps, which has been linked to task complexity and heavy workload in other studies. Interestingly, the students' sociodemographic characteristics (age, sex, and university attended) did not influence their predisposition towards the analyzed digital competences. In conclusion, enhancing effective digital teaching in higher education can be achieved by incorporating the teaching of critical analysis of information, addressing information overload, providing instruction on social software apps, and emphasizing collaborative learning. These strategies aim to help students acquire and apply knowledge relevant to the current job market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the influence of Spanish citizens' computer knowledge and level of education on their tolerance of, or aversion to, risk in the online purchase of goods and services. To this end, annual survey data from Spain's National Statistics Institute were used to know the incidence in e-commerce of the following variables: "computer knowledge," "electronic commerce," and "socioeconomic characteristics." A method based on the design of a computer knowledge indicator was used, followed by a bivariate logistic regression to determine computer knowledge and level of education. The results show that the higher the level of computer knowledge, the greater the impulse to buy online and the higher the tolerance of risk. There was also a positive relation between level of education and propensity to buy; the higher the level of education, the greater the propensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to analyze the aspects of the communication processes between fathers, mothers and their adolescent children that have a positive or negative effect on the dysfunctional behavior that teenagers display on social networks. The sample consisted of 2399 Spanish adolescents aged 11 to 18 from 6th grade primary to final year at high school. The study used a quantitative methodology based on correlation, discriminant and multivariate analyses. The results show how strong social network dependency, violence and rejection suffered or inflicted online, and social network use to make new friends are all linked to conflict communication styles, in particular offensive over avoidant communication, involving both parents, but mothers slightly more. On the other hand, adolescents who enjoy more open communication with both parents are less dependent on social networks and, generally, display less dysfunctional behavior online. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Campus Virtuales is the property of Campus Virtuales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pedagogy Studies / Pedagogika is the property of Vytautas Magnus University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Educación XX1 is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A country's image is formed by multiple sociocultural, historical, and political aspects and is perceived from the outside primarily through the media--and now primarily the Internet. This study analyzes, by means of qualitative methodology in conjunction with Social Network Analysis, a case study in which professors and students in Spain used smartphones and mobile applications to discover and discuss sociocultural, historical, and geographical aspects of Mexico. The results show that Mexico's image among Spain's secondary students has become substantially enriched and that preestablished topics have been abandoned; without doubt the outcome has been a more real, complete, interesting, and critical image of Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research is to analyze from a general and comparative perspective how students from five Spanish and five Latin American universities use the smartphone from an educational, social and ubiquitous perspective. It is analysed a total sample of 886 students (442 Spanish and 444 Latin American) corresponding to five Spanish and five Latin American universities. The research methodology was based on factorial analysis and comparison between groups with parametric and nonparametric tests. The general results in both regions show that smartphone is used mainly for: exchange of academic information, group work coordination and for the consultation of university services. The comparative study in both regions show that Spanish students use the smartphone in a slightly higher percentage for the exchange of academic information (+ 12.3%); by contrast, the Latin American students most often use the smartphone for educational purposes outside the campus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Croatian Journal of Education / Hrvatski Časopis za Odgoj i Obrazovanje is the property of Uciteljski Fakultet u Zagrebu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This research analyzes the supervision of non-university virtual training due to the unexpected non-face-to-face teaching scenario caused by COVID-19 with a graphic model using the SULODITOOL ® instrument. It arises as a research line of the Chair of Education and Emerging Technologies, Gamification and Artificial Intelligence of the Pablo de Olavide University (Seville) and is developed under the auspices of other assessment instruments within the framework of the functions and attributions of the Education Inspectorate of Spain. The aforementioned instrument is made up of 10 weighted supervisory indicators using fuzzy logic. The aggregation of linguistic variables of 242 expert judges was performed using the probabilistic OR function and defuzzified using the area centroid method to calculate the aforementioned weights. Based on the innovative analytical and graphic methodology used to analyze the supervision of virtual teaching, both synchronous and asynchronous, it stands out from the results obtained that there are certain supervision indicators, such as the training design and the methodology used, which should be considered as factors key in all the scenarios studied (primary education, compulsory secondary education and post-compulsory education).