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This article proposes a new approach to understand substance use among adolescent athletes. Thus, this article describes an investigation of the likelihood of alcohol and tobacco use in adolescent athletes considering the type of sport, age, gender, and their action tendencies. A total of 552 athletes with an age range of 12–16 years were engaged in medium–high-contact sports (n = 291) and non-contact sports (n = 261). They completed the Children's Action Tendency Scale, the Sport Children's Action Tendency Scale, and the Personal and Social Responsibility Questionnaire. The results showed that 16-year-old athletes were the most likely to drink alcohol and to smoke tobacco (p < 0.001). Likewise, it was found that practicing a medium–high-contact sport was a risk factor for alcohol and tobacco use (p < 0.01). The more aggressive athletes were more likely to have smoked tobacco during the last month (p = 0.019) and also to drink more alcohol that the less aggressive ones (p < 0.001). Finally, the athletes who showed more submissiveness were less likely to have drunk alcohol in the last year and the last month (p < 0.001). These findings show the predictive value of new factors associated with alcohol and tobacco use among adolescent athletes. Preventive measures should be targeted, since a new link between the action tendencies in sport and substance use has been found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Multimarket competition is an area of competitive dynamics focused on studying situations where firms compete against each other simultaneously in more than one market. The intensity of competition depends on the aggressiveness and the market contingencies, influencing the competitive strategies. Particularly, the purpose of this paper is to explore the influence of multimarket competition and market contingencies on innovation. Design/methodology/approach: An exploratory qualitative approach using the Grounded Theory is applied with conceptual purposes. The data were collected through in-depth semi-structured interviews and additional observations with senior strategies and decision-makers. The paper follows an extensive narrative to understand decision-taking processes on competitive strategy with the support of analytical software. The paper was performed in the automotive components industry making seats in two different countries to acknowledge the influence of market contingencies. Findings: The results suggest that multimarket competition does not reduce the level of aggressiveness, but it offers a background that favors opportunities for companies and new business in circumstances of crisis associated to innovation. Depending on the market contingencies, strategies can foster a higher technological innovation, in those cases of high development in the industry, or diversification, when the development is lower. Originality/value: This paper contributes to enrich multimarket competition theory with the study of innovation strategies in different market conditions, a topic not much explored in multimarket literature. Additionally, it suggests implications for managers attending to different market contingencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to test whether two morphometric characteristics, the second to fourth finger length ratio (2D:4D index) and the facial width-toheight ratio (FWH index), which reflects the degree of facial masculinization, are related to aggression in adolescents of both sexes. Previous studies have proposed that the 2D:4D index (a trait related to prenatal testosterone) and the FWH (related to testosterone during puberty) are related to aggressiveness in adult males (although there is evidence to the contrary). In the present study we investigate the relationship of both traits with different measures of aggression in a mixed population of 296 adolescents (14-19 years old). We did not find relationships between 2D:4D and FWH with aggressiveness. Furthermore, our results suggest that the FWH index must be used only after controlling for body mass index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungicide resistance in Phaeoacremonium aleophilum, one of the most frequent fungal pathogens associated with grapevine trunk diseases, was investigated and found to exist in some isolates of the pathogen against a commercial formulation, Escudo®. The effect of this compound and its two active substances, carbendazim and flusilazole, was first evaluated on the mycelial growth of P. aleophilum. Escudo®-resistant isolates were estimated at a frequency of 24% in Spanish vineyards. Then, the two active substances were used individually to test their effect on mycelia growth of twelve single-spore cultures originating from six Escudo®-resistant isolates. Flusilazole (DMI-triazole) did not inhibit mycelia growth of any single-spore cultures of P. aleophilum. Carbendazim (benzimidazole) used alone allowed the growth of the same single-spore cultures that were also resistant to Escudo®. AFLP characterization of sensitive and resistant single-spore cultures showed genetic diversity within P. aleophilum isolates but no AFLP markers were associated with resistance. New primers set (L2/R1) were designed to partially amplify the exon 6 of the beta-tubulin gene of P. aleophilum. Two different point mutations resulted in glycine (GGC) or lysine (AAA) replacing the glutamic acid (GAG) at codon 198 of the beta-tubulin gene in some of the resistant single-spore cultures studied. Resistant single-spore cultures of P. aleophilum were shown to have different aggressiveness levels as sensitive single-spore cultures by inoculation of wood segments of Vitis vinifera in the presence and absence of fungicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long has been establishing a relationship between alcohol and violence, however there has been no unanimous agreement as to the cause and justification. This paper aims to review all the theories that have supported this relationship including the neurobiological mechanisms, as well as several studies indicating the importance of alcohol to violence, gender violence, among youths, couple or with the elderly. At the same time bring the vision that has on the issue among FARE self-help groups in Spain, and the results and performance of a specific to abuse police group in the city of Valencia and where we analyze the substances consumption. We ended the article with several protocols aimed to reduce the incidence of problem and a different proposals that include legal, social and rehabilitative solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research has revealed the connection between empathy and the capacity to resolve conflicts. The purpose of this study is three-fold: (a) to analyze sex differences and developmental changes in empathy and conflict resolution; (b) to explore the relations between empathy and conflict resolution; (c) to identify predictors of empathy. The study used a descriptive, correlational, and cross-sectional methodology. The sample comprised 941 participants aged 8 to 15 years, 509 boys and 432 girls, from the Basque Country (Spain). The results confirm that: (a) The girls score higher in empathy at all ages; empathy does not increase during childhood, and, an increase with age is confirmed during adolescence, but only in girls; (b) The girls use more positive-cooperative conflict-resolution strategies and the boys use more aggressive strategies; the use of positive-cooperative strategies does not increase with age; (c) Positive correlations between empathy and cooperative conflict resolution and negative correlations with aggressive resolution are confirmed; the predictors of empathy are: being female, using many positive-cooperative conflict-resolution strategies and few aggressive strategies. The work allows us to conclude that, at these ages, girls have a higher capacity of empathy and of conflict resolution, but no important developmental changes are observed. Moreover, the results suggest the importance of implementing programs that include activities to promote empathy because they will have a positive impact on the capacity to solve conflicts cooperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of results of studies about penetration of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT's) carried out in countries such as Spain and Colombia. The analysis is focused on possible consequences, both positive and negative, that these technologies may have in children's lives and the role families can assume for their use being the more advantageous as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: KIT mutations are primarily associated with acral and mucosal melanoma, and have been reported to show higher prevalence in chronic sun-damaged (CSD) than non-CSD melanomas., Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of KIT mutations in melanoma according to subtype, and determine the clinical role of such mutations., Materials & Methods: We present results from a study of a Spanish population of 492 melanomas, classified according to the latest World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. We analysed the mutational status of KIT and correlated with different clinical variables related to sun exposure and family history., Results: KIT mutations were significantly more frequent in acral (3/36; 8.3%) and mucosal (4/8; 50%) melanomas than non-acral cutaneous melanomas. No significant difference was observed in KIT mutational status between CSD and non-CSD melanomas., Conclusion: Our results suggest that KIT mutations in melanoma tumours are unrelated to the development of nevi or chronic sun damage, but their presence is associated with aggressive melanomas which show ulceration, vascular invasiveness, and increased Breslow thickness. These findings are consistent with those reported by The Cancer Genome Atlas network.

Despite the efforts of recent decades to reduce gender inequality, sexism is still prevalent among adolescents. The objective of this study was to identify the main socioeconomic characteristics, personal experiences, resources, and competencies associated with sexism in a sample of adolescents from different European countries. Baseline data from the Lights4Violence project included 1555 students ages 12-17 from secondary schools in six European countries (Spain, Italy, Romania, United Kingdom, Portugal, and Poland). Linear regression models were carried out, stratified by sex for benevolent (BS) and hostile (HS) dimensions of the Ambivalent Sexism Inventory. The average age of the sample was 14.3 years (SD = 1.5), 59.3% were girls. Boys scored higher on the measure of sexism (mean BS = 29.7; HS = 29.1) than girls (BS = 27.5, HS = 23.0; p < .001). Girls whose mothers had a university degree reported lower BS (β = -0.113; p = .023) (reference: lower education). Girls who had experienced dating violence reported higher HS (β = .080; p = .010) than those who had never been in an intimate relationship. For both sexes, high aggressiveness was associated with high levels of HS, and high aggressiveness was related to high levels of BS in boys. High assertiveness was associated with high levels of BS in both sexes and with high levels of HS in boys. A high level of problem-solving ability was associated with lower HS in both sexes. The study reinforces the need to invest in school programs aimed at preventing dating violence and promoting positive youth development., (© 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.)

In Europe, countries following the traditional Mediterranean Diet (MeDi), particularly Southern European countries, have lower prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality compared to other European regions. In the present study, we investigated the association between the MeDi and the relative risk of PCa and tumor aggressiveness in a Spanish population. Among individual score components, it has been found that subjects with PCa were less likely to consume olive oil as the main culinary fat, vegetables, fruits and fish than those without. However, these differences were not statistically significative. A high intake of fruit, vegetables and cooked tomato sauce Mediterranean style (sofrito) was related to less PCa aggressiveness. Results showed that there are no differences in the score of adherence to the Mediterranean dietary patterns between cases and controls, with mean values of 8.37 ± 1.80 and 8.25 ± 2.48, respectively. However, MeDi was associated with lower PCa agressiveness according to Gleason score. Hence, relations between Mediterranean dietary patterns and PCa are still inconclusive and merit further investigations. Further large-scale studies are required to clarify the effect of MeDi on prostate health, in order to establish the role of this diet in the prevention of PCa.