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This paper analyzes the processes of change in the study of the integration of immigrants in Spain, specifically in Castilla y León, their religiosity and the meaning of religion in their integration. The majority of immigrants residing in Spain declare themselves to be believers and practitioners of their religion, hence knowing about coexistence and their religious practices. A quantitative/qualitative study is used as it helps us to understand the relationship between the importance of religion and social participation as a factor of integration. From the study it is extracted, the low tendency to the relations with other cultures and the little social and cultural participation, makes difficult the integration of some ethnic/religious groups. Religiosity increases as integration decreases, this is a consequence of people locking themselves into their ethnic/religious group. Muslims have more difficulties integrating, mainly due to cultural and religious differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mentoring programs have been proposed to reduce dropout and increase academic performance. We analyzed the effect of peer mentoring on university dropout and academic performance in the context of Spain. We applied a quasi-experimental posttest-only control group design with 3,774 students (mentees, n = 1,887; control, n = 1,887). Mentees had participated in a peer mentoring program. We apply the student's t-test, Cohen's d, phi statistic, and chi-square statistic. Mentees exhibited lower dropout than controls and showed higher academic performance regardless of the area of knowledge. Results support the implementation of mentoring programs in Spanish universities with the goal of reducing student dropout and increasing academic performance. The research provides empirical evidence for theory building in higher education studies, developmental relationships, and integration programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on migration and integration has informed us about the systemic inequalities and disadvantages that migrants face in the residence country. Less is known about migrants' positive experiences, and whether these co-exist with negative experiences. This study's contribution lies in exploring to what extent positive and negative evaluations go hand in hand and among whom in what way. By coding and analysing open-ended questions of the New Immigrants Survey, we explore this among 955 immigrants from Bulgaria, Poland, Spain and Turkey who have been in the Netherlands for around 5 years. Results illustrate that these migrants most often positively evaluate matters in the economic domain, whereas the domain that is most often negatively evaluated concerns (being apart from) family. Which positive and negative evaluations are mentioned simultaneously differs among migrants, where migrants from Spain more often combine a negative evaluation of the Dutch whether with a positive evaluation of the Dutch being friendly. Migrants with a temporary intention to stay are more likely to combine a positive evaluation of the economic domain with negative experiences in the integration domain. This study hereby illustrates that the current emphasis in migration research on "the bad" overlooks positive matters that migrants experience simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, based on qualitative research, focuses on socioeconomic integration trajectories of the refugee population in Spain. In the period between 2014 and 2020, refugees' arrivals in Spain have continuously increased. Despite protection provided by the Spanish Reception System, refugees emulate the same precarious integration outcomes as refugees in other developed countries, such as unemployment, underemployment, poor and unstable housing, low incomes and economic uncertainty, gender inequalities, etc. We believe that a holistic analysis of integration outcomes, overcoming traditional human-capital theories, must include other social and structural factors -economic and institutional frameworks, gender, and ethnic discrimination- that shape their settlement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Derecho UNED is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On 28th July 1977, the Spanish Government submitted its membership application for the European Communities. The negotiations were long, they were conditioned both by Spanish domestic policy and by the evolution of the Communities. Until the accession of Spain in 1986, the Spanish governments had to carry out a broad reform of the administration, both external and internal, to adapt to the demands of the European Communities. A broad and diverse group of officials contributed to successfully fulfill the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spain has experienced a major social transformation, which is the result of immigration. This article looks at the differences that occur in their trajectories of incorporation, taking into consideration the socioeconomic, migratory and legal variables. The results show the social stratification of the immigrant group and the differences in terms of internal inequality. Furthermore, it has been noted that while in a period of economic boom, human capital was the most important factor in explaining a rising incorporation, in the period of recession, duration of stay is the crucial variable, not so much for a rising incorporation, but to maintain the same socioeconomic status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact particularly on the most vulnerable populations, including immigrants, asylum seekers and refugees in the EU. The article depicts the results of the comparative research project "Local Alliance for Integration (LION/GSRI/University of West Attica/81018): Migrant and Refugee integration into local societies in times of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain and Greece" implementing a qualitative methodology. This article analyses via 32 in-depth interviews the experiences of immigrants, asylum seekers and refugees in Greece, the increased barriers towards integration due to racial and ethnic inequalities, precarity and health disparities during this period which function as a means of perpetuating exclusion in five sectors: (a) formal employment, (b) healthcare, (c) formal education and language training, (d) housing and social care/protection, and (e) intercultural coexistence as well as the new rise of a hostile rhetoric and anti-migrant attitudes under a COVID-19 pandemic populism. The unravelling of the narratives revealed perceptions and practices of inequality and uncertainty as well as of hope. The socioeconomic impact of the pandemic on immigrants, asylum seekers and refugees, similarities and differences that occurred and evidence of the ongoing obstacles they encountered during the pandemic are presented. Policy and practice implications include the implementation of prevention measures by the institutions that are tasked with the responsibility to remove hindrances, address unequal treatment, racial/ethnic and social inequalities and raise awareness on multiple ways in which the COVID-19 pandemic has intensified vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Migraciones is the property of Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Instituto Universitario de Estudios sobre Migraciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Schools, as in the case of other organizations, face complex challenges due to generational phenomena. In addition to an increasingly aging teaching workforce, schools are becoming more age-diverse, with coexisting multiple generations. Two consequences of this situation are the declining availability of relevant and critical knowledge for schools as teachers retire and the difficulties associated with maintaining professional relationships among teachers of different generations. These challenges have highlighted the significance of understanding the relevance of generations of teachers and identifying ways to build on generational diversity. Specifically, intergenerational collaboration and learning are needed to meet these challenges. Accordingly, this study aims to (1) examine generational diversity among teachers, (2) inquire into their interactions and the learning processes accompanying collaborative experiences in professional development, and (3) explore how these experiences and processes can enhance professional learning and practice. To this end, an exploratory mixed methods research project is conducted, comprising a multiphase design with two exploratory sequential studies (QUAL→quan). The participants are a sample of beginner, veteran, and retired teachers from Spain's publicly funded schools. In the qualitative strands of the study, data collection techniques comprise focus groups and semi-structured in-depth interviews followed by thematic analysis. In the quantitative strands, questionnaires (a multidimensional scale and a survey experiment) are the major data sources, which are subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical (factor and conjoint) analyses. The focus is primarily on the qualitative strands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Social & Education History / Historia Social y de la Educación is the property of Social & Education History / Historia Social y de la Educacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

From the fields of gender studies and anthropology, this interdisciplinary study analyzes the racist experiences lived by immigrant Latin American women in Spain, which influence the adherence of the subjects to cultural assimilation techniques. Assimilation is an acculturation strategy where individuals reject the culture of origin in an attempt to fully incorporate themselves into the culture of the host society. Rejecting the Latin American culture through practices and discourses is a way of protecting oneself against the systematic racism experienced in the European territory, as well as a way of getting closer to the white privilege of natives. The methodology used has been qualitative through an intersectional analysis with a gender perspective of semi-structured individual interviews carried out with ten Latin American women immigrants in Spain. In conclusion, on one hand, it is verified that the integration discourses produced by the European institutions have been incorporated by the immigrant subjects, often being interpreted as a duty of assimilation or adaptation that would imply the rejection of the culture of origin. On the other hand, it is also recognized that, simultaneously, women put into action multiple processes of agency and empowerment during their migration journeys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deafblindness is a unique and complex disability. Research on the needs and quality of life are scarce; as well as the lack of adequate knowledge, training and lack of qualified professionals to serve this group. All this justifies the sense and interest of this study. This study is derived from the project with reference 2020EDU04. Design: The study is descriptive, cross-sectional and quantitative-qualitative research design was conducted. Objectives: Know and analyze the needs of adult deafblind people in order to contribute to improving their quality of life. Method: Sample of 16 adults with double sensory loss (hearing and vision) residing in the Autonomous Community of the Canary Islands (Spain) was used. Instruments: The FUMAT Scale was used to measure personal development; self-determination; interpersonal relationships; social inclusion; rights of deafblind people; emotional well-being; physical well-being and material well-being. In addition, a semi-structured interview is conducted. Results by dimensions: Personal development: The professionals did not have specialized training to provide an educational response. Physical well-being: 68% of the sample had other health problems associated with deafblindness. Interpersonal relationships: 100% of the sample reported communication problems in the family environment. Social inclusion: They reported difficulties in accessing educational and leisure activities. Material well-being: In general, they stated that they have the material resources necessary for their daily lives. Self-determination: they consider that they have decision-making capacity in basic aspects of daily life. Rights: Deafblind people state that they have limitations in exercising their rights. Based on the interviews, it was observed that the people with the greatest difficulties in daily life are those who presented the greatest visual commitment. Conclusion: The etiology does not determine the quality of life of deafblind people, but communication conditions interpersonal relationships and personal development, and therefore their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drawing on ethnographic material from Gitanos of Spain and current EU Roma integration policies, we explore the contemporary construction of the Roma ethnic group category as a specific type of "stranger" in the context of the European neoliberal culture complex. Our argument is that this classificatory reconstruction can be seen to work as a cultural prerequisite for the socio-political shaping and management of the Roma as a neoliberal "stable stranger." This new stranger is based on constructing Roma as a potential unused labor pool and as recent immigrants, in contrast to the Gitanos' own ideology and locally grounded identity of self-employment and anti-proletarianism. The paradoxical consequence of the integration policies, therefore, is the potential pushing of the Gitanos further away from Spanish mainstream society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigrants in rural areas and immigrant employment in the agricultural sector have been studied from a variety of perspectives. However, we currently lack a bird's-eye view of these two phenomena covering all EU member states through time. This paper tackles that gap, first by describing the main features of immigrant settlement and economic integration in rural areas in the EU. Second, it offers an EU-wide overview of immigrants' integration in the agricultural sector. Then, it investigates empirically the degree to which the different characteristics of agricultural production in two member states – Italy and Spain – are associated with a migrant presence in the area. The study finds that, in the context of a shrinking agricultural labour force, the share of migrant workers in that sector in several regions is increasing over time. Migrants living in rural areas are more likely to be unemployed and face economic hardship than locals. Migrants employed in agriculture are, also, more likely to work in elementary occupations and temporary jobs. Finally, the case studies on Italy and Spain demonstrate that the relative size of the migrant population is related to the typology of agricultural land use and to the labour intensity and seasonality of cultivation. • Immigrants in rural areas tend to fare worse compared to the local population and to migrants living in cities and towns. • In the agricultural sector, migrant workers have steadily increased their share of total employment over time. • Migrants are more likely to work in elementary occupations, to be employees, and to have temporary forms of recruitment than locals. • In Italy and Spain migrants in rural areas tend settle where intensive agricultural production, a high degree of temporary employment prevails. • Quantitative analyses based on official stastistics face challenges in terms of under-representing the real number of migrants in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration policies have a considerable impact on the influx and settlement process of immigrants, including ways and routes of immigration, regularisation, access to public services (such as education, housing and medical services), entry into the labour market, family reunification and access to citizenship. Consequently, changes in immigration policy determine the pace and direction of migrant integration and status mobility in host countries. Drawing from 64 semi-structured in-depth interviews with Indian immigrants in Spain, this paper explores the perceived effects of changes in immigration policies in Spain on immigration conditions, status mobility and integration of Indian immigrants, and strategies adopted by them to deal with these policies, during the period between 1985 and 2018. Results show that the Spanish immigration policies had several unintended negative effects on immigration conditions, regularisation, family reunification and access to Spanish citizenship, which in turn have slowed down their pace of integration and upward social mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study examines the costs of discrimination and cultural-linguistic differences for the development of migrants' sense of belonging to the receiving society. Focusing on Latin Americans in Spain allows shedding light on the cultural and linguistic mechanisms involved in this process. Migration scholars have long recognized the importance of belonging as a key indicator of integration. An analysis of belonging has clear relevance to settlement policies and programs to prevent social fragmentation or isolation of immigrants. This article takes a fresh approach to explore the development of migrants' sense of belonging to the receiving society by drawing on an original survey data set collected in 25 highly diverse territories in Spain (N = 2,648). The results show that cultural and linguistic affinity matter: There is a greater predisposition among immigrants born in Latin America to identify themselves as Spaniards, compared with other immigrant groups. However, self-reported discrimination and deficient residential settings seem to be hindering the development of a significant feeling of belonging to Spain, also among Latin Americans. Public policies aimed at decreasing discrimination against migrants, as well as improving migrant neighborhoods, will favor the integration of these immigrants and their descendants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This special issue addresses the need for cross-national analyses on immigrant integration. The articles in this issue examine the integration processes of Latino immigrants in the United States and in Spain in several aspects—socioeconomic, legal, educational, and political—and through varied methods—quantitative as well as qualitative—contributing to the literature in several ways. By focusing on the same ethnic group across different contexts, it provides a thorough comparison of the mechanisms at play in their integration processes. It emphasizes the context-specific and culture-specific elements that most affect immigrants' integration. This special issue gathers nine articles that offer complementary perspectives on the integration of Latino immigrants in Spain and the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to study how Spanish firms implement and integrate the different management systems by a comparison of Spanish firms located in Spain and Spanish firms in Czech Republic. Two empirical studies were conducted in the aforementioned two countries. A questionnaire was sent to firms in both countries that comply with a specific requirement: that they had implanted at least two management systems (no matter which ones) to carry out the integration. This research will determine the contents of the integration plan, the integration methodology, the resources (human resources and procedures) involved in the different management systems as well as the main benefits and difficulties found during the integration process. This paper is one of the first studies where the location of Spanish firms is used as a differentiating factor to compare the Integrated Management System within two European countries, in this case, Spain and Czech Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes and deals with the problems associated to exclusion of persons with disabilities from the workforce based on the impact it has in the context of economic and social dimensions, considering the fact that it results in high cost because of such exclusion. Specifically, it estimates the macroeconomic cost to the Spanish economy by modeling the incorporation of this collective into the job market. Varying types of inclusion are proposed, which are defined in terms of the different barriers that this collective encounters when attempting to access the job market. In this article, these barriers are divided between those that result from a labor gap and those that result from an education gap. The study then quantifies the macroeconomic benefits resulting from an increased participation of persons with disabilities in the workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Inguruak is the property of Asociacion Vasca de Sociologia y Ciencia Politica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes and deals with the problems associated to exclusion of persons with disabilities from the workforce based on the impact it has in the context of economic and social dimensions, considering the fact that it results in high cost because of such exclusion. Specifically, it estimates the macroeconomic cost to the Spanish economy by modeling the incorporation of this collective into the job market. Varying types of inclusion are proposed, which are defined in terms of the different barriers that this collective encounters when attempting to access the job market. In this article, these barriers are divided between those that result from a labor gap and those that result from an education gap. The study then quantifies the macroeconomic benefits resulting from an increased participation of persons with disabilities in the workforce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article we analyze the situation of immigrant organizations during the European economic crisis. We set out to examine how, during a period of heightened economic insecurity, priorities among these multiples roles might shift when members find themselves in a particularly vulnerable situation. Data was collected in the form of 16 extended semi-structured interviews with group representatives throughout the Galician autonomous community in north-western Spain. Our data provide an empirically-based study that have led us to adapt Schrover and Vermeulen's (2005) classification of immigrant association approaches as either defensive (responding to social exclusion) or offensive (emphasizing differences with respect to the destination society), extending this scheme to include a third approach, which our data show to be a priority even under conditions of economic insecurity: claims for intercultural relations with receiving society members with the goal of increased social cohesion and mutual understanding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Profesorado: Revista de Currículum y Formación del Profesorado is the property of Profesorado: Revista de Curriculum y Formacion del Profesorado and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Araucaria is the property of Araucaria-Revista Iberoamericana de Filosofia, Politica y Humanidades and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Swiss Journal of Sociology / Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is the property of Sciendo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Lengua para Fines Específicos is the property of Revista de Lengua para Fines Especificos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Spain is one of the European countries where the immigrant population has grown the most during the first years of this century. However, crime rates have remained constant in this period, even have decreased slightly, so the evolution of both phenomena does not allow to establish a positive relationship between them. Nevertheless, empirical evidence has shown that the immigration experiences differ according to local host conditions. In this way, the context would facilitate the involvement of immigrants in criminal activities. Empirical studies that address the family and social circumstances of immigrants at the local level and from a criminological perspective have not been carried out in Spain. To fill this gap, 173 immigrants were interviewed between 2017 and 2018, in order to study the relationship between local host conditions and self-reported crime, victimisation, and the perception about social control. Findings indicate that a troubled neighbourhood explains the crime committed by immigrants and their victimisation, that committing crimes and being a victim is related, and that immigrants who have committed a crime or have been victim of crime do not have a good opinion about the police and criminal justice system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims at analyzing the main problems of posted workers in the European Union, especially the elements linked to the relationship between national and European authorities, taking into consideration the European multilevel governance system. The research on which this article is based on is the result of a project that encompasses 9 national study cases, with the aim of understanding how the EU-regulation and national OSH systems affect the health and safety of (posted) workers in a transnational workplace. The data used are gathered through desk-research, as well as fieldwork. The study-case presented within the article is that of Spain. Muddling through the complicated and complex institutionalframework, we identified that the main vulnerabilities of the posted workers are related to the a) inequality of payment for the same work; b) poor living conditions; c) cultural and language barriers; d) lack of health insurance and different regulations on work accidents; e) poor representativeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to contribute to the current debate on integration during economic downturn by analysing to what extent citizenship regimes may offer opportunities for instrumental uses of naturalisation in times of economic crisis. Its main goal is to provide a more nuanced view of citizenship acquisition, its implications and its alleged instrumental uses to stabilise legal status and improve mobility chances. For this purpose, our analysis focuses on the nexus between citizenship regimes and naturalisations trends in Italy and Spain as two major Southern European immigration countries that have similar migration histories, but rather different citizenship regimes. The first part of the article provides an overview of the scholarly debate on the concept of instrumental citizenship and elaborates a typology of the possible instrumental uses by states and migrants. The second part examines the citizenship regimes and analyses the opportunity structures opened up by citizenship acquisition channels in Italy and Spain. Finally, the article analyses naturalisation trends to show that instrumental uses of citizenship acquisition are closely connected to the different opportunity structures offered by the Italian and Spanish citizenship regimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically reviews the model of subsidiary strategy proposed by Jarillo and Martinez and, based on the data from a survey of 171 MNC manufacturing affiliates in the UK, proposes an extension of their model. The key finding is the identification of a group of affiliates (quiescent subsidiaries) in the low integration-low responsiveness quadrant, not previously identified in a study of this nature. Characteristics of the quiescent affiliate type are explored, and the determinants of strategy stability and strategy change over time are evaluated. It is concluded that differences between the extended model and the original may lie in basic strategic differences between Spanish and UK affiliates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After a brief account of the findings of the project Longitudinal Study of the Second Generation in Spain (ILSEG), an eight-year-long project which constitutes the first representative study of the outcomes of children of immigrant during their adaptation process in Spain, some reflections concerning the results are shown. Firstly, implications for second generation of significant variations at the subnational level are discussed. Secondly, in spite of the partially optimistic results based on the project ILSEG, the paper considers whether certain groups of youth who become "racialized" or "ethnified" may find their pathways to economic mobility and assimilation blocked due to discrimination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the impact of the economic crisis on Ecuadorian immigrants residing in Spain. This analysis is based on a national survey conducted with Ecuadorian population in Spain. For this purpose, we have developed an impact synthetic index, and split our sample into three groups that have been affected by the economic downturn to different extents. The most harmed group shows high negative impacts on both, housing and economic indicators. On the opposite side, those who have arrived most recently, who are younger and have better schooling level, have experienced a much lighter impact of the crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the following paper we will discuss about the situation of the Romanian gypsies living in Spain and the main problems involved by their presence in this country. We will analyze the causes that made them emigrate to Spain, together with a historical analysis of this process, the living conditions they have (housing, employment, education...). Also, we will present the social problems they suffer because of their particular culture, other than Spanish, the main settlements where they chosen to live in Spain and social acceptance from the point of view of the Spanish population. The present article is the direct result of a research program that was developed almost two years ago by the Research Center for Regional Development and European Integration of the University of Bucharest, part of a larger research program regarding the ethnic minorities of Romania. The main important aspect of this research is the fact that we used two target groups interviewed both in Romania and Spain and also, we used official information regarding Romanian gypsy located actually on Spanish territory, according with the official Spanish census. This way we managed to gather a large quantity of information and to provide to the reader a closer to reality image of the status of Romanian gypsy presently living inside Spanish border. Also, the novelty brought by this research is the fact that we tried to present the social and integration problems encountered by the Romanian gypsies located in the cities or villages of Spain. The article might be considered a starting point for future research upon this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to analyse the reproductive patterns of the immigrant population and to evaluate their impact on, and implications for, demographic dynamics in Spain. The general hypothesis is that migrant fertility is closely related to the fact and circumstances of migration. Using the 2007 National Immigrant Survey, the results show the existence of a clear fertility pattern. This pattern is characterised by reduced fertility before and during migration, a strong recovery after becoming settled, and a subsequent reduction. The main implication is that this will lead to a significant reduction in migrant fertility, since the inflows have been reduced and the 'recovery' period of the fertility rates of immigrants who arrived before 2007 has passed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational attainment in one's youth generally leads to a more successful transition to adulthood. However, the number of years that youth spend in the educational system is affected by personal characteristics and social context. For immigrants who arrive in a country as children, one of these variables is national or geographical origin, which influences the type of adjustment challenges they must face. Receiving countries must make a major effort to integrate this student population into their educational systems, in order to ensure, as far as possible, that equal opportunities are available to all. The present study analyses the educational trajectory of young people (aged 15-34) in Catalonia (Northeast Spain) and the relationship between the desired and actual level of education attained. Kaplan-Meier and Cox models (survival analysis) were fitted to assess the influence of different variables in explaining the time spent in the education system. After controlling for personal, parental and contextual factors, we found that Moroccan youth have a higher risk of abandoning their studies, and therefore attain a lower educational level. However, Latin-American populations are more likely to feel dissatisfied with the level achieved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an analysis of the process of integration among migrant young people in Catalonia aged from 14 to 18. For this purpose, a study was made, using a survey and four discussion groups probing the points of view of both the migrant and native youth. Results are organised around a model of integration based on four core dimensions: structural, cognitive-cultural, social and of identity; and confirm that a society which is plural in its beliefs, convictions and forms should be reflected in democratic systems and social and educational policies based on a concept of integration as reciprocity and understood as a fundamental principle in the management of diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forests of the Sierra Nevada (SN) mountain range are valuable natural heritages for the region and the country, and tree height is an important forest structure parameter for understanding the SN forest ecosystem. There is still a need in the accurate estimation of wall-to-wall SN tree height distribution at fine spatial resolution. In this study, we presented a method to map wall-to-wall forest tree height (defined as Lorey’s height) across the SN at 70-m resolution by fusing multi-source datasets, including over 1600in situtree height measurements and over 1600 km2airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data. Accurate tree height estimates within these airborne LiDAR boundaries were first computed based onin situmeasurements, and then these airborne LiDAR-derived tree heights were used as reference data to estimate tree heights at Geoscience Laser Altimeter System (GLAS) footprints. Finally, the random forest algorithm was used to model the SN tree height from these GLAS tree heights, optical imagery, topographic data, and climate data. The results show that our fine-resolution SN tree height product has a good correspondence with field measurements. The coefficient of determination between them is 0.60, and the root-mean-squared error is 5.45 m. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The main aims of the present study is to translate, carry out and test the validity and reliability of a transcultural adaptation of the Children Attitudes towards Integrated Physical Education - Revised CAIPE-R (Block, 1995) into the Spanish language in order to be used in Spain. Participants were 791 primary school students without disabilities (393 males and 398 females, aged between 9 to 13 years old, mean age 10.80 ± 0.739). The CAIPE-R measures the attitudes that children without disabilities have towards the inclusion of children with disabilities in their general physical education (GPE) lessons. Results confirm a structure of three components of the scale CAIPE-SP accounting for 35.982% of the variance. The estimation of reliability for the subscales was .812, .470 and .374, respectively. Taking into account the obtained results, the transcultural adaptation of the scale CAIPE-R into Spanish supposes a valuable contribution to the research about the perception of disabilities in physical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines differences in prejudice, perceived similarity, and social dominance in members of the majority who favor integration as a means of minority acculturation. A total of 342 non-Gypsy Spanish participants filled out a questionnaire about their relationship to one of three outgroups: Maghrebians, Gypsies, and Latin Americans. Hierarchical cluster analysis showed that a three-cluster solution was most fitting for every outgroup. ANOVAs applied to the three clusters indicated significant differences in prejudice, perceived similarity, and social dominance. Referring to Gypsies the largest effect size was observed in manifest prejudice (η2 = .63), in Maghrebians, the largest effect size was observed in subtle prejudice (η2 =.77), while for Latin Americans, perceived similarity had the largest effect size η2 ( = .60). The results reveal a need to modify existing measures of integration; we recommend using questionnaires to measure behaviors that members of the majority would be willing to implement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the hypothesis that migrant integration policy can be improved through the development of standards and antidiscrimination policies. It examines the principle of nondiscrimination, particularly in terms of racial or ethnic origin, as a path to integration. From this perspective, it identifies how instances of discrimination place immigrants in disadvantageous situations. It proposes keys for interpreting social patterns of discrimination. Finally, it reflects on how access to justice can be a means to achieve protection against discrimination. The study identifies this as a guarantee based on a theory of justice that assigns priority to the principle of equal participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the main changes to immigrant integration policy in Spain following the impact of the economic crisis. To this end, it analyzes the way legal immigration continues to be strictly bound by the labor market. The fact that demand for foreign labor has fallen makes it difficult to reconcile immigration with inclusion. One of the clearest indicators that integration is not a priority in Spain is the significant restriction of immigrants' rights, particularly in relation to healthcare. This situation underlines the compelling need to develop a multidimensional policy that considers those in Spain with a migrant background as individuals with rights. Such a policy must introduce plans and measures that support social cohesion from a perspective of fundamental legal equality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Integrated care has been recognized as a useful strategy to avoid the existing gaps in health care provision and, consequently, to improve the efficacy of the provided care and to improve patients' health outcomes, quality of life and satisfaction. Community care is based on the assessment and intervention over the local health determinants, needs and resources. This process, in order to constitute a true community health approach, needs to be performed in a participatory manner by professionals and community stakeholders. Even though integration is being facilitated and promoted though numerous health systems, frequently is focused around care levels (primary care and specialized care) or adjacent health systems (primary care and mental health care), and rarely considers other related aspects as social care or community health. The Basque Country Health Department, since 2013 has been developing an overall strategy aimed to generalize some integrative experiences previously tested. At this point all health care organization at the Basque Health System has functionally integrated primary and secondary care, and several plans are being developed in order to advance towards a comprehensive integration of systems. One of these specific plans is aimed to integrate the community health perspective into the primary care health system and this process and the first results are the subject of this communication. Short description of practice change implemented, aims, target population and key stakeholders involved. With the aim of integrating community health perspective into the primary care network, the Public Health Department and Osakidetza (the Public Basque Health System), constituted a work team appointed to lead the necessary process. This group was constituted by health promotion, primary care and research professionals of both institutions. The group proposed a plan based on three main elements: communication of the interest of integrated community care practice; capacitation of professionals; provision of a theoretical framework fitting the Basque Country reality. All these three elements were oriented to promote the integration of health professionals (primary care and health promotion) in local health networks (already existing or newly developed) working in the assessment and intervention over the main local health determinants. The local health network was considered key of the whole process. Key findings: results, outcomes and impact. Regarding the three main elements of the plan, the communication of the interest of integrating community health was based on multilevel plenary sessions attended by the managers of care organizations and primary care units. Also a work cafe was celebrated with the participation of interdisciplinary stakeholders from the health system but also from the local authorities, education, social system and citizenship. Regarding capacitation of professionals, a peer based education process is being developed. Around 70 professionals are taking part on it and at the same time that theoretical contents are being provided, each attendant is putting on place at his/her own local community the lessons learned. Finally a guide for the integration of community health perspective has been composed by some of the members of the team. This guide is based on published evidence and its being used as the base for the education process. It dedicates special attention to the evaluation of the process and the local networks results. Highlights: (discussions, lessons learned from the process of implementation, timeline, contingencies developed) Community care was not a new issue for several health organizations. Abundant experiences were already put in place and, for the professionals already involved, this new plan constitutes a great opportunity to consolidate their advances. It is very important to consider these previous experiences, never neglect them and use that knowledge to improve the new initiative. The process to participate in local health networks is difficult for non-trained professionals. It is necessary to capacitate health professionals in participatory techniques in order to made them feel comfortable with the task and also to enable them to play an active role in the participatory processes. Health care managers need to facilitate the participation of health professionals in local health networks as the key point to integrate community care in the health system. Community stakeholders welcome health professionals to be a part of the existing networks and are willing to promote and work on new ones. Conclusion: (include comments on sustainability and on transferability) Integration of community perspective in the health care provision is a complex task that only can be tackled through the dedication and work of health professionals, the facilitation of the managers and the determination of the whole health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public resources should always be managed efficiently, more so in times of crisis. Due to the specific characteristics of the healthcare sector, there is a need for special attention, especially in regards to hospitals. Administrators need useful tools to be able to efficiently manage available resources, such as enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Therefore, an analysis of the effects of their implementation and use in hospitals is valuable. This study has two purposes. One is to analyse the role ERP systems play in aiding the integration of hospital data, with focus on user satisfaction as well as possible resistance to change. The other purpose is to analyse the effects of implanting and using ERP systems in the hospital environment and identifying how certain variables influence the process, especially the existence of different organisational cultures. Results indicate that clinical information has become notably more integrated, despite the lack of flow in the economic–financial area. The heterogeneous nature of the different groups, clinical (Medical, Nursing) and non-clinical (Economic–Financial, Accounting), had a negative influence on the implementation process, and limited the integration of information as well as the system's performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integration is often, implicitly or otherwise, posited as a social good to be aspired to in contemporary Spanish films about immigration and wider European debates on this topic. Integration, however, can be a problematic notion which tends to insist more on the adjustments of the incoming “others” to a pre-existing common culture than on the necessity of the “host” to adapt. This article explores the extent to which Chus Gutiérrez's 2008 film,Retorno a Hansala, proffers a new paradigm for integration by having the action focus on a white Spanish male's “migration” to North Africa which places him in a “contact zone” outside Spanish borders. It reads this border crossing in the light of current politics shaping the representations of North African Muslim immigrants and also with attention to Spain's historical ties with, and ambivalent stance towards, its Arab and Islamic heritage. Understanding this web of connections as encapsulated within the film's overarching metaphor of “return,” this article dwells on the term's multiple resonances and their relationship to present-day issues of integration, including historicalconvivenciaand contemporary ideas of cosmopolitanism that stress solidarity with others regardless of borders and other divisive distinctions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are practical difficulties in making intercultural education a substantial element of inclusion in both primary and compulsory secondary education in Europe. The Spanish education system and, in particular, the Catalan education system, have developed a series of strategies in response to the new multicultural complexity encountered in both the classroom and society as a whole. In this study, several inclusive attempts of the Catalan education system will be discussed. As a consequence of their analysis, educational models that are compatible with the framework of inclusive education will be presented as an effective means of promoting greater social integration and a peaceful coexistence in the school context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper presents the results of a research study whose main objectives were to analyze and compare internal and external management system audits regarding their implementation and integration in Spanish companies. Nine variables were investigated, namely the audit team, schedule, strategy, plan, report, methodology, guidelines, frequency and outputs. The results show that there are some significant differences regarding the audit team formation, the auditing guidelines used and the frequency of conducting the audits. The rest of the variables did not exhibit significant differences between internal and external audits. In addition, the integration level of both these categories of audits is very high for all the audit elements analyzed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper seeks to extend the utility of ethnography to the planning of successful integration policy and programs for immigrants. I posit that, through a better understanding of the multiple and intersecting contexts in which immigration is located, especially in regard to how culture informs the way that host nationals frame immigration, policy makers and social scientists can work together to formulate policies and programs appropriate to local contexts that are more successful at fostering communities of inclusion and cohesion. Findings from a small ethnographic study completed in Andalusia, Spain, illustrate how experience-near approach, ethnographic research reveals opportunities for co-operation between host nationals and newcomers that can be used by policy makers and others concerned with the welfare of immigrants to foster integration and to promote social cohesion. In doing so, findings from this study demonstrate that culture is not simply a contested site used by members of the dominant group to exclude newcomers, but also a site in which there is the potential for co-operation between members of a community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]