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Background: Sexual violence (SV) is a public health problem with high prevalence among the young population. The use of formal resources for SV care (e.g. institutional services) is low in this age group. This study applies a framework of health assets to identify the factors that positively influence the search for support for SV among young people, the functions of that support and the level of proximity as articulated by both young people and professionals. Methods: A qualitative study was conducted through 38 semi-structured interviews with young people and professionals from SV resource centers and/or care services for the young population in Spain. A thematic theoretical analysis was conducted, embedded in inductive insights emerging from the data, following a particular adaptation of the constant comparative method, under the grounded theory approach. This analysis was carried out by coding the interview transcripts with the support of Atlas.ti. Results: Young women identified assets, categorized as feminist, that they believe they are essential in the search for formal support services for SV. However, unlike young men, they considered the police and judicial system to be barriers and not assets. There were also differences between the young people and professionals in identifying assets. Young people also considered their partner and traditional media as health assets, in contrast to professionals who did not identify these as such valuable resources in the help-seeking process. Informal assets, such as family, friends and the internet are considered close resources. In contrast, specialized care services for gender-based violence/SV and the judicial and police systems were perceived as more distant resources among the young interviewees. Conclusions: This study shows similarities and discrepancies among young women and men and SV response professionals in identifying assets for seeking SV support among youth. The study shows an inverse relationship between perceptions of proximity and the level of formality of the asset. This study also contributes to map the relationships and information exchanges between assets. It is advisable to inform professionals about the assets that professionals do not acknowledge, and about actions that allow young people to access formal resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence shows that the presence of third parties during face-to-face interviews can compromise data quality, as respondents may be more reluctant to answer sensitive questions and/or provide less accurate answers. This study analyzes the influence of both location and third-party presence on respondents' answers to sensitive questions. Using data from the Violence against Women Macro-Survey conducted in Spain in 2019 (n = 6,563), this study identifies some of the factors associated with the disclosure of intimate partner violence experiences within the current relationship. To do so, a series of logistic regression models were estimated, using each category of violence (i.e., physical, emotional and sexual violence, as well as controlling behaviors) as dependent variables. Independent variables include factors related to both the location where the interview took place and the people who were present during it. A series of personal characteristics of the respondents (e.g., age, employment status, disability), their partners (e.g., sex, nationality), and some variables referring to the relationship (e.g., relationship length, breadwinner) were also included. Results show that both the location where the interview took place and the presence of children are associated with the disclosure of violence experiences. It was also found that the interviewers more frequently recorded that they suspected situations of under-reporting when children were present, and when controlling behaviors and/or emotional violence had been disclosed. These findings can be used from a practical perspective to inform interviewer training and data collection protocols when sensitive data is collected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the relationship between immigration and group sexual assaults in Spain through the media. It was found that there were 194 immigrant offenders from 21 nationalities in 182 cases of group sexual violence recorded between 2014 and 2019. The study seeks to debunk the idea that immigrants have a higher involvement in this type of crime. Some studies find an overrepresentation of immigrants in criminal acts, while others indicate that immigrants engage in antisocial behaviors similarly to natives or even have lower crime rates. In Spain, studies conclude that immigration does not increase crime, although the relationship may vary depending on the type of crime and the characteristics of immigrants. The study analyzes group sexual violence and its relationship with the immigrant population in Spain. The results show that there is a higher participation of the immigrant population in these crimes, especially from countries in northwest Africa. However, other complementary aspects of this information are unknown, such as the legal status of the offenders or the motivations of the minors involved. It is concluded that the nationality of the offender is not a significant predictor by itself, and it is suggested to conduct more rigorous research to establish causal relationships and consider other factors that may increase criminal risk in the immigrant population. [Extracted from the article]

The Organic Law 10/2022, known as the "Yes means Yes" Law, has been approved in Spain with the aim of including a gender perspective in the legal response to sexual violence. This law seeks to protect the rights of victims of sexual violence and guarantee their comprehensive reparation. The debate has focused on the interpretation of the retroactivity principle of laws favorable to the accused and accusations of punitive feminism. The law aims to change the approach to consent and the definition of sexual violence. There were 15,338 crimes against sexual freedom recorded in Spain in 2019. Sexual violence is a form of structural violence in patriarchal societies. The law seeks to provide a comprehensive response to victims and modify the Spanish Penal Code of 1995. The phallocentric approach to crimes against sexual freedom is criticized. The text analyzes the configuration of sexual violence crimes and highlights the phallocentric view of rape in criminal legislation. The controversy over the role of consent in the penal regulation of sexual violence is also mentioned. In addition, the myths about sexual assaults and victims of sexual violence, which are based on gender stereotypes and have an impact on the criminal process and judicial decisions, are mentioned. The article addresses the stereotypes and myths surrounding victims of sexual violence, such as the idea that they seek personal benefits or are vengeful. These stereotypes have consequences in the criminal process, as victims may modify their behavior or statements to protect themselves from the hostility of justice. In addition, the value of the sole testimony of victims is questioned, and the arguments used by the defense in the case of "La Manada" are analyzed. Organic Law 10/2022 aims to guarantee sexual freedom and eradicate sexual violence, not only through sanctions but also by guaranteeing the rights of victims and repairing the damage caused. The article analyzes the criticism of "punitive feminism" and highlights that the law focuses on supporting victims of sexual violence rather than punishment. It also points out that the feminist movement did not demand harsher criminal punishment, but protested against an incomprehensible judicial sentence in the case of "La Manada". The law defines sexual violence broadly and recognizes the right to comprehensive assistance for victims. In addition, it emphasizes that the law focuses on consent as the main element in sexual offenses, following the requirements of the Istanbul Convention. The article presents changes in the treatment of consent in sexual offenses in Spain. It establishes that consent does not need to be expressed orally but can be interpreted through the victim's behavior and circumstances. The interpretation of silence and lack of opposition as consent is replaced by considering them as a lack of consent. In addition, the distinction between sexual abuse and sexual assault is eliminated, and violence and intimidation are considered aggravating circumstances in sexual violence crimes. The article also highlights the revictimizing effect of the criminal process in cases of sexual violence and recognizes the right to reparation for victims. These changes are reflected in the modifications of the Spanish Penal Code, where a basic type of sexual assault is created while maintaining the crime of rape. The article analyzes the controversies surrounding the "Yes means Yes" Law on sexual violence in Spain. The unification of sexual assaults and abuses into a single criminal figure to avoid revictimization of victims is highlighted. The controversy over the application of the retroactivity principle of laws favorable to the defendant, which could be interpreted as a reduction in penalties for sexual assault and rape, is discussed. It is clarified that the law does not have retroactive effects and that it applies to ongoing cases. [Extracted from the article]

There is an increasing awareness of the magnitude of different forms of sexual violence (SV), especially in relation to youth. The COVID-19 pandemic has also had a negative impact on different forms of violence against women. In this study, we aim to analyse SV in the COVID-19 lockdown among young people and SV-related services from the perspective of professionals and young people from different sectors in Spain with responsibilities in attending SV and other forms of violence against women-related. A qualitative content analysis was performed on semi-structured interviews with 23 women and men aged 18 to 24 and 15 professionals working with youth and/or in violence against women or sexual violence related services. The sample was from northern, eastern and central regions of Spain. According to the professionals' experience, the COVID-19 lockdown lessened their ability to work on violence prevention. Both informants perceived that sexual violence had decreased in public spaces whereas it increased in digital ones and noticed the silence surrounding violent situations had deepened. However, they differed regarding its impact on sexual violence within intimate partners, mainly due to the lack of awareness of this problem among young men. In regard to violence against women and sexual violence, our results highlight the need to develop protocols for action and improve resource accessibility in crisis contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Research has just begun to identify American college students who study abroad as a group at-risk for sexual violence victimization. The purpose of the current study was to examine the context of these incidents. Participants: We utilized a large longitudinal sample of 2,428 United States college students studying abroad for between 4 and 21 weeks in 12 different foreign countries. Methods: We estimated descriptive statistics and logistic regression models to assess prevalence and correlates of sexual victimization abroad, as well as effect size comparisons to quantify changes in drinking abroad. Results: Over one-fifth of students experienced sexual violence while abroad, including sexual assault and verbal coercion. Women, younger students, those who experienced sexual violence prior, and heavier drinkers had the greatest odds of sexual violence victimization abroad. Conclusions: Findings point to the need for evidence-based programming to reduce sexual violence risk among American college students studying in foreign countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is an important public health problem. Female victims of IPV do not always use the institutional resources available to them. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the Spanish 2014 Macro-Survey on Violence Against Women. The findings show that 15% of the survey participants suffered from IPV in the last year. The factors associated with a higher probability of suffering IPV are being of non-Spanish nationality, being a student, having a low-educational level, having no income, being the household head, and not having a current partner. Regarding the resources used by women subjected to IPV, almost half resorted to informal sources, such as female friends and/or their own mothers. The use of formal resources was low. Therefore, IPV continues to be a problem in Spain that seems to remain in the private domain. Consequently, it is necessary to increase the availability of and access to legal resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista de Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Interventions engaging men that challenge unequal gender norms have been shown to be effective in reducing violence against women (VAW). However, few studies have explored how to promote anti-VAW positive masculinity in young adults. This study aims to identify key multicountry strategies, as conceived by young adults and other stakeholders, for promoting positive masculinities to improve gender equity and prevent and target VAW. This study (2019–2021) involved young adults (aged 18–24 years) and stakeholders from Ireland, Israel, Spain, and Sweden. We applied concept mapping, a participatory mixed-method approach, in phases: (1) brainstorming, using semi-structured interviews with young adults (n = 105) and stakeholders (n = 60), plus focus group discussions (n = 88), to collect ideas for promoting anti-VAW positive masculinity; (2) development of an online questionnaire for sorting (n = 201) and rating ideas emerging from brainstorming by importance (n = 406) and applicability (n = 360); (3) based on sorting and rating data, creating rating maps for importance and applicability and clusters/strategies using multidimensional scaling and hierarchical cluster analysis with groupwisdom™ software; and (4) interpretation of results with multicountry stakeholders to reach agreement. The cluster map identified seven key strategies (41 actions) for promoting anti-VAW positive masculinities ranked from highest to lowest: Formal and informal education and training; Preventive education and activities in different settings/areas; Skills and knowledge; Empathy, reflection, and understanding; Media and public efforts; Policy, legislation, and the criminal justice system; and Organizational actions and interventions. Pattern matches indicated high agreement between young people and stakeholders in ranking importance (r = 0.96), but low agreement for applicability (r = 0.60). Agreement in the total sample on prioritizing statements by importance and applicability was also low (r = 0.20); only 14 actions were prioritized as both important and applicable. Young people and stakeholders suggested seven comprehensive, multidimensional, multi-setting strategies to facilitate promoting positive masculinity to reduce VAW. Discrepancy between importance and applicability might indicate policy and implementation obstacles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As conservative and neo-authoritarian tendencies in Europe move across political and geo-cultural borders, we bear witness to a renewed attack on gender and sexual rights. This is a challenge to democratic citizenship that demands that we think anew the pervasive and multifaceted violence that structures the social organisation of gendered and sexual lives. How to think about the relationship between the hindering of sexual citizenship and current debates about sexual and gender-based violence in a historical present marked by a growing and revived conservative reaction? How to re-articulate a critical analysis of gender and sexual based violence that also accounts for the violence of gender? How to orient the condemnation of gender and sexual based violence towards a deepening of democracy? Taking Spain as a point of departure, this article examines recent legislative developments and argues for an expansive, albeit differentiated, approach to gender-based violence, in line with citizenship rights. Articulated in intersectional terms, this approach, it is contended, should challenge the intensification of racism and other exclusionary discourses that are gaining traction in Europe, and recognise that violence against those who experience gender and sexuality beyond normative heterosexuality also amounts to gendered forms of violence. It is along these lines that it would be possible to think of a feminist critique of violence in pursuit of a more democratic and just society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the representation of women in sodomy prosecutions. Based on the analysis of theological, moral, medical and legal literature, it aims to shed light on the different controversies surrounding "perfect" and "imperfect" sodomy that determined the understanding and suitability of women as moral and legal subjects in the face of supposedly unnatural acts. It also relates the two nefarious crimes in which a woman could be implicated, either as an active figure through sodomy between women, or as a victim of unnatural sexual violence carried out by a man. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Migraciones is the property of Universidad Pontificia Comillas, Instituto Universitario de Estudios sobre Migraciones and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho de la Seguridad Social, Laborum is the property of Ediciones Laborum S.L. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigates the factors associated with alcohol-facilitated sexual violence among young women in the Spanish night-time economy, through the analysis of twenty-six qualitative interviews with eleven young women and fifteen young men who frequent these spaces. Our results show how this type of violence originates, both from the perspective of the young women and the young men. The young women warn of the risk of sexual victimization associated with the abuse of alcohol. The young men, for their part, describe the tactics used to gain non-consensual sexual contact. These data contribute to showing how important it is for the legislation on these matters to have a gender perspective. They also add to the complex debate on the penal reform that is ongoing in Spain, in particular on sexual crimes facilitated by alcohol abuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article identifies and explores two ways in which sex and violence are manifested in several medieval Spanish texts. In the first group of stories analyzed, rape and sexually-related violence are condemned as treacherous affronts that result in the dishonor of the female victim as well as a male figure in her orbit—namely, her father or her betrothed. Nevertheless, these episodes shed light on the admirable qualities of key female characters and often contribute to the heroic construct of the male protagonist. In the second group, the victims' roles are limited to enduring a sexual indignity—concubinage or rape—and bearing the illegitimate child who will restore lost order. The narrators celebrate the degradation of these noblewomen as a manifestation of heroic prowess, and they either delight in her family's disgrace or disregard the matter of honor entirely. All the episodes in question, some of which are violent in nature, add a layer of dramatism to the narration, and perhaps struck a chord with the audience on a human level. Considering some similarities between details in the stories and documented cases of sexual violence, we might imagine that the female characters inspired women who comprised a reading or listening public to act with equal bravery and resilience while navigating the dangerously male dominated world in which they lived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incarcerated women are at high risk of exposure to traumatic events with subsequent development of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The present study builds on prior research by adding new findings from Spain on the association between childhood and prison victimization, and negative emotional states with PTSD symptoms during incarceration among women. The study sample (N = 174) included female prison inmates enrolled from two prisons located in Southeast Spain. Participants completed self-report questionnaires including demographic and criminal variables, childhood and prison victimization (including emotional, physical and sexual victimization), negative emotional states (including depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms) and PTSD symptoms. Logistic regression analysis revealed that women screening positive for trauma had significantly greater odds for the assortment of childhood victimization, prison victimization (specifically physical victimization) and depression, anxiety, and stress. Current findings suggest a need to include these construct assessments in the screening and identification of PTSD among incarcerated women in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Psicologia GEPU is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Paul Preston (Liverpool, 1946) has been professor in international history at the London School of Economics since 1991 and is the honorary president of the Association for Contemporary Iberian Studies. Renowned for his work on the Spanish Civil War and Francoist dictatorship, Preston's internationally acclaimed books include A People Betrayed (2020), The Last Days of the Spanish Republic (2016), The Spanish Holocaust (2012), The Spanish Civil War (2006), Doves of War: Four Women of Spain (2002), Comrades! Portraits from the Spanish Civil War (1999) and Franco: A Biography (1993). An English-language edition of his latest work Arquitectos del terror: Franco y los artífices del odio, published in Spanish in 2021, is due for publication in Autumn 2022. Preston was interviewed in January 2021 by Deborah Madden, a Leverhulme Trust research fellow at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Preston offers intriguing insight into his research, discussing the politics of sexual violence, memory politics, research as a form of activism and his main regret as a historian. The following transcript has been edited for length and clarity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The nefarious nexus of patriarchy and nationalism that characterized Francoist Spain (1939–75) made sexualized violence inflicted on the state's female prisoners an immanently political act. Focusing on En el infierno: Ser mujer en las cárceles de España (1977), the prison memoir of the communist and feminist activist Lidia Falcón, this article draws on theories of trauma, victimhood and memory to interrogate how Falcón navigates questions of (self-)representation and agency through the portrayal of rape and sexualized violence in Franco's women's prisons. Rape, for Falcón, is a multifaceted act that violates both the female body and the collective body politic, while the various manifestations of abuse – 'las modalidades de violación' – reify sexual and political dominance. By speaking on behalf of the female prison population, Falcón utilizes the collective voice so as to presuppose a collective victimhood that fosters solidarity amongst women and resists subjugation by the masculinist state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past studies that have analyzed fear of victimization using samples composed of men and women have most frequently controlled for the effect of gender. This study not only controls for the effect of gender, but also examines how the predictors of fear of victimization may vary across gender. To do so, separate regression models for men and women were estimated and the corresponding z tests were calculated for the purpose of analyzing whether the differences between genders were significant. The results showed that women scored higher on the general fear of crime victimization scale, as well as for fear of becoming victims of each of the specific crimes under study. Religiosity had an equally significant effect on men and women's fear of victimization. Also, younger participants were more likely to fear being victims in the cases of both men and women, although this effect was even more pronounced among women. In addition, respondents' fear of victimization differed across gender based on sexual orientation. Finally, the results showed a few variables (political orientation and sexual victimization) that were only significant in the case of women, but not of men. The findings of this study confirm that fear of victimization and its predictors vary between women and men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigaciones Feministas is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Derecho Penal y Criminologia is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of this paper is to discover the extent to which women living homeless in Madrid (Spain) have been victims of intimate partner sexual violence (IPSV), analysing the connection between stressful life events (SLE) relating to violent victimisation and having suffered sexual assault by a partner. This study took place using a sample of women living homeless in Madrid (n = 136). The results obtained show that a high percentage of the women living homeless who were questioned had been victims of IPSV. The women interviewed, who had been victims of IPSV, had suffered, to a greater extent, SLEs relating to situations of violent victimisation, both during childhood and adolescence as well as in adulthood. The episodes of violent victimisation that seem to be the most common forerunners to IPSV are incidents of sexual abuse in childhood and adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By examining the experience of rape in Spain in the 1930s and 1940s, this article explains how the Spanish Civil War and Franco's dictatorship dramatically increased the likelihood of women becoming victims of sexual assault. Contrary to what historians often assume, this phenomenon was not the result of rape being deliberately used as a 'weapon of war' or as a blunt method of political repression against women. The upsurge in sexual violence was a by-product of structural transformations in the wartime and dictatorial contexts, and it was the direct consequence, rather than the instrument, of the violent imposition of a fascist-inspired regime. Using archival evidence from numerous Spanish archives, the article historicizes rape in a wider cultural, legal, and social context and reveals the essential albeit ambiguous political nature of both wartime and post-war rape. The experience of rape was mostly shaped not by repression but structural factors such as ruralization and social hierarchization, demographic upheavals, exacerbation of violent masculinity models, the proliferation of weapons, and the influence of fascist and national-Catholic ideologies. Rape became an expression of the nature of power and social and gender relations in Franco's regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Investigaciones Feministas is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the growing body of research concerning victimization and mental health among college populations around the world, there remains a need for additional studies that emphasize the role that victimization has on mental health. This study builds on previous research by analyzing the relationship between mental distress and victimization status in Spanish college students (n = 828, 490 women and 338 men). Using online surveys, we examined the prevalence rates of seven types of victimization (threats, insults, online slander, theft, physical abuse, sexual harassment, and sexual abuse) and three mental health disorders (stress, anxiety, and depression, as measured by the DASS-21 [Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21]) among students at two universities in southeastern Spain. According to their victimization experiences during the 12 months prior to the interviews, participants were classified into three victimization status groups: nonvictims (42.3%), single-type victims (23.3%), and polyvictims (34.4%). Except for threat and physical abuse, women reported significantly higher rates than men for each type of victimization and were classified more often as polyvictims. MANCOVA showed significant associations between polyvictimization and all three indicators of mental distress after controlling for sex. Interestingly, there were no differences between single-type victims and nonvictims in their self-reported levels of anxiety, stress, and depression. Female students reported a higher prevalence of severe and extremely severe levels of anxiety and stress than did their male counterparts. This study highlights the fact that a nontrivial proportion of college students experience mental distress, reinforces the existing link between polyvictimization and mental health disorders, and stresses the importance of violence awareness and prevention activities targeting this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual violence against women and girls is one of the most brutal forms of gender violence and, at the same time, a long-silenced crime. The availability of periodic, rigorous and reliable statistics is a requirement to monitor any phenomenon of public interest and, in the case of sexual violence, an unavoidable requirement to design policies and interventions aimed at prevention, eradication, intervention and reparation. This article wants to be a contribution to the struggle of women victims of any form of sexual violence and, in particular, a political reflection of denunciation against the unjustified shortage of quantitative sources and the inexplicable low quality of the data for the study of this event in Spain. In the first part, we identify the agencies responsible for producing and disseminating sexual crime statistics, making a succinct evaluation of the main sources available. In the second part, we present a compilation of the series on sexual delinquency extracted from the different Statistical Yearbooks published by the Ministry of the Interior since 1987, noting its low capacity for a rigorous quantitative study of sexual violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal on Masculinities & Social Change / Masculinidades y Cambio Social is the property of Journal on Masculinities & Social Change / Masculinidades y Cambio Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction/objective: Sexual harassment is one of the types of violence that should most concern the educational community, consequently, the objective of this study is to analyze the knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of university students towards sexual harassment. Method: From a qualitative approach, ten individual interviews were carried out with students (six female students and four male students) and eight heterogeneous discussion groups made up of 67 students. All of them belong to a public university located in the northwest of Spain. Results: The students have little knowledge about sexual harassment and, in addition, they do not receive training that gives them the tools that allow them to identify and combat it. Likewise, most of the participants express that sexual harassment is common in the academic environment, but that it is invisible. Through their own words, it is identified that they perceive permissive attitudes towards sexual harassment on the part of teachers and the university, considering that there is no real implication to intervene in harassment situations. Conclusions: It is necessary for the university to commit to implement prevention and intervention strategies, in order to identify, punish and eradicate each and every one of the forms of violence, including sexual harassment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diversitas (17949998) is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas, Facultad de Psicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study consisted in analysing the cases of drug-facilitated sexual assault--chemical submission--from 2008 to 2017. A total of 240 cases registered during this period within the territorial area of the Spanish Civil Guard were analysed. Results show an increasing incidence of sexual assault cases that are drug-facilitated in order to annul the will of the victim, or at least that there is a greater awareness to report these cases. From the analyses carried out, distinctive characteristics of this type of sexual offences were observed with respect to other modalities, in the sense that they are linked to leisure situations (at night, on weekends and holiday periods) although the place of commission is fundamentally the victim's or the perpetrator's residence. The profile of the victim is that of a young woman, of legal age (with a mean age of 25 years) and Spanish, although foreign women are also vulnerable victims. When the victim is male, the mean age decreases notably (20 years) with a higher incidence among minors. The aggressor is eminently male, older (around 30 years) and also Spanish. Databases can be a good starting point to frame the phenomenon, elucidating some of the main variables that intervene in these crimes, such as the moment and place of commission, as well as those persons most inclined to suffer them and, in the opposite pole, those most likely to carry out this type of criminal act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objectives: Sexual assault (SA) is recognized as a public health problem of epidemic proportions. Guidelines recommend the administration of post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP) after an SA. However, few data are available about the feasibility of this strategy, and this study was conducted to assess this. Methods: We conducted a retrospective, longitudinal, observational study in SA victims attending the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona from 2006 to 2015. A total of 1695 SA victims attended the emergency room (ER), of whom 883 met the PEP criteria. Five follow‐up visits were scheduled at days 1, 10, 28, 90 and 180 in the out‐patient clinic. The primary endpoint was PEP completion rate at day 28. Secondary endpoints were loss to follow‐up, treatment discontinuation, occurrence of adverse events (AEs) and rate of seroconversion. Results: The median age of participants was 25 years [interquartile range (IQR) 21–33 years] and 93% were female. The median interval between exposure and presentation at the ER was 13 h (IQR 6–24 h). The level of risk was appreciable in 47% (n = 466) of individuals. Of 883 patients receiving PEP, 631 lived in Catalonia. In this group, the PEP completion rate at day 28 was 29% (n = 183). The follow‐up rate was 63% (n = 400) and 38% (n = 241) at days 1 and 28, respectively. Treatment discontinuation was present in 58 (15%) of 400 patients who attended at least the day 1 visit, the main reason being AEs (n = 35; 60%). AEs were reported in 226 (56%) patients, and were mainly gastrointestinal (n = 196; 49%). Only 211 (33%) patients returned for HIV testing at day 90. A single seroconversion was observed in a men who have sex with men (MSM) patient at day 120. Conclusions: Follow‐up and compliance rates in SA victims were poor. In addition, > 50% of the patients experienced AEs, which were the main reason for PEP interruption. Strategies to increase follow‐up testing and new better tolerated drug regimens must be investigated to address these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sexual coercion is a worldwide health problem that endangers the well-being of those involved. In the same line of the most recent and comprehensive studies, this study sought to investigate the extent of sexual coercion, both perpetration and victimization, among male and female adolescents. Moreover, it jointly analyzed the predictive power of different variables that have been considered as useful to design preventive programs. For this purpose, a cross-sectional study, using proportional stratified cluster sampling, was performed and 1,242 Spanish adolescents (15-19 years old) were surveyed. Results show that both genders had reported committing and suffering sexual coercion. However, perpetration was reported more often by males: no significant gender difference was found in victimization. It was also concluded that need for control and power, normative beliefs about sexual coercion, hostile sexism, negative alcohol expectancies, and sociosexual orientation were significant predictors of perpetration for both genders. Concerning victimization, need for control and power and normative beliefs were found to be significant predictors for males and females, as were negative alcohol expectancies and sexual esteem, though only for males. According to these results, both genders can be both perpetrators and victims of sexual coercion in adolescence, but not to the same extent. Moreover, preventive programs should include activities related to perpetration and victimization, taking into account the effectiveness of their components to intervene with male and female adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors of this study evaluated the factor structure, internal consistency, and concurrent and discriminant validity of the Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI; Foa et al. 1999) in a sample of 107 female survivors of sexual assault with a mean age of 29.1 years (SD = 7.7). All participants were recruited between July 2010 and December 2014 from a care center for sexual assault victims in Madrid, Spain. Results supported the three-factor structure of the PTCI: (1) negative cognition about self, (2) negative cognition about the world, and (3) self-blame. The negative cognitions about self and the world subscales showed adequate internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.92 and 0.82, respectively), as well as good concurrent and discriminant validity. Nevertheless, the subscale measuring self-blame showed poor internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.75) and discriminant validity. The PTCI presents sound psychometric characteristics and has the potential to contribute to women’s sexual posttrauma assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Two studies investigated the effects of information related to rape myths on Spanish college students’ perceptions of sexual assault. In Study 1, 92 participants read a vignette about a nonconsensual sexual encounter and rated whether it was a sexual assault and how much the woman was to blame. In the scenario, the man either used physical force or offered alcohol to the woman to overcome her resistance. Rape myth acceptance (RMA) was measured as an individual difference variable. Participants were more convinced that the incident was a sexual assault and blamed the woman less when the man had used force rather than offering her alcohol. In Study 2, 164 college students read a scenario in which the woman rejected a man’s sexual advances after having either accepted or turned down his offer of alcohol. In addition, the woman was either portrayed as being sexually attracted to him or there was no mention of her sexual interest. Participants’ RMA was again included. High RMA participants blamed the victim more than low RMA participants and were less certain that the incident was a sexual assault, especially when the victim had accepted alcohol and was described as being sexually attracted to the man. The findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the prevention and legal prosecution of sexual assault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses gender relations during the first two decades of the Francoist regime in Spain through the portrayal and treatment of sexual assault by filmmakers and censors. Based on the study of 200 films produced during the 1940s and 1950s, this article aims to discover the frequency, mode and utility with which sexual assaults are addressed in Francoist cinema, with a particular emphasis on the way in which these crimes affected the fictional female victims. This study aims to understand how these issues were addressed in a medium as popular and as seemingly innocent as cinema and to also have a better understanding of the conceptualization of women during this period in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the degree of compliance of the Comprehensive Health and Judicial Care Protocol for Victims of Sexual Assaults attended in Emergencies, and to compare the quality indicators of care with those obtained for the 2 years prior to its implementation., Methods: Retrospective, comparative, cohort study of the 128 victims (124 women and 4 men), aged 4 to 62 years, treated in the Hospital Emergency Department, before and after the publication of the Protocol through the CIE-10 diagnostic code T74.2 Sexual assault and CIE-10 T76.2 Suspected sexual assault, between January 2018 and December 2020. The sample was divided into two groups, before (n=80) and after (n=48) the implementation of the protocol. A sub-analysis of 109 women older than 16 years attended in the Gynecological Emergencies has been performed., Results: The implementation of the Protocol has led to a significant increase in the compliance with the main indicators, more evident in Gynecological Emergencies: HIV prophylaxis (43.4% vs 83.7%, respectively in the Pre and Post-protocol Groups), pregnancy prophylaxis (54.5% vs 81.4%), police intervention (48.5% vs 74.4%) and SIVIO form compliance (16.7% vs 46.5%). Attention time has not shown significant changes. The referral for psychological support has been increased by a very low percentage (0% vs 12.5%)., Conclusions: The implementation of the Protocol has led to an evident improvement in the quality of care in Emergencies, with a significant increase in key indicators. Care time in Emergencies should be reduced, and the SIVIO form compliance, as well as the referral for psychological support should be increased., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

(1) Background: Sexual violence (SV) has become common in universities for reasons related to unwanted social/peer pressures regarding alcohol/drug use and sexual activities. Objectives: To identify perceptions of SV and alcohol use and estimate prevalence among nursing students in Catalonia, Spain. (2) Methods: Observational descriptive cross-sectional study of a convenience sample of nursing students attending public universities. (3) Results: We recruited 686 students (86.11% women), who reported as follows: 68.7% had consumed alcohol, 65.6% had been drunk at least once in the previous year, 62.65% had experienced blackouts and 25.55% had felt pressured to consume alcohol. Drunkenness and blackouts were related ( p < 0.000). Of the 15.6% of respondents who had experienced SV, 47.7% experienced SV while under the influence of alcohol and were insufficiently alert to stop what was happening, while 3.06% reported rape. SV was more likely to be experienced by women (OR: 2.770; CI 95%: 1.229-6.242; p = 0.014), individuals reporting a drunk episode in the previous year (OR: 2.839; 95% CI: 1.551-5.197; p = 0.001) and individuals pressured to consume alcohol (OR: 2.091; 95% CI: 1.332-3.281; p = 0.001). (4) Conclusions: Nursing instructors need to raise student awareness of both the effects of alcohol use and SV, so as to equip these future health professionals with the knowledge and skills necessary to deal with SV among young people.

African irregular migrants risk their lives crossing the Mediterranean Sea in small boats hoping to reach Europe. Women irregular migrants (WIMs) are an especially vulnerable group that suffer from violence and sexual aggression, but little is known about their actual experiences. The objective of our study is to describe and understand the violence against WIMs who arrive in Spain in small boats. A qualitative study based on Gadamer's phenomenology was used. The data collection included twenty-six in-depth interviews with WIMs. Three main themes arose: "Poverty and discrimination push WIMs into migrating"; "WIMs as a paradigm of extreme vulnerability", and "WIMs in small boats should raise the alarm". WIMs who arrive to Europe in small boats have a history of violence, rape, prostitution, forced pregnancy, and human trafficking. Emergency care must include gynecological examinations and must make detecting sexual violence and human trafficking of WIMs part of their care protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication of the judgment for what became known as the San Fermines Wolf Pack case sparked a wave of demonstrations on the streets and social networks. This study explores social support for sexual assault victims and rape culture myths by analyzing the discussion threads generated around the hashtag #lamanada [#thewolfpack] on Twitter the day that the judgment was published. Using a qualitative thematic and content analysis adapted to Twitter, the following results were identified. (1) Against apparent empathy and solidarity with the victim, Twitter focuses on the debate on consent given by the victim, questioning the law as a source of security for women, and the call for social mobilization to show dissatisfaction with the San Fermin Wolf Pack ruling. (2) The myths of the culture of rape focus on the direct questioning of the victim's testimony and the use of lying as a way to justify regret after a consensual sexual relationship. The results suggested that Twitter is a unique context used to spread myths about sexual violence as well as support victims, questioning the role of Twitter as a platform for "subversion of myths." Far from subverting them, Twitter's role is to serve as a "loudspeaker" for the outrage of a population more impacted by a ruling considered unjust than by explicit support for the victim. • Twitter is a double-edged sword, a loudspeaker to call for public demonstrations, but also a space where rape culture myths spread. Twitter is a double-edged sword, a loudspeaker to call for public demonstrations and a space where rape culture myths spread. • Showing solidarity with a victim on Twitter is as ephemeral as retweeting. • The social construct of "consent" in sexual assault cases needs to be evaluated because there is neither a legal nor social consensus on the concept. "Consent" in sexual relations needs to be addressed because there is no legal or social consensus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]