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The structure of the article is divided into two parts: the first one starts with an introduction to the principle of universality of public service and its implementation in Spain, and here we also refer to the recent situation of the public broadcaster, Televisión Española (TVE), when it comes to funding and audience. In the second part we analyze the two digital dividends that have taken place in Spain, including the auction for band spectrum in July 2021, and we also study the confronting positions of the 'open' audiovisual sector stakeholders and companies and the Spanish government. Among the objectives that we pretend with this article are to alert about the looming uncertainty for open access televisions --either public or private-- and their principles of universality and free access. This is due to the legislation that right now is applied to implement the 5G technology in Spain. In the conclusions these questions are answered, even though this is an important issue in continuous evolution, and we look forward to follow-up and be able to update them in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of e-Revista Internacional de la Protección Social is the property of e-Revista Internacional de la Proteccion Social and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)