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Radiation exposures for medical purposes is remained the main sources to public from manmade radiation. The aims of the study are to patients' radiation doses during specific planar radiography procedures. A total of 247 patients were examined at four radiology department in Khartoum state, Sudan. The absorbed dose to air at the center of the beam, including backscattered radiation, is known as the entrance surface air kerma (ESAK, mGy). ESAK (K e) can be computed using the product backscatter factor (B) and incident air kerma Ki. The mean ESAK (mGy) for the chest, skull, abdomen, hip, lumbar spine and limbs procedures were 0.2, 0.76, 97, 1.88, 1.25, 2.25 and 0.30 mGy, respectively. The average ESAK (mGy) values attained for eight planar radiography procedures are comparable or slightly lesser than the previously published studies for the chest, pelvis, and limbs. The patient doses during the skull, abdomen, hip, and spinal cord (lumbar spine) are lower than the previously published values. • ESAK during eight planar imaging procedures were evaluated. • The radiographic equipment performance in all hospitals was acceptable. • Wide variability in the patients' doses per radiographic was noticed. • Standardized imaging protocols are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of present study is estimation of the radioactivity held within the urinary bladder and kidneys 3 h post radiopharmaceutical (99mTc-MDP) administration, comparison being made via use of MIRDose. Using the conjugate-view method and built-in camera software Mediso XP Interview, urinary bladder and kidney radionuclide activities were calculated using patient clinical data acquired at the aforesaid 3 h post 99mTc-MDP injection juncture. The study was of a cohort of 40 patients attending for staging and cancer follow-up at the Nuclear Medicine Department, Royal Care International Hospital (RCIH), Sudan, Ethical and Research Committee approval for the study having been obtained. The radioisotope biokinetics were simulated using the Medical Internal Radiation Dose (MIRD) biokinetics model, specifically in regard to radionuclide activity in the kidneys and bladder. The results were compared with the data achieved via clinical study, showing the experimentally estimated radionuclide activity in the kidney to be greater by some 50% compared to that of simulation while the bladder radionuclide activity was found to be just 2% of the simulation result. The study also found that 0.9% of the administered radioactivity remained in the urinary bladder and kidneys 3 h post administration of the radionuclide, suggestive of low radiation dose to the urinary bladder and kidneys post 99mTc-MDP bone scans. • 99mTc-MDP radionuclide biokinetics were simulated using MIRD biokinetics model. • Radionuclide activities for Urinary bladder and kidney were calculated. • The experimentally estimated radionuclide activity in the kidney to be greater by some 50%. • 0.9% of the administered radioactivity remained in the urinary bladder and kidneys 3 h. • Low radiation dose to the urinary bladder and kidneys post 99mTc-MDP bone scans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Computed tomography (CT) has become a prominent source of medical exposures, conduct requiring measures that mitigate radio carcinogenic risk and deterministic tissue reaction effects. The objective of present study, conducted in Sudan, has been to evaluate patient radiogenic risk during vascular CT procedures. Study was made of 485 patients, the cohort comprising 218 males (45%) and 267 females (55%) of mean age ± 1 s.d. of 48.2 ± 17 years (ranging from 18.0 to 93.0 years). The investigation involved nine radiology departments, covering three different CT modalities (16, 64 and 128 slice). Patient organ and effective doses were estimated using established computer software (specifically, CT-Expo, ImPACT and that of the NRPB). The range of patient dose in terms of dose length product (DLP) (mGy.cm) and volume CT dose index (CTDI vol (mGy) were 3.2–28.51 mGy and 257.0–9263.5, respectively. The mean and range of effective dose were 25.5 ± 18 mSv and 4.0–138.9 mSv respectively. The wide range of doses indicates the likelihood that patients have been receiving avoidable radiation exposure, their being potential for mitigation of cancer incidence risk through further optimisation of procedures. On the basis of present study of vascular CT procedure doses, the mean risk of carcinogenesis has been estimated to be 1 in 1000 procedures. • Patients radiation doses were evaluated during vascular CT procedures for various CT modalities. • Effective dose were estimated using computer software. • The wide range of observed patient doses indicates patients to have been receiving avoidable radiation exposure. • The mean risk of carcinogenesis has been estimated to be 1 in 1000 procedures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to variation among radiographers' practice, and the importance of unifying practice during radiography for optimizing radiation level and image quality, the current manuscript aims to assess the radiation dose level and propose local diagnostic reference levels (LDRL) for posterior-anterior (PA) chest, antero-posterior (AP) abdomen, and pelvis examinations in two hospitals in Khartoum ('K') and one hospital in Wad-Medani ('M') cities, Sudan. Along with patient demographics like height and weight, the radiation exposure parameters including tube potential, current, and radiation duration were documented. This included 732 patients whose tests were conducted at one of three departments located in two different cities. The entrane surface air kerma (ESAK) was calculated using DosCal software and an Unfors -Xi-meter. The average ESAK for an X-ray of the chest was 0.18 mGy in M, 0.19 mGy in K (averaged over two hospitals in the K), for the abdomen it was 1.1 and 1.23 mGy, and for the pelvis it was 1.8 and 01.9 mGy respectively. The proposed DRL was achieved from the third quartile of radiation dosage of data, and it was 0.21, 1.7 and 1.9 mGy for the chest, abdomen and pelvis respectively. There was a wide variation in dosage levels among the three hospitals. The current proposed DRL was lower than most literature for the chest, abdomen and pelvis. More studies are recommended for other examinations such as skull and contrast media studies. • Radiation dose level for chest, abdomen and pelvis was assessed in major hospitals in Sudan. • Average dose for conventional X-ray of chest, abdomen and pelvis was 0.19, 1.2 and 1.9 mGy respectively. • Local diagnostic reference level was suggested for the above examinations. • The Suggested LDRL was lower than available literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial radiation is the primary radiogenic risk source to the general population. Medical field has been growing in Sudan. This study aims to estimate effective doses for adult patients from nuclear medicine examinations. The study involved 685 patients from five different hospitals in Sudan. In total, 300, 196, and 189 patients underwent renal, thyroid, and bone scans. All procedures were carried out using the Tc-99m radionuclide. Effective dose has been estimated using computer software depending on conductive activity. The results show that dose information for patients from thyroid, renal, and bone scan, for thyroid scan the patients' age was 42.82 ± 16.46 years, the patient's weight 68.58 ± 12.82 kg, the activity 4.75 ± 0.543 mCi and the effective dose for thyroid was 2.28 ± 0.26 mSv. For renal scan, the patients' age 45.19 ± 16.36 years, the weight 65.96 ± 13.78 kg, the activity 5.21 ± 1.166 mCi, and the effective dose 0.94 ± 0.211 mSv. For a bone scan, the patients' age was 57.59 ± 14.92 years, the patient's weight was 69.48 ± 13.71 kg, the activity 19.96 ± 2.11 mCi, and the effective dose for bone was 4.208 ± 0.443 mSv. The study revealed that the administered activity is independent of patient weight. Patients received unjustified exposure due to the high amount of administered activity. Implementation of national guidelines is necessary to improve the practice and patient safety. • Effective dose has been estimated for thyroid, renal and bone scan procedures. • Patients received the least effective dose during renal scan procedures. • The study revealed that the administered activity is independent of patient weight, according to the current protocol. • Proper optimization are recommended to save young from potential radiogenic risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]