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This article presents the MOBIS dataset and underlying survey methods used in its collection. The MOBIS study was a nation-wide randomised controlled trial (RCT) of transport pricing in Switzerland, utilising a combination of postal recruitment, online surveys, and GPS tracking. 21,571 persons completed the first online survey, and 3680 persons completed 8 weeks of GPS tracking. Many continued tracking for over a year after the study was completed. In the field experiment, participants participated through the use of a GPS tracking app, Catch-my-Day, which logged their daily travel on different transport modes and imputed the trip segments and modes. The experiment lasted 8 weeks, bookended by two online surveys. After the first 4-week control phase, participants were split into two different treatment groups and a continued control group. An analysis of the survey participation shows that the technology is capable of supporting such an experiment on both Android and iOS, the two main mobile platforms. Significant differences in the engagement and attrition were observed between iOS and Android participants over the 8-week period. Finally, the attrition rate did not vary between treatment groups. This paper also reports on the wealth of data that are being made available for further research, which includes over 3 million trip stages and activities, labelled with transport mode and purpose respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a correction notice for an article titled "The MOBIS dataset: a large GPS dataset of mobility behaviour in Switzerland" published in the journal Transportation. The correction addresses an error in figure 2 of the original publication, where the filename was mistakenly printed above the figure. The correct image is provided in the correction, and the original article has been updated accordingly. The correction notice also includes the names of the authors involved in the study. Springer Nature, the publisher, maintains a neutral stance on jurisdictional claims and institutional affiliations. [Extracted from the article]

Air pollution health risk assessments have traditionally used single-pollutant effect estimates for one proxy ambient air pollutant such as PM 2.5. Two-pollutant effect estimates, i.e. adjusted for another correlated pollutant, theoretically enable the aggregation of pollutant-specific health effects minimizing double-counting. Our study aimed at estimating the adult mortality in Switzerland in 2019 attributable to PM 2.5 from a single-pollutant effect estimate and to the sum of PM 2.5 and NO 2 from two-pollutant estimates; comparing the results with those from alternative global, European and Swiss effect estimates. For the single-pollutant approach, we used a PM 2.5 summary estimate of European cohorts from the project ELAPSE, recommended by the European Respiratory Society and International Society for Environmental Epidemiology (ERS-ISEE). To derive the two-pollutant effect estimates, we applied ELAPSE-based conversion factors to ERS-ISEE PM 2.5 and NO 2 single-pollutant effect estimates. Additionally, we used World Health Organization 2021 Air Quality Guidelines as counterfactual scenario, exposure model data from 2019 and Swiss lifetables. The single-pollutant effect estimate for PM 2.5 (1.118 [1.060; 1.179] per 10 μg/m3) resulted in 2240 deaths (21,593 years of life lost). Using our derived two-pollutant effect estimates (1.023 [1.012; 1.035] per 10 μg/m3 PM 2.5 adjusted for NO 2 and 1.040 [1.023; 1.058] per 10 μg/m3 NO 2 adjusted for PM 2.5), we found 1977 deaths (19,071 years of life lost) attributable to PM 2.5 and NO 2 together (23% from PM 2.5). Deaths using alternative effect estimates ranged from 1042 to 5059. Estimated premature mortality attributable to PM 2.5 alone was higher than to both PM 2.5 and NO 2 combined. Furthermore, the proportion of deaths from PM 2.5 was lower than from NO 2 in the two-pollutant approach. These seemingly paradoxical results, also found in some alternative estimates, are due to statistical imprecisions of underlying correction methods. Therefore, using two-pollutant effect estimates can lead to interpretation challenges in terms of causality. [Display omitted] • We used single- and two-pollutant effect estimates from ELAPSE cohorts in Europe. • The single-pollutant estimates for PM 2.5 yielded 2240 deaths. • The two-pollutant estimates for PM 2.5 and NO 2 summed 1977 deaths (23% from PM 2.5). • The results were within the range of those using alternative effect estimates. • Two-pollutant estimates led to paradoxical results and interpretation challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to urban air pollution has been associated with adverse effects on cardio-vascular and respiratory health, both short and long term. Consequently, governments have applied policies to reduce air pollution. Quantitative health impact assessments of hypothetic changes in air pollution have been conducted at national and global level, but assessments of observed air pollution changes associated with specific clean air policies at a local or regional scale remain scarce. This study estimates health impacts attributable to a decrease in PM10 and NO2 exposure in the Agglomeration of Lausanne-Morges (ALM), Switzerland, between 2005 and 2015, corresponding to the implementation period of a supra-municipal plan of measures to reduce air pollution in different sectors such as transport, energy, and industry (called Plan OPair 05). The health impact assessment compares health effects attributed to air pollution exposure levels in 2015 (reference case) with those in 2005 (counterfactual scenario), using 2015 as baseline for all other input data. In the ALM, the modeled PM10 exposure reduction of 3.3μg/m3 from 2005 to 2015 prevents 26 premature deaths (equivalent to around 290 years of life lost), 215 hospitalization days due to cardio-vascular and respiratory diseases as well as approximately 47,000 restricted activity days annually. Monetized health impacts of the reduction of PM10 exposure are valued at approximately CHF 36 million annually. Immaterial costs, mainly related to the economic valuation of years of life lost, dominate the monetized health impacts (90% of total value), while savings at the workplace (net loss in production and reoccupation costs) amount to about CHF 1.9 million, and savings in health care costs to about CHF 0.5 million. The assessment is sensitive to the value assigned to immaterial costs and to uncertainties in the relative risk estimates, whereas variations in the baseline year (i.e. using 2005 data instead of 2015 data) affect results to a much lower degree. The alternative calculation based on NO2 exposure, which dropped by 5.6μg/m3, suggests the prevention of 51 premature deaths (equivalent to around 550 years of life lost) overall impacts valued at CHF 49 million. All in all, the reduction in mortality due to the air quality improvements accounts for (depending on the considered pollutant) about 1% to 2% of total all-cause annual mortality in the ALM population or 4-8 times larger than the annual traffic fatalities in the ALM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Air pollution health risk assessments (AP-HRAs) provide a method to quantify health effects for entire populations. In Switzerland, AP-HRAs are included in Swiss assessments for Transport Externalities (STEs), ordered by public authorities since the 1990s. This study aimed to describe the differences among national and international AP-HRAs for Switzerland. Methods: We compared input data, approaches and results across AP-HRAs over time. Results and input data for each AP-HRA were expressed as a ratio compared to the most recent STE (in most cases STE-2010). Results: Substantial variation across AP-HRAs was found. For all-cause adult mortality attributed to particulate matter (the most frequent outcome-pollutant pair), the ratio in HRAs oscillated from 0.40 to 2.09 (times the STE-2010 value). Regarding input data, the ratio ranged from 0.69 to 1.26 for population exposure, from 0 to 1.81 for counterfactual scenario, from 0.96 to 1.13 for concentration-response function and from 1.03 to 1.13 for baseline health data. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that methods matter for AP-HRAs. Transparent and possibly standardized reporting of key input data and assumptions should be promoted to facilitate comparison of AP-HRAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Ambient particulate matter (PM) is regulated with science-based air quality standards, whereas carcinogens are regulated with a number of "acceptable" cases. Given that PM is also carcinogenic, we identify differences between approaches., Methods: We assessed the lung cancer deaths for Switzerland attributable to exposure to PM up to 10 µm (PM 10 ) and to five particle-bound carcinogens. For PM 10 , we used an epidemiological approach based on relative risks with four exposure scenarios compared to two counterfactual concentrations. For carcinogens, we used a toxicological approach based on unit risks with four exposure scenarios., Results: The lung cancer burden using concentrations from 2010 was 10-14 times larger for PM 10 than for the five carcinogens. However, the burden depends on the underlying exposure scenarios, counterfactual concentrations and number of carcinogens. All scenarios of the toxicological approach for five carcinogens result in a lower burden than the epidemiological approach for PM 10 ., Conclusions: Air quality standards-promoted so far by the WHO Air Quality Guidelines-provide a more appealing framework to guide health risk-oriented clean air policymaking than frameworks based on a number of "acceptable" cases.