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Male physical formidability may reflect capacities to provision and protect, resource holding potential, and social status. Handgrip strength (HGS) is a robust measure of overall muscular strength and function that correlates positively with ratings of male facial attractiveness and dominance. Here, we examine strength, attractiveness, and aggressiveness assessments as a function of facial cues to HGS in a sample of male Maasai of Northern Tanzania. Adult Maasai (56 women, 40 men) rated three strength-calibrated facial morphs of Maasai men. These morphs were constructed by performing a geometric morphometric shape regression on HGS using digital images of 54 men (20–29 years). Participants judged facial morphs calibrated to greater HGS higher on strength and attractiveness, but lower on aggressiveness. The accurate assessment of male Maasai physical strength from facial cues and the corresponding attractiveness assessments of strength cues are consistent with evolutionary predictions and previous research. The situation is less clear for the association of facial strength cues with the assessment of aggression. Future research should consider the possibility of a (feature-based) perceptual overgeneralization, especially in the interpretation of facial aggressiveness judgments, in addition to population-specific influences, and distinguish them from facial cues that indicate behavioral dispositions. Collectively, the findings of the present study corroborate the suggestion that the Maasai are sensitive to facial cues of strength and use these cues in social assessments. • We assessed the faces of male Maasai from Northern Tanzania. • Novel facial stimuli were calibrated to vary with handgrip strength. • Strength assessments reflected strength-calibrated facial morphology. • Attractiveness assessments increased with physical strength cues. • Aggressiveness assessments decreased with physical strength cues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrocoele is common in men in Wuchereria bancrofti-endemic areas, the treatment for which is currently surgical intervention. Two community studies have recently suggested that the antifilarial drug diethylcarbamazine (DEC) may have a beneficial effect of reducing the size of hydrocoeles of filarial origin. To test this hypothesis, a double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out in 1998 and 1999 in an area of north-eastern Tanzania where microfilaria (mf) carrier rates and hydrocoele prevalence rates were known to be high. Ninety-eight adult male volunteers (aged > or = 15 years) with chronic hydrocoele received DEC 300 mg per day for 12 days (49 patients), or placebo (49 patients). Circumferential and ultrasonographic measurements of the scrotum, and a serum sample for measuring W. bancrofti antigen, were obtained at the onset and after 3, 6 and 12 months. Scrotal size and hydrocoele fluid volume indices were calculated. No statistically significant differences in volumetric measurements between the DEC and placebo groups were found at any of the follow-ups. Separate analyses dividing patients by antigen status, hydrocoele size or presence of thickening of the scrotal skins gave similar results. Geometric mean intensity of W. bancrofti antigen was significantly lower in the DEC group than in the placebo group (P = 0.008), indicating that lack of compliance was not a significant factor. Two months into the treatment trial, mass treatment with monthly low-dose DEC was given to the rest of the community. We conclude that DEC is not effective in reducing the size of hydrocoele of filarial origin. Interventions to replace or supplement hydrocoelectomy should be investigated.

To assess the significance of lymphatic filariasis for the development of chronic genital manifestations and for reproductive health in women, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 2 villages in north-eastern Tanzania including interview and gynaecological examination of adult women, focusing primarily on reproductive history and genital health. In a population of 2165 residents, prevalence of Wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia was 28%, and geometric mean intensity of microfilariae (mf) was 722 mf/mL. Leg lymphoedema (elephantiasis) was present in 4.2% of adults aged > or = 15 years, and hydrocoele in 26.5% of adult males. Five hundred and thirty women completed an interview, and 404 of these completed a gynaecological examination. Most women were Muslims (72%), polygamy was common (29%), and 49% of women had undergone circumcision (clitoridectomy). Presence of microfilaraemia did not influence fertility or fertility-related variables including age at menarche, parity, spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, Caesarean section and premature labour, nor presence of primary or secondary infertility. Mf status was strongly correlated with abnormal menstruation pattern in the 30+ years age-group (P = 0.001), but not in the < 30 years age-group. Cervical, vaginal and vulval pathology was unrelated to mf status. Two women, aged 46 and 77 years, had vulval oedema of probable filarial origin, both were mf negative. Overall, microfilaraemia appeared to have no influence on genital disease or reproductive health, and chronic manifestations of lymphatic filariasis of the genitals does not appear to be a substantial problem in women.