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Background: Milk is regarded as one of the most sources of nutrition in the world and has a high value for individual's health. Milk is consumed by sensitive groups including pregnant women, older adults, and children. Therefore, the significance of antibiotic on human health makes it crucial to monitor their existence in food. This investigation aims to evaluate enrofloxacin and tetracycline in the raw and pasteurized milk in Tehran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 112 raw and 112 pasteurized milks were accumulated in spring and winter from six reputable brands and traditional dairy stores in Tehran from December 2021 until May 2022 for six months, and antibiotic residues were examined by Immunosorbent Assay and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography techniques. Results: The findings indicated that the prevalence of tetracycline in raw and pasteurized milk was 41.07 and 26.78% in spring and 85.71 and 35.71% in winter, respectively. The median concentration of tetracycline was 33.27 and 22.65 ppb in spring and 55.81 and 21.91 ppb in winter, respectively. The prevalence of enrofloxacin in raw milk and pasteurized milk samples were 33.92 and 14.28% in spring and 64.28 and 32.14% in winter, respectively. The median concentrations of enrofloxacin were 9.13 and 9.38 ppb in spring and 10.57 and 11.23 ppb in winter, respectively. The raw and pasteurized milk samples collected in winter had higher percentage of antibiotic residue in terms of enrofloxacin than samples collected in spring (p<0.05). Furthermore, the quantity of tetracycline antibiotic in raw milk was significantly higher in winter than in spring (p=0.002). However, the pasteurized milk fails to have significant difference between two seasons. The finding showed the tetracycline and enrofloxacin in all samples were less than 100 ppb (standard limit), and there is no significant difference with the standard limit. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, monitoring the antibiotic residues in milk, controlling and minimizing these residues for human health are regarded crucial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common serious health problem. Medication adherence is a crucial determinant of therapeutic success in patients with diabetes mellitus. This study aims to examine the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) psychometric properties among diabetic patients. Methods: This study was carried out at the Internal Medicine clinic of Firooz Abadi Hospital in Tehran, Iran, from 2018 to 2020. The English version of the MMAS-8 was translated into Persian and administered to patients with diabetes mellitus. A total of 150 patients who had diabetes were included. Cronbach's alpha was calculated to assess the reliability. Results: According to the recommended scoring method, the Mean ± SD of MMAS-8 scores was 4.97 ± 1.92. Good internal consistency was found in our study (Cronbach's α = 0.70). Not any significant relationship between MMAS-8 categories and occurrence of complications was found. Conclusions: The findings of this validation study indicate that the Persian version of the MMAS-8 is a reliable measure of medication adherence, but it has not acceptable validity. Further studies are needed to reach a good validity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High levels of air pollutants in the Tehran city are a serious threat to the citizens' health, which are also occupying the city authorities' minds in the recent years. In this research, our attempt is to identify the highly polluted districts among the 22, which are exposed to widespread toxic gases, and to evaluate their distributive effects on the population density in the same districts. The studied pollutants were CO, O3, NO2, SO2, and PM2.5. The pollutant content data was collected from pollution-measuring stations. The main pollutant is CO, changing into suspended particles of PM2.5. Comparisons made between the maps produced on the pollution density levels and population densities in the five districts of 2, 6, 10, 11, and 12 at the center of Tehran indicated higher pollution. District 10, due to its worn-out texture and with a high population density of 37,504 p/hectare was the the most critical one. Districts 2 and 6, with lower population densities, were placed in second and third rank. In general, the central districts were more polluted, corresponding to higher population densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]