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Sustainable development in freight transportation networks is becoming increasingly important due to its significant role in the economic development process and its impacts on the environment. Governments usually improve sustainability dimensions in freight transportation by imposing taxes on transportation networks. Therefore, they should extend their knowledge of interactions between sustainability dimensions and how their interventions affect the sustainability of the transportation sector. In this regard, we analyze duopoly competition in three freight transportation networks in the context of government intervention. These networks include green, semi-green, and non-green modes, where the green and semi-green networks are regarded as environmentally sustainable networks. In this paper, two bi-level mathematical models are proposed, in which a government, as a Stackelberg leader, levies fuel consumption taxes based on environmental and economic concerns. A Nash game was built at the lower level to examine price competitiveness in the transportation market. A case study was conducted in the Tehran-Esfahan freight transportation networks (Iran). Due to the complexity of the bi-level models, the Karush–Kuhn–Tucker approach was adopted to unify the models. Finally, the relevant calculations were performed based on actual information. The results of the problems in the case study showed the economic and environmental dimensions are contradictory and that the government's minimization of economic risks aids in ensuring environmental sustainability. Also, improving energy efficiency in transportation networks can have negative environmental consequences. However, when accompanied by government intervention, improving energy efficiency effectively reduces the fuel consumption rate. Moreover, government support will reduce total fuel consumption by reducing green vehicle fuel taxes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, a serious environmental challenge is the pollution emitted by combustion engine vehicles. Governments have found that replacing these with electric vehicles (EVs) is a viable solution for sustainable transportation. The sustainable operation of fast charging stations for EVs is a critical parameter in these vehicles' popularity. Herein, a propose a model for the sustainable evaluation of energy sources of charging stations based on the R-numbers and combined compromise solution method (R–COCOSO). The construction of EV charging stations is done based on new and developing technologies, and they are often expensive, complex, and high-risk. Thus, we developed the combinative distance-based assessment (CODAS) method based on R-numbers to assess the project risk. Moreover, a linear programming model was developed to assess the contractors' risk response and the optimal allocation of their workload based on R-numbers and the ε − constraint approach. A real case of building charging stations in Tehran, Iran, was presented to test the accuracy of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Safe and economical solid and hazardous waste disposal is a serious global concern and challenge. Therefore, the production of new environmentally friendly products for safe waste disposal and its conversion into energy is a major need of governments and companies manufacturing waste management products. An R&D project mainly aims to present an innovation and solve a problem in the real world, and is thus very expensive and riddled with technical complexity and uncertainty. The accurate selection of the project and its risk assessment improve the project's success rate and limit the companies' costs. This article aims to review the important criteria for the accurate selection of new projects for safe municipal solid waste disposal and also to identify and evaluate the risk factors affecting these projects' performance. Herein, a new fuzzy risk-based decision model is presented to achieve the stated goals. This model utilizes MCDM methods and develops them based on R-numbers method which has recently been developed to model the risk of fuzzy numbers in dynamic environments. The proposed model is successfully applied in the Waste Management Organization of Tehran, Iran. The results reveal the superiority of the plasma pyrolysis system project over other projects, e.g., launching power plants based on landfill, plasma gasification, and waste pyrolysis system. The scores of the four technologies evaluated based on the R-TODIM method are1, 0.835, 0.789, and 0, respectively. The results of risk assessment of the plasma pyrolysis system also indicate the importance of risk factors, e.g., access to technology and laboratory equipment and new scientific resources, compared to other risk factors. The scores of the three mentioned risk factors are 4.864, 4.798, and 1.1, respectively. • We considered green NPD in Sustainable Municipal Waste Management. • A new model was developed to assess the risk factors of green NPD projects. • We compared waste-to-energy technologies from new aspects in developing countries. • R-TODIM and R-MULTIMOOSRAL methods were used to select waste-to-energy technologies. • Plasma pyrolysis was recognized as one of the best technologies for waste disposal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]