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Due process hearings provide a formal resolution for disagreements that may arise within special education. The purpose of this study was to examine the types of issues that arise in due process cases for students with emotional disturbance (ED). The current study examined select due process hearings during 2014 to 2019 from four states for students with ED as the primary condition. The most frequently occurring issue for students with ED was programing related to the individualized educational program (68.3%). Collectively, both evaluations and disability identification were present in 65.8% of cases. Districts prevailed in approximately 43% of cases, with parents prevailing in approximately 36% of cases; 21% of hearing decisions were split. Limitations, future research directions, and implications are discussed.

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The Edwards Plateau region of Texas is largely used for grazing cattle and small ruminants. Tick parasitism in range livestock can occur year-round with direct production losses manifested as body weight or condition. The objective was to assess two acaricide treatments on the active tick burden on livestock within two forage growing seasons (winter through summer). At the Sonora AgriLife Station, 22 Bos taurus crossbred heifers (248 ± 47 kg) were maintained on 97 hectares of rangeland. Tick burden was assessed by individual animal inspection every two wk from 18-Dec-2019 to 11-May-2020 (Season 1) and from 8-Jun-2020 to 3-Aug-2020 (Season 2). Acaricide treatment was applied each date to heifers chosen randomly to serve in the nontreated control (control: 11 heifers) or acaricide-treated (treatment: 11 heifers) groups. Season 1 acaricide treatment was a pour-on synthetic pyrethroid (11 dates) and Season 2 was a diluted synthetic pyrethroid wholebody spray (5 dates). Tick species observed included Amblyomma americanum and Dermacentor albipictus. Tick burden (total counts) and body condition score differences were determined by analysis of variance procedures. For tick burden, there were significant differences (P < 0.0012) between treatment (0.528 ± 0.06) and control (0.819 ± 0.06) heifers in Season 1 (0.673 ± 10.44), and no differences (P > 0.11) between treatment (0.642 ± 0.07) and control (0.799 ± 0.07) heifers in Season 2 (0.721 ± 2.64). For body condition score, there were no differences (P > 0.72) between treatment (5.61 ± 0.04) and control (5.59 ± 0.04) heifers in Season 1 nor Season 2 (5.51 ± 0.005 and 5.80 ± 0.47, respectively). Season 1 acaricide treatment was effective in controlling tick burden (efficacy = 3-4 wk) as compared to Season 2 (efficacy = 1-2 wk). Tick burdens observed under the conditions of this study had no effect on body condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]