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The fractions obtained from low temperature-induced crystallisation of ethanolic extracts of green-and red-oak leaf and okra seed were accounted for total polyphenol content and the DPPH antioxidant activity, resulting in 5.99, 4.44, and 12.35 mg gallic acid equivalent per g sample, and 0.45, 0.35, and 0.99 mg Trolox equivalent per g sample, respectively. Insulin resistance was the result after incubating C2C12 skeletal muscle cells in high glucose DMEM for 20 h. Oxidative stress and inflammation were triggered by re-incubating these resistant cells with insulin. The expression of p-p38 MAPK and NF-κB proteins and the NF-B p65 transcription factor activity were enhanced. Such inflammatory protein markers were reduced when the crystalised extracts replaced insulin. Increased catalase activity and NO production were also determined for the incubations using the crystalised extracts. It was suitable to include these vegetables in the daily diets of prediabetic individuals for better management of the patient’s health status by increasing insulin sensitivity and decreasing inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on L. paracasei strains isolated from fermented palm sap in southern Thailand that exhibit potential probiotic characteristics, including antibiotic susceptibility, resistance to gastrointestinal stresses, and antimicrobial activity against various pathogens. However, a thorough investigation of the whole genome sequences of L. paracasei isolates is required to ensure their safety and probiotic properties for human applications. This study aimed to sequence the genome of L. paracasei isolated from fermented palm sap, to assess its safety profile, and to conduct a comprehensive comparative genomic analysis with other Lacticaseibacillus species. The genome sizes of the seven L. paracasei strains ranged from 3,070,747 bp to 3,131,129 bp, with a GC content between 46.11% and 46.17% supporting their classification as nomadic lactobacilli. In addition, the minimal presence of cloud genes and a significant number of core genes suggest a high degree of relatedness among the strains. Meanwhile, phylogenetic analysis of core genes revealed that the strains possessed distinct genes and were grouped into two distinct clades. Genomic analysis revealed key genes associated with probiotic functions, such as those involved in gastrointestinal, oxidative stress resistance, vitamin synthesis, and biofilm disruption. This study is consistent with previous studies that used whole-genome sequencing and bioinformatics to assess the safety and potential benefits of probiotics in various food fermentation processes. Our findings provide valuable insights into the potential use of seven L. paracasei strains isolated from fermented palm sap as probiotic and postbiotic candidates in functional foods and pharmaceuticals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Using bivalves to indicate aquatic pollutants was favorable for discerning the negative effects of high levels of metal accumulation in tissue. We investigated the correlation between trace metal accumulation and the tissue oxidative response of two bivalves. Methods: The Asian green mussel Perna viridis and the blood cockle Tegillarca granosa were sampled along with seawater and sediments from three locations around Pattani Bay, Thailand. Accumulation of nine trace metals (cadmium, cobalt, copper, chromium, nickel, manganese, iron, zinc, and lead) in seawater, sediments, and tissue and the oxidative tissue response were evaluated. Metal bioaccumulation factor, biota–sediment accumulation factor, and histopathology were also indicated. Result: The present study found that P. viridis and T. granosa were macroconcentrators and bioaccumulative of cadmium, and their tissue accumulation of cadmium was strongly related to lipid peroxidation activation. Perna viridis exhibited a higher oxidative response than T. granosa, as indicated by malondialdehyde, catalase, and reduced glutathione levels. Conclusion: The present study indicated that P. viridis and T. granosa were macroconcentrators and bioaccumulative of cadmium, and their tissue accumulation of cadmium was strongly related to lipid peroxidation activation. Research has shown discernible negative effects of a high level of metal accumulation in tissue, and deformed and damaged tissues were present in the gills, digestive glands, intestines, and feet of P. viridis and T. granosa. Impact statementBivalves' structural and physiological alterations are associated with trace metal accumulation in their tissue. Tissue accumulation of cadmium has an outstanding impact on a bivalve's tissue stress and response, which influences the organisms' health, though bivalves have a high ability to accumulate and concentrate pollutants in their tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The international travel ban instituted by the Thai government in March 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic greatly affected how tourist camp elephants were managed, with reductions in exercise opportunities, longer chaining hours, and diminished food provisioning. This study was conducted to determine how those changes affected health and welfare biomarkers in individual elephants over the 2 years of the countrywide lockdown (April 2020-April 2022). Blood and fecal samples were collected from 58 elephants at six camps (monthly in Year 1, quarterly in Year 2) and analyzed for stress biomarkers -- fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM), serum oxidative stress [malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)], and stress leukograms. Overall, fGCM concentrations increased within the first few months and remained higher than pre-COVID levels, as did the H/L ratio, a measure affected by cortisol. Serum 8-OHdG, an indicator of DNA oxidative damage, also increased over time, while monocytosis and lymphopenia further suggested alterations in immune function as a result of stress. By contrast, another marker of oxidative stress, serum MDA, declined, possibly in response to reduced roughage and supplement intake. A notable finding was a seasonal pattern of fGCM that was significantly different from previous studies. Whereas higher fGCM during the rainy season were observed in this study, previously, concentrations were highest during the winter, high tourist season. Thus, ironically, both the presence and absence of tourists have been associated with increased fGCM concentrations, albeit for different reasons. Camp management factors negatively affecting stress outcomes included shorter chain lengths, longer chain hours, lack of exercise, and reduced roughage and supplements. Overall, it was clear that camps struggled to maintain adequate care for elephants during the COVID-19 pandemic, highlighting the importance of tourist income and need for contingency plans to cope with potential future disruptions to tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Sweet-type Star fruit (SF) (Averrhoa carambola L.) is seasonal and more available for purchase in many markets in Thailand, when compared to the sour-type. But, its antioxidant activity results and potentially more modified supplement for elderly health during regular exercise in the community are unclear. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and physical capacity from supplementation of sweet-type SF among elderly people performing home walking exercise. Methods: Mixing SF juice with honey industrially prepared the SF product. Its effects on oxidative stress status and physical capacity were studied in four groups; a supplement with walking exercise (n = 11, 67.00 ± 4.17 years), control (n = 12, aged 67.50 ± 5.58 years), supplementation (n = 11, aged 69.63 ± 7.14 years), and walking exercise (n = 12, aged 67.91 ± 4.33 years). Twenty grams or two teaspoons of supplement in warm water (150 mL) was the guideline for consumption twice daily for 4 weeks. In contrast, the walking exercise was prescribed with moderate intensity for 30 min, 3 days per week. Before and after the 4-week period, the oxidative stress status; glutathione (GSH), ascorbic acid (Vit C), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and malondialdehyde (MDA), and 6-minute walking distance (6MWD) were evaluated. Results: Results after the 4-week period, showed that Vit C and TAC increased and the MDA decreased significantly in the supplementation group, except the GSH and 6MWD results. The GSH and Vit C slightly decreased in the walking exercise group, whereas, its TAC, MDA and 6MWD increased significantly. Finally, The GSH and Vit C did not decrease and MDA slightly decreased in the combined group, but, their TAC and 6MWD increased significantly. Conclusion: Supplementation of the SF product during walking exercise possibly controls oxidative stress status and may enhance walking capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental condition varies considerably in intertidal habitat, exposing photosynthetic organisms to diverse stressors, including heat stress and excess light. Herein, we examined the interactive effects of temperature and irradiance on photosynthesis, calcification and oxidative stress in Halimeda macroloba, Halimeda opuntia and Padina boryana, three common calcifying macroalgae in shallow reef flats in Thailand. Six treatments lasting 3 h were established under different temperatures (32, 37, 42°C) and irradiance (150 and 1000 μmol photons m-2 s-1). Net photosynthetic carbon uptake and calcification rates were estimated from changes in pH and total alkalinity, while the quantum yields were assessed using the chlorophyll fluorescence technique. Total reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) activity, and total glutathione content were measured at the end of the experiment. Our results show that the stress responses were primarily induced by high temperature, observed as lowered photosynthetic carbon uptake rates, photoinhibition (measured as a decrease in Fv/Fm and rETRmax) and lowered calcification rates in all three macroalgae. The most severe effects were observed at 42°C. This extreme temperature also led to the dissolution of calcium carbonate and a reduction in antioxidant capacity (SOD in H. macroloba, and H. opuntia and GPOX in P. boryana). Our findings suggest that a temperature rise is a potential threat to the health of calcified macroalgae. Nevertheless, H. macroloba and H. opuntia may be more sensitive to heat stress than P. boryana, which maintained positive net photosynthetic carbon uptake and calcification rates and higher maximum quantum yield at 42°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Oxidative stress is an adverse condition in animals that can cause tissue damage and result in poor health. A number of factors can contribute to this condition, although little has been studied empirically in elephants. This study measured multiple serum oxidative status markers and a stress biomarker (fecal glucocorticoid metabolites) to examine the effects of age, sex, sampling season, and disease factors in captive Asian elephants in Thailand. Age and season influenced several biomarkers and should be considered in data interpretation, while sex did not. The most significant changes in oxidative and antioxidative activity were associated with elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease, a highly fatal disease in calves, suggesting a strong link with oxidative stress responses. Oxidative stress is a pathological condition that can have adverse effects on animal health, although little research has been conducted on wildlife species. In this study, blood was collected from captive Asian elephants for the assessment of five serum oxidative status markers (reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations; malondialdehyde, MDA; albumin; glutathione peroxidase, GPx; and catalase) in healthy (n = 137) and sick (n = 20) animals. Health problems consisted of weakness, puncture wounds, gastrointestinal distress, eye and musculoskeletal problems, and elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus hemorrhagic disease (EEHV-HD). Fecal samples were also collected to assess glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCMs) as a measure of stress. All data were analyzed in relation to age, sex, sampling season, and their interactions using generalized linear models, and a correlation matrix was constructed. ROS and serum albumin concentrations exhibited the highest concentrations in aged elephants (>45 years). No sex differences were found for any biomarker. Interactions were observed for age groups and seasons for ROS and catalase, while GPx displayed a significant interaction between sex and season. In pairwise comparisons, significant increases in ROS and catalase were observed in summer, with higher ROS concentrations observed only in the adult female group. Lower catalase activity was exhibited in juvenile males, subadult males, adult females, and aged females compared to subadult and adult elephants (males and females) in winter and the rainy season. There was a positive association between catalase activity and fGCMs (r = 0.23, p < 0.05), and a number of red blood cell parameters were positively associated with several of these biomarkers, suggesting high oxidative and antioxidative activity covary in red cells (p < 0.05). According to health status, elephants with EEHV-HD showed the most significant changes in oxidative stress markers, with MDA, GPx, and catalase being higher and albumin being lower than in healthy elephants. This study provides an analysis of understudied health biomarkers in Asian elephants, which can be used as additional tools for assessing the health condition of this species and suggests age and season may be important factors in data interpretation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to investigate the impact of heat treatment on stingless bee honey obtained by Heterotrigona itama, a commercial stingless bee found in the southern region of Thailand. Three honey samples originating from three different forest types (mangrove forest, swamp forest, and mixed forest) were heated to 37 °C and 45 °C for 24 and 48 h and then analyzed for their physicochemical properties, total phenolic content, the flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity by radical scavenging activity on 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results showed the raw honey from mixed forest had the highest radical scavenging activity with IC50 of 43.996±0.377 mg/ml. In addition, this honey sample also exhibited the highest phenolic and flavonoid contents with 89.916±0.358 mg GAE/100 g of honey and 58.093±0.294 mg QE/100 g of honey, respectively. After heat treatment, the honey samples showed little change in physicochemical properties when compared to raw honey samples. After incubation at 45 °C for 48 hours, the moisture content decreased 27.93±0.17 to 20.14±0.34 g/100 g. Interestingly, heat treatment at 37 °C and 45 °C did not affect the total phenolic, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant activities (p > 0.05) in the honey samples. While heat treatment aids in keeping the physicochemical and bioactive properties of dehydrated honey, it can be concluded that the proposed method can be employed as an alternate method for preserving honey from stingless bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citrus flavonoids are natural compounds with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities and can perform as immune-modulators and microbial regulators in the animal organism. This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of citrus flavonoids on growth performance, intestinal morphology, faecal microbiota and antioxidant status in broiler chickens under heat stress. A total of 1,440 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were randomly allotted into 4 treatments with 12 replicates of 30 birds per replicate. The chicks were fed a control diet (T1) or T1 supplemented with 500 ppm of bacitracin (T2), with 300 ppm of citrus flavonoids (T3) and a mixture of 500 ppm of bacitracin + 200 ppm of citrus flavonoids (T4). The chickens were exposed to heat stress throughout the experimental period as the study was conducted in Thailand during the months of May and June, with an average temperature of 31 ± 3°C and an average humidity of 70 ± 3%. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were found in body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and mortality among dietary treatments during the starter (1 to 10 d), grower (11 to 30 d) and finisher periods (31 to 37 d). However, for the overall feeding period (1 to 37 d), birds fed diet supplemented with 300 ppm of citrus flavonoids showed lower FCR and lower mortality (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. Supplementation with 300 ppm citrus flavonoids also increased villus height and villus height/crypt depth ratio of jejunum (P < 0.05) and promoted Lactobacillus spp. population in faeces (P < 0.05). In addition, supplementation with citrus flavonoids 300 ppm reduced serum malondialdehyde (P < 0.05). Citrus flavonoids had beneficial effects on growth performance and gut morphology, probably by lowering oxidative stress in broilers (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the data indicate that citrus flavonoids deserve to be considered in the diet of broilers raised under heat stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitochondrial dysfunction is a factor potentially contributing to the Aging process. However, evidence surrounding changes in mitochondrial function and aging is still limited; therefore, this study aimed to investigate further the association between them. Possible confounding factors were included in the statistical analysis to explore the possibility of any independent associations. One thousand seven hundred and sixty-nine participants (619 middle-aged adults [age < 65] and 1,150 older adults [age ≥ 65]) from the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand were enrolled in the study. The clinical characteristics and medical history were collected. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from venous blood and used for analysis of mitochondrial function. Several parameters pertinent to mitochondrial respiration including non-mitochondrial respiration, basal respiration, maximal respiration, proton leak, and spare respiratory capacity were found to be two to three times lower in the mitochondria isolated from the cells of older adults. Interestingly, the mitochondrial ATP production was only slightly reduced, and the percentage of coupling efficiency of PBMC mitochondria was significantly higher in the older adult group. The mitochondrial mass and oxidative stress were significantly reduced in older adult participants; however, the ratio of oxidative stress to mass was significantly increased. The association of these parameters with age was still shown to be the same from the outcome of the multivariate analyses. The mitochondrial functions and mitochondrial mass in PBMCs were shown to decline in association with age. However, the upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress production and mitochondrial coupling efficiency might indicate a compensatory response in mitochondria during aging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The phytochemical study of medicinal plants is rapidly gaining popularity with many pharmacologic effects. This study aims to determine the antioxidant capacity as well as anticancer and antimigration activities of Clear belongs Plus extract (CBL-P) which consisted of five medicinal plants namely, Alpinia galanga, Piper nigrum, Citrus aurantifolia, Tiliacora triandra, and Cannabis sativa on human colon cancer cells SW620 and HCT116 cell lines, and human non-small cell lung cancer cells A549 and NCI-H460 cell lines. Methods: In this study the dried-plant powder was extracted using 90% ethanol. Additionally, CBL-P was studied antioxidative activity via DPPH and ABTS assays and anti-inflammatory activities using nitric oxide assay using Griess reaction. Antiproliferation and antimigration of CBL-P were investigated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and scratch assay. Results: The results showed that CBL-P had potent antiproliferative activity with IC50 values in a concentration- and time-dependent manners for all four cell lines. CBL-P also possessed potent antimigration activity against all studied cancer cells. CBL-P demonstrated antimigration activity on four different types of cancer cells (A549, NCI-H460, HCT116, and SW620) after 48 h of incubation, with the greatest effect seen at the highest concentration tested (15 μg/mL) in A549 cells (10.23% of wound closure) and NCI-H460 cells (9.16% of wound closure). CBL-P was also effective in reducing migration in HCT116 and SW620 cells, with a range of closure area from 10—50%. In addition, CBL-P had antioxidant activity with IC50 values of 8.549 ± 0.241 mg/mL and 2.673 ± 0.437 mg/mL for DPPH and ABTS assays, respectively. CBL-P also showed anti-inflammatory activity with the best inhibitory activity on NO production at a concentration of 40 μg/mL. Conclusion: In conclusion, the mixture extract possessed antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, the mixture plant extract significantly exhibited antiproliferative and antimigration activities on SW620, HCT116, A549, and NCI-H460 cells (P ≤ 0.05). Taken together, our results suggest that medicinal plants may have synergistic effects that could potentially enhance the effectiveness of cancer treatment when used as adjuvants. These findings provide a solid scientific foundation for future efforts to explore the mechanism of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive glutamate neurotransmitters result in oxidative neurotoxicity, similar to neurodegeneration. An indigenous berry of Thailand, Cleistocalyx nervosum var. paniala (CNP), has been recognized for its robust antioxidants. We investigated the effects and mechanisms of CNP fruit extracts on antioxidant-related survival pathways against glutamate-induced neurotoxicity. The extract showed strong antioxidant capability and had high total phenolic and flavonoid contents, particularly resveratrol. Next, the protective effects of the CNP extract or resveratrol on the glutamate-induced neurotoxicity were examined in HT22 hippocampal cells. Our investigation showed that the pretreatment of cells with the CNP extract or resveratrol attenuated glutamate-induced neuronal death via suppression of apoptosis cascade by inhibiting the levels of cleaved- and pro-caspase-3 proteins. The CNP extract and resveratrol suppressed the intracellular ROS by increasing the mRNA expression level of antioxidant enzymes (SODs, GPx1, and CAT). We found that this extract and resveratrol significantly increased SIRT1 expression as a survival-related protein. Moreover, they also promoted the activity of the Nrf2 protein translocation into the nucleus and could bind to the promoter containing the antioxidant response element, inducing the expression of the downstream GPx1-antioxidant protein. Our data illustrate that the CNP extract and resveratrol inhibit apoptotic neuronal death via glutamate-induced oxidative neurotoxicity in HT22 cells through the activation of the SIRT1/Nrf2 survival mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Metals have been reported to alter the oxidative status of both redox-active and redox-inactive metals accompanying oxidative stress induction. In aquatic ecosystems, metal contamination is regarded as serious pollutants and bioaccumulation, especially when aquatic seafood products are involved, which results in human risk. The blue swimming crab Portunus pelagicus is a highly popular crab species for consumption as seafood in Thailand. The meat parts and the hepatopancreas (HP) together with gonad are consumed and in high demand. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate bioaccumulation of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) along with tissue oxidative responses in P. pelagicus., Methods: Sixty-seven samples of P. pelagicus were obtained from small-scale fishers along the coastline of Trang Province. Bioaccumulation of Cd and Pb and oxidative response in gill, muscle, and HP + gonad were evaluated., Result: Cadmium and Pb accumulation levels were highest in the HP and gonad, followed by the gill and then muscle, indicating that Cd and Pb have a high affinity to be concentrated in the HP and gonad. An organ-specific oxidative response to Cd and Pb accumulation was demonstrated in which Cd significantly activated superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in the gills and muscle tissue, while Pb significantly activated the SOD activity only in the HP and gonad. Only Cd accumulation in gill tissue represented a significant activation of lipid peroxidation, as indicated by the malondialdehyde level., Conclusion: This study implied that P. pelagicus exhibits an "adaptive stage" in the oxidative response of tissue due to metal accumulation. Additionally, the data presented here further indicate that the consumption of only the meat parts and removal of the HP and gonad would reduce human exposure to metal toxicity., (© 2024 American Fisheries Society.)

Background: Glyphosate is a herbicide which is commonly used in agricultural areas. However, previous studies on glyphosate exposure in farmers and their health are still scarce.Methods: A longitudinal pre-post study was performed among maize farmers. Information from questionnaires, urine and blood samples, and lung function were collected a day before and a day after glyphosate application in the morning. The urine samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to detect glyphosate levels. Serum samples were analyzed to detect malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GHS), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels using thiobarbituric acid, dithiobisnitrobenzoic acid, and nephelometry, respectively. Lung function performances were measured using a spirometer.Results: A total of 180 maize farmers met the study inclusion criteria. After glyphosate application, it was found that increased urinary glyphosate levels contributed to increased serum MDA (β = 0.024, 95% CI = 0.000, 0.0047) and decreased serum GHS (β = -0.022, 95% CI = -0.037, -0.007), FEV1 (β = -0.134, 95% CI = -0.168, -0.100), FEV1/FVC (β = -0.062, 95% CI = -0.082, -0.042) and PEF (β = -0.952, 95% CI = -1.169, -0.735).Conclusions: Exposure to glyphosate during glyphosate application had significant effects on oxidative stress and lung function in maize farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cognitive impairment is a neurological symptom caused by reduced estrogen levels in menopausal women. The Thai traditional medicine, Yakae-Prajamduen-Jamod (YPJ), is a formula consisting of 23 medicinal herbs and has long been used to treat menopausal symptoms in Thailand. In the present study, we investigated the effects of YPJ on cognitive deficits and its underlying mechanisms of action in ovariectomized (OVX) mice, an animal model of menopause. OVX mice showed cognitive deficits in the Y-maze, the novel object recognition test, and the Morris water maze. The serum corticosterone (CORT) level was significantly increased in OVX mice. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activities were reduced, while the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α inflammatory cytokines were up-regulated in the frontal cortex and hippocampus of OVX mice. These alterations were attenuated by daily treatment with either YPJ or 17β-estradiol. HPLC analysis revealed that YPJ contained antioxidant and phytoestrogen constituents including gallic acid, myricetin, quercetin, luteolin, genistein, and coumestrol. These results suggest that YPJ exerts its ameliorative effects on OVX-induced cognitive deficits in part by mitigating HPA axis overactivation, neuroinflammation, and oxidative brain damage. Therefore, YPJ may be a novel alternative therapeutic medicine suitable for the treatment of cognitive deficits during the menopausal transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The safety assessment of herbal products is critical for their appropriate pharmacological applications. Garcinia cowa Roxb., commonly known as Cha-muang in Thai, has ethnopharmacological relevance for inflammation, infectious diseases, and diabetes. The leaf extracts of G. cowa have been extensively reported for their anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. Notably, chamuangone is their major active constituent that contributes to various pharmacological properties. The current study aims to establish a standardized chamuangone enriched extract (CEE) and assess its acute and sub-acute toxicities in animal models. CEE was established from G. cowa leaves using a microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), followed by fractionation and enrichment through silica gel vacuum and column chromatography. The concentration of chamuangone in the extract was quantified using a validated quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The safety profiles of CEE were thoroughly evaluated in rodents according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 425 and 407 guidelines. The effects on oxidative stress markers such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were also evaluated in various organs. Based on the quantitative HPLC analysis, the CEE contained 73.0 ± 2.0% w/w of chamuangone. In the acute toxicity study, following up and down procedure the female rats were dosed with CEE at 1750 and 550 mg/kg body weight (b.w.), with CEE 1750 mg/kg b.w. was toxic, causing mortality, while CEE 550 mg/kg b.w. was deemed safe. An LD 50 value was calculated according to the standard protocols, resulting in 970 mg/kg b.w. In histopathological examination, 550 mg/kg b.w. of CEE was safe in all the selected organs, while the 1750 mg/kg b.w. CEE treated rats exhibited toxic effects in histological tissues sections in the form of necrosis in the brain, cardiac muscle hypertrophy, liver inflammation, mild untoward effect in the spleen, fibrosis in the lungs, pancreatitis, pyelonephritis, and ovarian cyst. Administration of CEE at doses of 550 mg/kg b.w. (single dose) in the acute and 100 mg/kg b.w. (regularly 28-days) in the sub-acute toxicity studies significantly (p < 0.05) decreased levels of uric acid, triglycerides, and cholesterol. Importantly, the CEE (550 and 100 mg/kg b.w.) also significantly increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GSH, and CAT) and decreased MDA levels. Normal histopathology was observed in the sub-acute toxicity study in all treated groups. This study successfully concludes that CEE at a dose of 100 mg/kg b.w. is safe for therapeutic application or use as a chemopreventive functional food utilizing green extraction methods. However, chronic toxicity studies are further recommended to validate safety concerns over an extended period. [Display omitted] • A chamuangone enriched extract (CEE) was prepared from Garcinia cowa leaves. • CEE was standardized by a validated HPLC method to contain 73% w/w chamuangone. • CEE exhibited an LD 50 of 970 mg/kg in an in vivo acute toxicity test. • CEE (100 mg/kg) did not produce any toxicologically significant in sub-acute toxicity test. • CEE decreased uric acid, triglycerides, and cholesterol levels and modulated oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the effect of Ruesi Dadton (RD) group exercise on oxidative stress (OS) levels and health conditions in healthy elderly individuals. This quasi-experimental study evaluated 23 healthy elderly participants, with evaluations at baseline, and 4 and 12 weeks after RD program initiation. RD consisted of 15 postures performed three times a week. OS was measured through levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT). Blood pressure (BP) and balance were also observed. The results revealed that RD yielded significantly improved balance and CAT activity and decreased MDA level at 4 weeks. At 12 weeks, significant improvements in BP, balance, and SOD, CAT, and GPx activities and decreases in MDA and 8-OHdG levels were observed. These results suggest that RD can improve BP and balance by decreasing OS and increasing antioxidant levels in healthy elderly individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malondialdehyde (MDA) is end-product of polyunsaturated fatty acid. Studies have highlighted MDA as a biomarker of whole-body oxidative stress. Objective: To explore the association between urinary MDA and obesity status. Materials and Methods: The present research was performed as a cross-sectional study at the Primary Care Unit of a tertiary care university hospital in southern Thailand. Data were collected via questionnaire, medical records, and urinary MDA sample measured with high-performance liquid chromatography. Data were analyzed by R program version 4.0.0. Results: One hundred fifteen participants comprised of 57 obese and 58 non-obese patients were included in the present study. The means of body mass indexes (BMIs) were 27.5±2.3 versus 21.9±1.7 kg/m² in obese and non-obese group, respectively. The median of urinary MDA among obese was significantly higher than in non-obese participants at 5.7 (6.0) versus 3.6 (3.9) µg/mL, (p=0.016). Additionally, the urinary MDA in central obesity at 5.8 (5.9) µg/mL was higher than normal waist circumference at 3.5 (3.8) µg/mL, (p=0.009). Conclusion: Urinary MDA was significantly higher in the obesity and central obesity group than the lower or normal BMI and waist circumference group. Obesity could be an essential factor promoting the body's oxidative stress. Since oxidative stress is well known to be involved in the causes of lifestyle-related or chronic diseases, this specific biomarker can be used to detect and monitor the development of these diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl. or Rang Chuet is a plant traditionally used in Thailand for the treatment of toxicity and as an antidote for many poisons. This study aimed to investigate the effect of Rang Chuet capsules on blood chemistry in 39 agricultural workers (21 males, 18 females) during an intensive 8-week spraying program. The following tests were performed: serum butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and serum malondialdehyde (MDA) levels before and after Rang Chuet capsule supplementation. The results indicate that serum BChE levels were unchanged in male and female workers. However, the levels of serum MDA in male and female workers decreased significantly at p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships within the large tropical and subtropical family Thunbergia were studied using genomic DNA from the fresh leaves of sampled plants. The results showed 99% homology with Thunbergia coccinea. This study indicates that Rang Chuet presents antioxidant activity and could be promoted as a health supplement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

α-Mangostin is a primary active compound found in mangosteen pericarp that has been used as a traditional medicine in Thailand and other countries in Southeast Asia. Since toxicological information is limited, developmental toxicity and transcriptional effects of α-mangostin during embryogenesis of zebrafish were studied. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to α-mangostin (up to 15 µmol/L) from 4 hours up to 72 the 50% lethal concentration was estimated as 6.9 ± 1.9 µmol/L. The compound induced developmental defects in zebrafish embryos/larvae, mainly consisting of truncated bodies, bent tails, blood clots, and pericardial and yolk edemas. α-Mangostin increased malformation in body shape and tail morphology. Additionally, the compound altered the transcriptional expression levels of genes correlated with oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and hematopoiesis. Further research will be necessary to evaluate if α-mangostin may cause developmental toxicity in other animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ya-Tri-Kasornmas and Ya-Tri-Phigut are polyherbal tea that have been listed as essential medicines in the National List of Essential Medicines, Thailand. They are widely consumed among the Thai populace. Thus, aqueous extracts of Ya-Tri-Karsornmas and Ya-Tri-Phigut polyherbal formulations were subjected to screening against oxidative stress promoters such as reactive oxygen species using in vitro antioxidant models. In addition, their capacities to lower lipid peroxidation were measured. Yield of the extract from Ya-Tri-Phigut polyherbal formulation was 7.22% (w/w), while that from Ya-Tri-Kasornmas was 5.50% (w/w) (P < 0.05). The study revealed that the aqueous extract of Ya-Tri-Phigut showed better antioxidant capacities to inhibit reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation activities than Ya-Tri-Karsornmas (P <0.05). Thus, Ya-Tri-Phigut polyherbal tea may potentially serve as a rich nutraceutical agent to combat oxidative stress and health related diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Informal electronic waste (e-waste) recycling is an increasingly important industry worldwide. However, few studies have studied the health risks in this group of workers. Objective: To assess the associations between occupational exposures to metals and genetic instability and renal markers among e-waste recycling workers. Methods: We recruited informal e-waste recycling workers from a community in northeastern Thailand. Participants completed a questionnaire, several health measurements, and provided urine and blood samples, which we then analyzed for a number of metals including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn). Samples were analyzed for a marker of RNA and DNA damage (ie, oxidative stress), 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and fractional excretion of calcium (FECa%) were measured as markers of renal function. Correlations and regression models were used to assess associations between these various factors. Results: We found significantly higher levels of Cd and Pb in blood of men compared with those in women. Men who worked >48 hours/week had significantly higher levels of 8-OHdG compared with men who worked ≤48 hours/week. Smoking was significantly associated with higher blood Pb and Cd concentrations among men. Conclusion: Our results suggest gender differences in both blood concentrations of metals associated with e-waste recycling and smoking and highlight potentially elevated oxidative stress associated with longer work hours. Health promotion efforts are needed among informal e-waste recyclers to reduce possible risks of renal damage and cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Momordica cochinchinensis (Lour.) Spreng. (MC) is a plant found in China, Vietnam, and Thailand, with edible leaves and fruit. With little information available on the anti-lipid peroxidation activity of this species, the present study investigated the activity of aqueous and freshly squeezed extracts of its young leaves and stems, and fruit (unripe pulps, ripe pulps, or aril). Fresh plant material was extracted using methods appropriate for each part including blanched, boiled, or freshly-squeezed, resulting in six extracts, (1) blanched young leaves and stems (BYLS), (2) boiled unripe pulps, (3) boiled ripe pulps, (4) freshly squeezed ripe pulps, (5) boiled aril, and (6) freshly squeezed aril. The extracts were tested with lipid from homogenized hen's egg yolk, and malondialdehyde levels were measured using the thiobarbituric acid reaction substance (TBARS) assay. Antioxidant activity was also measured using the 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS) assay. BYLS was found to have superior anti-lipid peroxidation activity to the other extracts, with IC50 and vitamin C equivalent antioxidant capacity (VCEAC) values of 335.87±92.95 μg/mL and 64.03 g/100 g extract, respectively. In the ABTS assay, BYLS also demonstrated the highest level of antioxidant activity, with IC50 and VCEAC values of 30.91±5.81 μg/mL and 5.21 g/100 g extract, respectively. These results are the first report of the anti-lipid peroxidation activity of BYLS that was greater than the aril and fruit extracts. The potential effects of BYLS in preventing diseases caused by oxidative stress therefore merits further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of Cd, Cr and Pb in the water and sediment, and to compare the concentrations of these metals in fish muscles, the levels of plasma oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl) and the genetic differentiation between experimental tilapia fish from the contaminated reservoir near municipal landfill and the reference area after chronic exposure to the metals. The concentrations of Cd, Cr and Pb in the water exceeded the Thailand water quality standard, whereas the concentration of Cd in the sediment exceeded the Thailand soil quality standard. The concentrations of these metals in fish muscles were below Thailand food quality standard. In comparison to the reference fish, the fish in the landfill reservoir revealed a significant increase in malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl (p < 0.05). The dendrogram results demonstrated values of genetic similarity for the fish from the reference and the landfill areas at 0.84-0.94 and 0.65-0.97, respectively, implying that the values of genetic differentiation as a consequence of genotoxicity of the fish from the landfill were greater than those of the fish from the reference area. The results indicate that chronic heavy metal exposure could induce oxidative stress and genotoxicity of tilapia fish in the reservoir near municipal landfill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phikud Navakot (PN) is nine major herbs in a famous traditional Thai recipe namely "Yahom Navakot" used to treat cardiovascular disorders. This study investigated the cardioprotective effects of PN formula on isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction (IMI) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Forty-five rats were randomly divided into nine groups (n = 5 per group): the control, the IMI, the IMI + propranolol, the control or the IMI + PN formula (PN ethanolic extract at doses of 64, 127, or 255 mg/kg) by oroesophageal gavage for 28 days. The ST segment and serum troponin T levels were significantly increased in IMI rats. PN did not eliminate tissue necrosis, infiltration of inflammatory cells, or interstitial edema in IMI rats. All doses of PN decreased (p<0.001) serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels. PN (127 and 255 mg/kg) up-regulated (p<0.05) heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression, whereas PN (255 mg/kg) significantly increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) 1 and 2 expression, compared with IMI rats. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and HO-1 expression significantly increased in IMI rats and IMI rats that received PN. PN formula possesses potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties by modulating the levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and antioxidant enzymes. Our study reveals a novel cardioprotective effect of PN in IMI rats through the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Rice bran oil (RBO) is a major source of monounsaturated fatty acid and gamma-oryzanol, which may assist in lowering blood lipids and oxidative stress. This study examined the effects of RBO containing different amounts of gamma-oryzanol on blood lipid, antioxidant, and inflammatory markers. Materials and methods: A total of 59 hyperlipidemic subjects completed the study. They were divided into four groups: RBO1 (4,000 ppm gamma-oryzanol, n = 14), RBO2 (8,000 ppm gamma-oryzanol, n = 15), RBO3 (11,000 ppm gamma-oryzanol, n = 15), and control (soybean oil, n = 15). The assigned oil (30 mL) was incorporated into three cooked meals each day for 4 weeks. Anthropometrical measurements and blood samples were taken to evaluate body weight, body composition, lipid parameters, antioxidant status, and inflammatory markers before and after the intervention. Results: Compared with the control, consumption of RBO significantly decreased low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels (percentage change: −0.8% [control]; −8% [RBO1]; −11.8% [RBO2]; and −12.2% [RBO3], p = 0.012) with the greatest change found in RBO2 and RBO3. In addition, antioxidant status also improved significantly. Levels of oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) increased after consumption of a diet with RBO compared with consumption of a diet with soybean oil (ORAC: −2.7% [control]; 4.1% [RBO1]; 8.6% [RBO2]; and 10.1% [RBO3], p < 0.001; FRAP: −4.4% [control]; 4.7% [RBO1]; 7.4% [RBO2]; and 7.6% [RBO3], p < 0.001). Conclusions: RBO with gamma-oryzanol could decrease LDL-C levels and increase antioxidant capacity in hyperlipidemic subjects. Therefore, RBO consumption may reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kaempferia parviflora (KP), a health-promoting herb, has been traditionally used for treating a variety of diseases. Pharmacological studies have claimed the various benefits from KP and its main effective methoxyflavones, including cellular metabolism-regulating activity, anticancer activity, vascular relaxation and cardioprotective activity, sexual enhancing activity, neuroprotective activity, antiallergic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative activity, antiosteoarthritis activity, antimicroorganism activity, and transdermal permeable activity. These might be associated with increased mitochondrial functions and activated cGMP-NO signaling pathway. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of KP and its methoxyflavones are still under investigation. The clinical applications of KP and its methoxyflavones may be limited due to their low bioavailability. But promising strategies are on the way. This review will comprehensively discuss the biological activities of KP and its methoxyflavones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance Plant materials used in this study were selected based on the ethnobotanical literature. Plants have either been utilized by Thai practitioners as alternative treatments for cancer or identified to exhibit anti-cancer properties. Aim of the study To screen ethnomedicinal plants using a yeast cell-based assay for synthetic lethal interactions with cells deleted for RAD1 , the yeast homologue of human ERCC4 (XPF) Materials and methods Ethanolic extracts from thirty-two species of medicinal plants utilized in Thai traditional medicine were screened for synthetic lethal/sick interactions using a yeast cell-based assay. Cell growth was compared between the parental strain and rad1 ∆ yeast following exposure to select for specific toxicity of plant extracts. Candidate extracts were further examined for the mode of action using genetic and biochemical approaches. Results Screening a library of ethanolic extracts from medicinal plants identified Bacopa monnieri and Colubrina asiatica as having synthetic lethal effects in the rad1 ∆ cells but not the parental strain. Synthetic lethal effects for B. monneiri extracts were more apparent and this plant was examined further. Genetic analysis indicates that pro-oxidant activities and defective excision repair pathways do not significantly contribute to enhanced sensitivity to B. monneiri extracts. Exposure to B. monneiri extracts resulted in nuclear fragmentation and elevated levels of ethidium bromide staining in rad1 ∆ yeast suggesting promotion of an apoptosis-like event. Growth inhibition also observed in the human Caco-2 cell line suggesting the effects of B. monnieri extracts on both yeast and human cells may be similar. Conclusions B. monneiri extracts may have utility in treatment of colorectal cancers that exhibit deficiency in ERCC4 (XPF). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Holothuria scabra is a sea cucumber that is mostly found in the Indo-Pacific region including Thailand. Extracts from many sea cucumbers possess pharmacological activities proposed to benefit human health. In this study, we investigated the anti-oxidant and anti-ageing activities of extracts from H . scabra by using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism. Parts of H . scabra were solvent-extracted and divided into nine fractions including whole body-hexane (WBHE), whole body-ethyl acetate (WBEA), whole body-butanol (WBBU), body wall-hexane (BWHE), body wall-ethyl acetate (BWEA), body wall-butanol (BWBU), viscera-hexane (VIHE), viscera-ethyl acetate (VIEA), and viscera-butanol (VIBU). All fractions of the extracts were tested for anti-oxidant activities by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays and for anti-ageing effects by lifespan assays using C . elegans as a model. The results showed anti-oxidant properties in all fractions with the highest activity shown by the DPPH assay in WBBU (EC 50  = 3.12 ± 0.09 mg/ml), and by the ABTS assay in WBHE (EC 50  = 0.31 ± 0.10 mg/ml). In lifespan assays the highest anti-ageing effect was detected in WBBU- and BWEA-treated C . elegans with increased mean lifespans of 8.12% and 4.77%, respectively. Furthermore, WBBU and BWEA-treated C . elegans exhibited significantly higher resistance against heat shock and paraquat-induced oxidative stresses than controls. By using LC-MS/MS, both extracts were characterized to contain triterpene glycosides as the main bioactive components. To explore mechanisms of H . scabra extracts on longevity and stress resistance, worms with genetic mutations in anti-ageing pathways were analyzed and showed that WBBU and BWEA did not prolong the lifespan of daf-16 , age-1 , sir-2 . 1 , jnk-1 , sek-1 , and osr-1 mutants, suggesting that these genetic pathways are involved in mediating the anti-ageing effects of the H . scabra extracts. Moreover, WBBU and BWEA enhanced the nuclear translocation of the FoxO/DAF-16 transcription factor, and increased mRNA expression of this gene and its downstream targets sod-3 , hsp12 . 3 , and hsp16 . 2 . In conclusion, this study strongly demonstrates anti-oxidant and anti-ageing properties of H . scabra extracts containing triterpene glycosides, which, in the C . elegans model, may be mediated via the insulin/IGF-1 signaling (IIS)-DAF-16 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thai herbal antipyretic 22 formula (APF22), a polyherbal formula, has been traditionally used to treat dermatologic problems including hyperpigmentation. Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet A (UVA) causes abnormal melanin production induced by photooxidative stress. This study thus aimed to investigate the protective effects of APF22 extracts and phenolic compounds, ferulic acid (FA), and gallic acid (GA; used as positive control and reference compounds), on melanogenesis through modulation of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling and antioxidant defenses in mouse melanoma (B16F10) cells exposed to UVA. Our results revealed that the APF22 extracts, FA, and GA reduced melanin synthesis as well as activity and protein levels of tyrosinase in UVA-irradiated B16F10 cells. Moreover, APF22 extracts and both FA and GA were able to activate Nrf2-antioxidant response element signaling and promote antioxidant defenses including glutathione, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and the glutathione-S-transferase at both mRNA and enzyme activity levels in irradiated cells. In conclusion, APF22 extracts suppressed UVA-mediated melanogenesis in B16F10 cells possibly via redox mechanisms involving activation of Nrf2 signaling and upregulation of antioxidant defenses. Moreover, pharmacological action of the APF22 extracts may be attributed to the phenolic compounds, FA, and GA, probably serving as the APF22's active compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Uses of polyherbal formulations have played a major role in traditional medicine. The present study is focused on the formulations used in traditional Thai folkloric medicine as tonics or bracers. Twenty documented polyherbal mixtures, used as nourishing tonics by the folk healers in Phatthalung and Songkhla provinces in southern Thailand, are targeted. Despite traditional health claims, there is no scientific evidence to support the utilization of polyherbal formulations. Methods: The phenolic and flavonoid contents of the polyherbal formulations and a series of antioxidant tests were applied to measure their capability as preventive or chain-breaking antioxidants. In addition, the cytotoxic activity of effective formulations was assayed in Vero cells. Results: Ninety-eight plant species belonging to 45 families were used to prepare the tested formulation. The preliminary results revealed that water extracts of THP-R016 and THP-R019 contain a high level of total phenolic and flavonoid contents and exhibit remarkable antioxidant activities, as tested by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The extract of THP-R019 also showed the strongest metal chelating activities, whereas THP-R016 extract possessed notable superoxide anion and peroxyl radical scavenging abilities. Conclusions: The data provide evidence that the water extracts of folkloric polyherbal formulations, particularly THP-R016, are a potential source of natural antioxidants, which will be valuable in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries. The free radical scavenging of THP-R016 may be due to the contribution of phenolic and flavonoid contents. Useful characteristics for the consumer, such as the phytochemical profiles of active ingredients, cellular based antioxidant properties and beneficial effects in vivo, are under further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Age-related diseases (ARDs) and cellular senescence are significant concerns as the aging population increases in Thailand and the ASEAN region. Oxidative stress, induced by free radicals that result in the formation of senescent cells (SCs), is a primary contributor to ARDs. Antioxidant-rich plants have potential in mitigating free radical-related diseases, but their safety for normal cells requires careful investigation. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-oxidative and anti-senescence properties of Amaranthus dubius leaves (AD), Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton seeds (PF), and Phyllanthus emblica fruits (PE), commonly used in culinary and traditional medicine in northern Thailand. The study assessed the phytochemical composition of the plant extracts by GC-MS, their total phenolic content, ability to scavenge free radicals and H 2 O 2 , and their potential for DNA damage protection, cellular senescence prevention, and restoration. The results showed that all plant extracts possessed antioxidant, H 2 O 2 scavenging, and DNA damage protection properties, with PE displaying the highest efficacy. AD and PF were potentially non-toxic, whereas PE was observed to be harmful to HDF-a after 24-h treatment, with all extracts exhibiting potential harm after 72 h. Additionally, all extracts showed preventive properties against oxidative stress and cellular senescence but were not restorative, with PE exhibiting the greatest performance. In conclusion, PE displayed the most significant preventive properties against oxidative stress and cellular senescence, making it a potential candidate for supplement development to potentially mitigate the risk of ARDs occurrence. • Oxidative stress (OS) and cellular senescence causes age-related diseases (ARDs). • Antioxidants from the spinach, Perilla, and Indian gooseberry reduce ARD risks. • Safety dose of plant extracts to normal cells is vital and needs further studies. • 200 μg/mL of all extracts were non-toxic to normal fibroblasts otherwise harmful. • Regular consumption of these plants and/or their products prevents risks of ARDs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many of scientific evidences suggest that regular consumption of fruits and vegetables can prevent chronic diseases. In Northern Thailand, there are many vegetables that are usually consumed by local people. In this study, 17 local vegetables were selected and extracted with 95% ethanol. The extracts were screened for 5α-reductase inhibitory activity, total tannin and flavonoid contents, astringent and antioxidant activities. The results showed that Spondias pinnata and Ocimum americanum had the highest tannin and flavonoid content, respectively. Neptunia oleracea was the most potent 5α-reductase inhibitor. For antioxidant activities, S pinnata was the most potent ABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical scavenger and the most potent ferric reducer. Polygonatum odoratum was the most potent hydrogen peroxide scavenger and Leucaena leucocephala was the most potent DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenger among the tested samples. This suggests that local vegetables in Northern Thailand have a health promotion potential, which can be further developed as nutritional supplements, preventive medicines, and topical products for cosmetic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnopharmacological relevance While rice is one of the most important global staple food sources its extracts have found many uses as the bases of herbal remedies. Rice extracts contain high levels of phenolic compounds which are known to be bioactive, some of which show cutaneous benefits and activity towards skin disorders. This study highlights an assessment of the cellular activity and clinical efficacy of rice panicle extract, providing necessary information relevant to the development of new cosmetic products. Materials and methods Jasmine rice panicle extract was standardized, and the level of phenolics present was determined. In vitro anti-aging, and extract activity towards melanogenesis was conducted in B16F10 melanoma cells, and antioxidant activity was assessed in human skin fibroblast cell cultures. Topical product creams containing the extract were developed, and skin irritation testing using a single application closed patch test method was done using 20 Thai volunteers. Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled efficacy evaluation was undertaken in 24 volunteers over an 84 d period, with the results monitored by Corneometer ® CM 825, Cutometer ® MPA 580, Mexameter ® MX 18 and Visioscan ® VC 98. Results Jasmine rice panicle extract was shown to have a high content of p -coumaric, ferulic and caffeic acids, and was not cytotoxic to the cell lines used in this study. Cells treated with extract suppressed melanogenesis via tyrosinase and TRP-2 inhibitory effects, which protect the cell from oxidative stress at doses of 0.1 mg/ml or lower. The jasmine rice panicle preparations (0.1–0.2%) were safe (MII=0), and significantly ( p <0.05) increased skin hydration levels relative to baseline. Skin lightening, and anti-wrinkle effects related to skin firmness and smoothness were observed, in addition to a reduction in skin wrinkling. Improvements in skin biophysics of both 0.1% and 0.2% extracts were showed to be comparable ( p >0.05). Conclusions Jasmine rice panicle extract having high levels of phenolics shows cutaneous benefits as the basis for skin aging treatments, as indicated through in vitro cytotoxicity assessments and skin testing in human subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camellia oil is commonly used as an adjuvant in medicine. It is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids, vitamin E, and phytochemicals. The objective of this study was to examine effects of camellia oil consumption on oxidative stress, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) oxidation, and inflammatory markers in hypercholesterolemic subjects. The study design was a randomized, single-blind controlled trial. Women with hypercholesterolemia (n = 50) were randomly divided into two groups. The treatment group (n = 25) was provided camellia oil-enriched diets and the control group (n = 25) was provided diets cooked with soybean oil three meals (45mL oil) a day for 8 weeks. Biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines were assessed before and the after intervention. Camellia oil consumption significantly decreased malondialdehyde (11.2%; P < .001) whereas glutathione was not changed (P = .382). Moreover, the camellia oil group exhibited a statistically significant decrease in oxidized LDL-C (8.7%; P < .001) compared with the control group. Furthermore, camellia oil consumption significantly decreased high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (12.3%; P < .001) whereas tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 were not different (P = .079; P = .660, respectively) compared with the control group. These data indicate that the consumption of camellia oil-enriched diet could decrease oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in hypercholesterolemic women. Therefore, camellia oil consumption may reduce cardiovascular disease risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Haemoglobin E (HbE), an unstable haemoglobin, is highly susceptible to oxidative damages. We examined how acute or chronic physiological challenge induced by exercise affects antioxidant response in HbE carriers. Two independent studies were conducted in individuals with HbE trait and paired normal Hb. In study 1, sedentary participants were tested in a graded maximal exercise and blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 45 minutes after an acute exercise. Our data showed that erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity failed to recover in HbE carriers after 45 minutes of rest. In study 2, athletes were trained in a 10-week strenuous training and blood samples were collected before and after training period. We found that athletes with HbE carriers showed a larger increase in plasma GPx activity compared to those with normal Hb. These data suggest that HbE carriers could cope with exercise-induced oxidative stress by adjusting endogenous antioxidant markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To develop a suitable S accharomyces cerevisiae industrial strain as a chassis cell for ethanol production using lignocellulosic materials, 32 wild-type strains were evaluated for their glucose fermenting ability, their tolerance to the stresses they might encounter in lignocellulosic hydrolysate fermentation and their genetic background for pentose metabolism. The strain BSIF, isolated from tropical fruit in Thailand, was selected out of the distinctly different strains studied for its promising characteristics. The maximal specific growth rate of BSIF was as high as 0.65 h−1 in yeast extract peptone dextrose medium, and the ethanol yield was 0.45 g g−1 consumed glucose. Furthermore, compared with other strains, this strain exhibited superior tolerance to high temperature, hyperosmotic stress and oxidative stress; better growth performance in lignocellulosic hydrolysate; and better xylose utilization capacity when an initial xylose metabolic pathway was introduced. All of these results indicate that this strain is an excellent chassis strain for lignocellulosic ethanol production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead has been linked to the development of hypertension via oxidative stress. Catalase plays an important role in the disposal of hydrogen peroxide in erythrocyte and its activity was determined by CAT gene. The aims of this study were to investigate (1) the association between blood levels of antioxidant markers such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, oxidative stress-marker (malondialdehyde), and blood lead level and (2) the influence of genetic polymorphism of CAT gene (rs769217) on change in blood pressure in general population of EGAT study project. This is a cross-sectional study of 332 normotensive, 432 prehypertensive, and 222 hypertensive male subjects. Hypertensive subjects had significantly higher blood lead level (5.28 μg/dL) compared to normotensive (4.41 μg/dL) and prehypertensive (4.55 μg/dL) subjects (P<0.05). These significant findings are also found in MDA levels. Moreover, individuals with TT genotype in hypertensive group had significantly higher blood lead and MDA levels (6.06 μg/dL and 9.67 μmol/L) than those with CC genotype (5.32 μg/dL and 8.31 μmol/L, P<0.05). Our findings suggested that decreased blood catalase activity in this polymorphism together with low level lead exposure induced lipid peroxidation may be responsible for hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the protective effect of the combined extract of purple waxy corn and ginger (PWCG) on oxidative stress related disorders in diabetic condition, we aimed to determine the effect of PWCG on the functional, biochemical, and structural change of the lesion nerve in streptozotocin- (STZ-) diabetic rats. PWCG at doses of 100, 200, and 300 mg⋅kg-1 BW were orally given to STZ-diabetic rats which were subjected to chronic constriction (CCI) at right sciatic nerve for 21 days. The blood sugar was assessed before and at the end of study whereas the sciatic function index (SFI), paw withdrawal threshold intensity (PWTI), and paw withdrawal latency (PWL) were assessed every 3 days until the end of study At the end of study, the determination of nerve conduction velocity (NCV), axon density, oxidative stress status, and aldose reductase (AR) activity of the lesion nerve were performed. It was found that PWCG improved SFI, PWTI, PWL, and NCV together with the improved oxidative stress status and the axon density in the lesion nerve. No changes of AR activity or blood sugar level were observed. Therefore, PWCG might improve the functional and structural changes in STZ-diabetic rats plus CCI via the improved oxidative stress status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Garlic has been shown to exhibit antioxidant effects and cardioprotective properties. However, the effects of garlic extract on the heart in insulin resistance induced by long-term high-fat-diet consumption are not well defined. Therefore, we sought to determine the effects of garlic extract in the obese insulin-resistant rats. Methods: Male Wistar rats (180-200 g) were divided into two groups: normal-diet or high-fat-diet ( n = 24/group) fed for 12 weeks. Rats in each groups were divided into three subgroups ( n = 8 each): vehicle or garlic extract (250 or 500 mg/kg/day, respectively) treated for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, the metabolic parameters, heart rate variability (HRV), cardiac function, and cardiac mitochondrial function were determined. Results: Rats that received a high-fat-diet for 12 weeks had increased body weight, visceral fat, plasma insulin levels, total cholesterol, oxidative stress levels, depressed HRV, and cardiac mitochondrial dysfunction. Garlic extract at both concentrations significantly decreased the plasma insulin, total cholesterol, homeostasis model assessment index, and oxidative stress levels. Furthermore, garlic extract at both doses restored the HRV, cardiac function, and cardiac mitochondrial function. Conclusion: We concluded that garlic extract at both concentrations exerted cardioprotective effects against cardiac dysfunction and mitochondrial dysfunction in obese insulin-resistant rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To date, the therapeutic strategy against cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD) is still not in satisfaction level and requires novel effective intervention. Based the oxidative stress reduction and cognitive enhancement induced by laser acupuncture at HT7, the beneficial effect of laser acupuncture at HT7 against cognitive impairment in PD has been focused. In this study, we aimed to determine the effect of laser acupuncture at HT7 on memory impairment, oxidative stress status, and the functions of both cholinergic and dopaminergic systems in hippocampus of animal model of PD. Male Wistar rats, weighing 180-220 g, were induced unilateral lesion at right substantianigra by 6-OHDA and were treated with laser acupuncture continuously at a period of 14 days. The results showed that laser acupuncture at HT7 enhanced memory and neuron density in CA3 and dentate gyrus. The decreased AChE,MAO-B, and MDA together with increased GSH-Px in hippocampus of a 6-OHDA lesion rats were also observed. In conclusion, laser acupuncture at HT7 can improve neuron degeneration and memory impairment in animal model of PD partly via the decreased oxidative stress and the improved cholinergic and dopaminergic functions.More researches concerning effect of treatment duration are still required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beneficial antioxidant phytochemicals are found in many medicinal plants. Pseuderanthemum palatiferum (PP), a well-known Vietnamese traditional medicinal plant in Thailand, has long been used in folk medicine for curing inflammatory diseases, often with limited support of scientific research. Therefore, this study aimed to determine antioxidant and modulation of inflammatory mediators of ethanol and water extracts of PP (EEP and WEP, resp.). WEP had significantly higher phenolic and flavonoid levels and DPPH radical scavenging activity than EEP. However, EEP exhibited greater reducing power than WEP. A greater decrease of tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in RAW264.7 macrophage cells was also observed with EEP. Modulation of inflammatory mediators of EEP and WEP was evaluated on LPS plus IFN-γ-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. EEP more potently suppressed LPS plus IFN-γ-induced nitric oxide (NO) production than WEP. Both EEP and WEP also suppressed the expression of iNOS and COX-2 protein levels. Collectively, these results suggest that PP possesses strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quercetin has been isolated for the first time from ethyl acetate extract of Caesalpinia mimosoides Lamk. C. mimosoides Lamk. (Fabaceae) or Cha rueat (Thai name) is an indigenous plant found in mixed deciduous forest in northern and north-eastern parts of Thailand. Thai rural people consume its young shoots and leaves as a fresh vegetable, as well as it is used for medicinal purposes. The antioxidant capacity in terms of radical scavenging activity of quercetin was determined as IC50 of 3.18 ± 0.07 µg/mL, which was higher than that of Trolox and ascorbic acid (12.54 ± 0.89 and 10.52 ± 0.48 μg/mL, resp.). The suppressive effect of quercetin on both purified and cellular acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymes was investigated as IC50 56.84 ± 2.64 and 36.60 ± 2.78 μg/mL, respectively. In order to further investigate the protective ability of quercetin on neuronal cells, P19-derived neurons were used as a neuronal model in this study. As a result, quercetin at a very low dose of 1 nM enhanced survival and induced neurite outgrowth of P19-derived neurons. Furthermore, this flavonoid also possessed significant protection against oxidative stress induced by serum deprivation. Altogether, these findings suggest that quercetin is a multifunctional compound and promising valuable drugs candidate for the treatment of neurodegenerative disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mali-Nil Surin rice bran hydrolysate (MRH) contains highly nutritional proteins and beneficial phenolic compounds. This study investigated an antihypertensive effect of MRH and evaluated the mechanisms mediating this action in N ω -nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced hypertensive rats. Antihypertensive activity was determined in male rats orally administered with MRH (100 or 300 mg/kg) or enalapril (15 mg/kg) daily together with L-NAME (50 mg/kg/day) in drinking water, for 21 days. Concurrent oral treatment with MRH lowered the high blood pressure in the L-NAME-induced hypertensive rats. MRH treatment improved endothelial function and increased the endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor-mediated vasorelaxation in L-NAME hypertensive rats. L-NAME rats treated with MRH had reduced adrenergic hypercontractility, which was associated with a decrease in L-type calcium channel-mediated vasoconstriction. In addition, MRH exhibited antioxidant activity in hypertensive rats, as indicated by suppression of vascular superoxide anion production and reduction of malondialdehyde levels, as well as magnification of superoxide dismutase and catalase activities in serum. This study demonstrated the nutraceutical potential of MRH to prevent oxidative stress-related vascular dysfunction in hypertension., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS.. All rights reserved.)

The Herb Rhinacanthus nasutus (L.) Kurz, which is native to Thailand and Southeast Asia, has become known for its antioxidant properties. Neuronal loss in a number of diseases including Alzheimer's disease is thought to result, in part, from oxidative stress. Glutamate causes cell death in the mouse hippocampal cell line, HT-22, by unbalancing redox homeostasis, brought about by a reduction in glutathione levels, and amyloid-β has been shown to induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Here in, we show that ethanol extracts of R. nasutus leaf and root are capable of dose dependently attenuating the neuron cell death caused by both glutamate and amyloid-β treatment. We used free radical scavenging assays to measure the extracts antioxidant activities and as well as quantifying phenolic, flavonoid and sterol content. Molecules found in R. nasutus, lupeol, stigmasterol and β-sitosterol are protective against glutamate toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diet has been shown to modulate M1dG adduct, a biomarker of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation. Thus, we analysed the association between diet and M1dG in 120 controls and 67 Map Ta Phut industrial estate workers in Rayong, Thailand, to evaluate the influence of fruit and vegetables, and fried and charcoal-grilled/barbecued food consumption on M1dG. M1dG was decreased in controls reporting to consume 14-17 servings/week of fruit and vegetables (mean ratio [MR]== 0.35, CI 0.18-0.69, p< 0.05). Conversely, a non-statistically significant M1dG increment was detected in controls consuming 9-18 servings/week of fried food (MR == 1.33, CI 0.88-2.00, p == 0.168). No effect of charcoal-grilled/barbecued food was found. No effect of diet was observed in workers. An association with smoking was observed in controls (MR == 1.88, CI 1.14-3.10, p < 0.05), but not in workers. M1dG can induce mutations and/or methylation changes within the promoter regions of cancer-related genes, thus promotion of healthy eating practices should be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Ya-Ba, a combination of the two potent psychostimulants methamphetamine (METH) and caffeine (CAF), is commonly used by drug abusers in Thailand and neighboring countries. While the neurotoxic effects of METH are well documented, the toxicity of this combination is mostly unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of this particular drug combination using both in vitro and in vivo models. We found that combined treatment of METH and CAF at individually non-toxic concentrations significantly decreased viability of human neuroblastoma SK-N-SH cells. The reduction in cell survival was accompanied by an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. In vivo data showed that combined administration of METH and CAF increased the mortality rate of rats, with an increase in the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), the indicator of oxidative stress, in striatal tissues. The results indicate that caffeine potentiates the toxic effects of methamphetamine, possibly via a mechanism involving an increase in dopamine release and excess ROS generation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of artificial shade, tree shade, and no shade on physiological changes, oxidative stress, and total antioxidant power in Thai Brahman cattle. Twenty-one cattle were divided into three groups: cattle maintained under artificial shade, under tree shade, and without shade. On days 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 of the experimental period, after the cattle were set in individual stalls for 2 h, physiological changes, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), and total antioxidant power were investigated. The results revealed that the respiratory rate, heart rate, sweat rate and the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio of the no-shade cattle were significantly higher than those of cattle maintained under artificial shade and tree shade ( P < 0.05). During the early period of heat exposure, the total antioxidant power of the no-shade cattle was lower than those of cattle maintained under artificial shade and tree shade, but the total antioxidant power of cattle maintained under artificial shade and tree shade were not different ( P > 0.05). However, rectal temperature and packed cell volume of the cattle in all groups did not differ ( P > 0.05). These results showed that artificial shade and tree shade can protect cattle from sunlight compared to no shade, and that the effectiveness of tree shade for sunlight protection is at an intermediate level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]