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Campylobacteriosis is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans, and it is frequently associated with food poisoning. Here, we carried out a meta-analysis and systematic review in analysing the prevalence of Campylobacteriosis in Southeast Asia (SEA) Databases such as, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar were searched. Data was extracted by two independent reviewers and the results were reviewed by a third. Two reviewers independently assessed the study protocol using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) checklist and the study quality using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist for prevalence data. Comprehensive meta-analysis version 2 was used for the meta-analysis. The random effect model was used, publication bias was assessed using the Eggers test, funnel plot and the Trim-and-Fill method. Between-study heterogeneity was assessed, the sources were analysed using the leave-one-out meta-analysis, subgroup analysis, and meta-regression. Fifty-one studies met the eligibility criteria and were therefore added to the final meta-analysis. Of the 83107 isolates tested in the included studies, 4118 were Campylobacter. The pooled prevalence of campylobacteriosis in SEA was estimated at 7.8% (95% CI; 5.8–10.4%; I2 = 98.708%; P < 0.001). Between-study variability was high (t2 = 1.254; heterogeneity I2 = 98.708% with heterogeneity chi-square (Q) = 3871.349, df = 50, and P < 0.001). The funnel plot showed bias which was confirmed by Egger's test (t -value = 0.94252; P = 0.35055), and estimates from the leave-one-out forest plot did not affect the pooled prevalence. Nine studies were missed and fall at the right side of the pooled estimate by the Trim-and-Fill method. Pooled prevalence of campylobacteriosis in adult and children were 3.0% (CI=1.9-4.8%) and 7.1% (CI=5.1-9.8%) respectively. More studies were reported in Thailand with a prevalence of 13.3% (CI; 9.6-18.2%). Culture and stool were utilized most in the detection and sampling respectively. Country (P = 0.0014) and study population (P = 0.0000) were sources of heterogeneity among the variables. Campylobacteriosis needs to be monitored more closely in SEA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Protein C (PC) and protein S (PS) play key roles in an anticoagulant pathway in order to control the haemostatic system. We identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and/or haplotypes in the promotor and exons of the whole PC and PS genes and in the 3'-untranslated region of the PS gene in 55 Thai individuals. The PC gene revealed 10 haplotypes. One synonymous SNP at 2196 was found in the normal Thai population with a minor allele frequency of 4.90%. One homozygous mutation in exon 7, R147W, co-segregated with the synonymous SNP 2196 (homozygote) of the PC gene, resulting in decreased PC activity and antigenic levels. The PS gene revealed three haplotypes with two frequent dimorphisms in exon 15 and the 3'-untranslated region. The most frequent haplotype in the PS gene was H3 (wild type). There was no correlation between the haplotypes of PC and PS genes with functional and antigenic levels of PC and PS.

Adult mosquitoes were collected from 3 areas in northern Thailand with different availabilities of rice fields for larval habitats by using blacklight, truck, and pig-baited traps. Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles and Culex gelidus Theobald were dominant in all samples. Significant study-area differences were found in light and truck trap collections for Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. gelidus, but not for Culex vishnui Theobald + Culex pseudovishnui Colless. In pig-baited sample area differences were significant only for Cx. gelidus. Adults of Culex fuscocephala Theobald were relatively rare, comprising only 0.6-7.9% of the total mosquitoes collected. When compared with the results from previous studies in the Chiangmai area, we conclude that Cx. fuscocephala has become a minor species and that changes in the mosquito fauna have occurred in northern Thailand.

In 1991-1993, the density (numbers per 10 dips) and abundance (density x flooded area) of mosquitoes were studied in 3 areas of northern Thailand with different environmental conditions. Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles, Cx. vishnui Theobald, and Cx. gelidus Theobald were predominant among the 8 Culex species collected. Abundance of these 3 species varied significantly among the 3 areas. Type of habitat classified according to agricultural practices in rainy and dry season significantly influenced larval abundance of Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Cx. vishnui. Seasonal variation in larval abundance was significant only in Cx. vishnui. The response of the 3 vector mosquitoes to environmental heterogeneity is discussed.

Two strains of Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus were isolated from a pool of Culex tritaeniorhynchus captured in 1992 and another pool of Cx. vishnui captured in 1993, in Chiang Mai Area, Northern Thailand. These two strains, ThCMAr44/92 and ThCMAr67/93, could not be identified either as Nakayama or JaGAr01 subtype by the hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) and the neutralization (N) tests using immune sera raised against these standard JE virus strains. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed the presence of JE-specific conserved sequences in these strains. Sequencing of 240 nucleotides in their PrM gene region identified that these two strains belong to the genotype 1 of JE virus. Nucleotide and encoded amino acid sequences of their envelope glycoprotein gene revealed 98.8 and 99.8% identity, respectively. These two strains shared 77.8 to 87.7% homology in the nucleotide sequence and 90.0 to 98.8% homology in the amino acid sequence with other reported JE strains. Five strain-specific amino acid changes were noted in ThCMAr44/92 strain, while one in ThCMAr67/93. In addition, four common amino acid changes were found in both strains. Thus, the findings indicated that these two strains were structurally different from each other as well as different from all the reported strains which was in agreement with the serological tests by hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralization.