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Oases and deserts generally act as a landscape matrix and mosaic in arid/semiarid regions. The significant difference of thermal and dynamic characteristics between oasis and desert surface will result in oasis-desert interaction. That is, the interaction between oasis and desert system through the exchange of momentum, energy, water and carbon, which can lead to a series of microclimate effects that affect the structure of the atmospheric boundary layer, changes of carbon sources/sinks in oasis and the local ecological environment. Therefore, studying water, heat and carbon exchange is significant for achieving the goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality in oasis38 desert areas and supporting the ecological security and sustainable development of oases. To monitor energy, water vapor and carbon exchange between the land surface and atmosphere, a land surface process integrated observatory was established in the oasis-desert area in the middle and lower reaches of the Heihe River Basin, the 2nd largest endorheic basin in China. In this study, we present a suite of observational datasets in artificial and natural oases-desert systems, which consist of long-term energy, water vapor, carbon/methane fluxes, and auxiliary data involving hydrometeorology, vegetation and soil parameters from 2012 to 2021. Half-hourly turbulent flux data were acquired by an eddy covariance system and scintillometer. The hydrometeorological data, including radiation, soil heat flux and soil temperature profile, gradient of air temperature/humidity and wind speed/direction, air pressure, precipitation and soil moisture profiles, were observed from automatic weather stations with a 10-minute average period as well as the groundwater table data. Moreover, vegetation and soil parameters were also supplemented in the datasets. Careful data processing and quality control are implemented during data production, including data collection, processing, archiving and sharing. The current datasets can be used to explore the water-heat-carbon process and its influence mechanism, calibrate and validate related remote sensing products, simulate energy, water vapor and carbon exchange in oasis and desert areas, and provide references and representatives for other similar artificial and natural oases along the Silk Road. The datasets are available from the National Tibetan Plateau Third Pole Environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]