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Abstract: Fertility control is an alternative non-lethal method in the management of rodents. Previous modeling suggests that the efficacy of male sterilization depends on mating systems of animals, but behavioral mechanisms of male sterilization have not been investigated. Here we investigated the behavioral mechanism of the sterilant quinestrol in reducing the fertility of plateau pika (Ochotona curzoniae) inhabiting the Qinghai-Tibet plateau. Male pikas treated with quinestrol showed reduced aggression compared to control males, but they showed significantly higher levels of territorial behavior such as long-calls and long-chases. Levels of long-call and long-chase were negatively correlated with the number of newborn pikas in the family. Single-baiting of quinestrol effectively sterilized male pikas and reduced the pregnancy rate of female pikas; this was likely achieved by increased territorial behavior of sterilized pikas which resulted in unsuccessful invasions by fertile adult male pikas. Our study reveals a novel behavioral mechanism, increased territoriality in sterilized males, in the fertility control of plateau pikas. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]