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Copyright of Human Rights Review (Justice Academy of Turkey) is the property of Justice Academy of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Internal and external sources, particularly after the year 1925 export season was not enough to meet the increasing demand for money. Contraction occurring after the year 1927 the money supply in the domestic market, the demand for Money and credit did not met the demand. Decline in the money supply has increased interest rates. This situation has raised rates in the existing national and local banks' profitability. In order to meet the market demand for heavy money and credit in order to obtain higher profits and capital of small local merchant banks, called the local bank was opened. Bank of Diyarbakir, in the country for similar reasons was founded by Mr. Hasan Rasid and his friends in 9 november 1930. Banking activities began in 1931. TL. 75.000 to be paid ten percent of initial capital. Bank of Diyarbakir, had important functions performed by invesment banking activities formed new commercial organizations, partly contributed to the economic development of Diyarbakir. The purpose of this study is to explainthe reasons for the foundation of the Bank of of Diyarbakir, its founders, the annual balance sheets, profit and loss accounts, banking activities and the possible contribution of these activities is to reveal the local economy. This study is based on archival resarch and documentation with the bank resulting from the first study on this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Turkish Court of Accounts / Sayistay Dergisi is the property of Turkish Court of Accounts and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Andesite exposed in different parts of Ankara has different weathering categories varying from fresh to residual soil. The geomechanical properties of the andesite are significantly affected by weathering. Buildings constructed especially in completely weathered and residual soil levels of the andesite have some geotechnical problems. In this study, the variation of the geomechanical properties of the andesite due to weathering is investigated in three selected sites of Ankara, through optical microscope, X-ray diffraction analyses, major element analyses, pressuremeter tests, physicomechanical tests, and seismic refraction method. The data gathered from the field and laboratory studies were used to assess the characteristics of the weathering zones. Based on the data obtained from this study, an idealized weathering profile is assessed. No bearing capacity and consolidation settlement problems exist in the area. However, care should be taken for immediate settlement of the buildings. Slopes with heights less than 8 m are not expected to cause any significant problems for buildings. There exists a ground amplification problem in the study area. The natural period of the building should not match that of the weathered rock. The ground response analyses reveal that the buildings with four to seven stories may be adversely affected from earthquakes due to resonance phenomenon. Therefore, this has to be taken into account when designing new buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To conduct a retrospective analysis of the incidence and long-term outcomes of carcinoid tumor of the appendix in emergency appendectomies. Methods: From a histopathologic database of 2197 appendectomies from a single center, all appendiceal carcinoid tumors were identified and case notes reviewed. Demographic data, clinical presentation, histopathology, operative reports, and survival were scored and compared with those reported in the literature. Results: Ten patients (0.45%) with appendiceal carcinoid tumor were identified (2 male, 8 female; mean age, 29.2 years; age range, 14-56 years). In all cases, the clinical presentation resembled the symptoms of acute appendicitis. Open appendectomy was performed in all patients. All tumors were located at the tip of the appendix, with a mean diameter of 0.4 cm (range, 0.1-0.9 cm), and the mesoappendix was invaded in one patient. No patient had repeat surgery after the initial operation. After a mean follow-up period of 55 months (range, 26-82 months), all patients were alive and disease- and symptom-free. Conclusion: To conclude, carcinoid tumors are extremely rare, and the diagnosis is often made after surgery. We emphasise the value of obtaining histopathological analysis of every removed appendix because visual examination does not always correlate with later pathological examination. Furthermore, small appendiceal carcinoids (<1 cm) have an excellent prognosis after appendectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic majorly disrupted conventional schooling and many countries maintained educational services through distance education. The duration of school closures in Turkey was longer than most OECD countries, thus Turkey prioritized school reopenings in the 2021-2022 academic year to mitigate possible negative outcomes of closures. Here we study the compatibility of implications for school reopenings in Turkey with these practices and assess the first semester of face-to-face schooling., Methods: We have used document analysis to present and compare the practices in Turkey with international practices. We also used a comparative approach to assess the coherence between policies in Turkey and international suggestions., Results: We find that vaccination rates of teachers and education staff are quite high in Turkey. Other practices, mandatory face masks, class-based closures and quarantine policies, are also in agreement with international practices. These steps are supported with frequent cleaning and ventilation of school environments, as well as with social distancing measures in schools., Discussion: Consequently, the rate of daily closed classrooms has been kept below 1%, and the patterns of closures and openings are in general agreement with the changes of positive cases in the Turkish society. The net rate of closed classrooms decreased with the decline of quarantine days in Turkey. We hope that these insights will inform about school openings and contribute to best practices for face-to-face schooling.

Background/aim: The aim of this paper was to determine the general tendencies of urology patients and effect of COVID-19 pandemic on daily urological practice at tertiary centers located in the most affected area in Turkey., Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 39,677 patients (group 1) that applied to 6 different large-volume tertiary centers in İstanbul for outpatient consultation, surgery, or other procedures in the 3-month period between March 16 and June 14, 2020. The distribution of the number of patients who applied to subspecialty sections of urology outpatient clinics and inpatient services were recorded by weeks. That data was compared to data obtained from 145,247 patients that applied to the same centers in the same period of the previous year (group 2). The reflection of worldwide and Turkish COVID-19 case distribution on the daily urological practice was analyzed., Results: There was a decrease in the number of patients in all subspecialty sections the in group 1 compared to group 2; however, there was a significant proportional increase in urooncology and general urology admissions. A decrease of approximately 75% was observed in the total number of surgeries (p < 0.001). We detected a negative correlation between the numbers of admission to all outpatient clinics and COVID-19 cases or deaths in Turkey (p < 0.05). The same negative correlation was present for all surgical procedures and consultations (p < 0.05). The multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that the number of cases in Turkey, and the number of deaths worldwide affect the number of outpatient clinic admissions (R2 = 0.38, p = 0.028) and urological surgery (R2 = 0.33, p = 0.020) in Turkey negatively., Conclusion: This novel pandemic has implications even for urology practice. Urological surgical procedures were more affected by COVID-19-related deaths in Turkey and worldwide. Outpatient admissions and urological surgeries decreased significantly by increasing COVID-19 case numbers in Turkey and worldwide deaths., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest., (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)

Aim and Objectives: The aim of this was to examine the effect of bladder training on bladder functions., Background: Urinary catheterization is frequently performed in order to evaluate the outcomes of the surgical procedures and to monitor the urine output after urology operations., Design and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in the urology clinic in Istanbul, Turkey in which 50 males were nonrandomly assigned to either a bladder training (n = 28) or a control group (n =22). In the bladder training groups, the urinary catheters of the patients were clamped at 4-hr intervals and then were left open for 5 min on the second postoperative day. This study was created in accordance with TREND Statement Checklist., Results: The first urgency time and the first voiding time were longer, and the prevoiding and the voiding volumes were higher following the removal of the catheter in the training group (p = 0.001). In addition, the evaluation of the patient bladder diaries in the first three days after the discharge period revealed that the daily frequencies of micturition and nocturia were lower (p = 0.04), the mean duration of intervals between the micturition was longer (p = 0.006), and the mean voided urinary volume was higher (p = 0.024) in the training group., Conclusion: At the end of the study, it is observed that bladder training performed by clamping the catheter on postoperative day 2 after Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TUR-P) operation is a significant positive effect on the storage symptoms of the patients., Relevance to Clinical Practice: Before removing the urinary catheter, bladder training programme affects positively to patients, especially prevoiding and the voiding volumes, the daily frequencies of micturition and nocturia on postoperative periods., (© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: Adenomyoma, a reactive and hamartomatous lesion of the gallbladder, is included in the differential diagnosis of several benign and malignant lesions. Macroscopic sampling is very important in the determination of these lesions. The agreed macroscopy protocol in recent years has been prepared by the Hepatopancreatobiliary Pathology Working Group. We aimed to evaluate the clinicopathologic properties of adenomyoma cases in the gallbladder and the contribution of new macroscopy techniques to the diagnosis of adenomyoma in the pre-protocol and post-protocol parts of a one-year period., Material and Method: Two institutes were included in the study. Adenomyoma cases diagnosed in the pre-protocol and post-protocol periods of one year duration were included in the study. Slides and demographic properties of the cases were reexamined., Results: While adenomyoma was present in 22 of 1879 gallbladder before the protocol, it was observed in 32 of 1781 gallbladders in the post-protocol period. 17 of the cases were male and 37 were female. The mean age of the cases was 51.8. 52% of the lesions were located in the fundus. A gallstone was observed in 37 cases, and cholesterolosis in 14 cases. In the comparison of the two periods, the number of cases was lower in the post-protocol period but a 0.6% increase in the diagnosis of adenomyoma was found., Conclusion: Adenomyoma is one of the lesions of the gallbladder that should be recognized but can be easily overlooked macroscopically. When we conducted the sampling according to the last protocol, the increase in the diagnosis of adenomyoma showed that adequate and accurate sampling was very useful for the detection of adenomyoma in the gallbladder.

Background/aim: We aimed to develop an instrument that can assess the perceptions and opinions of young people regarding the causes and consequences of obesity and the role of individuals, families, communities, and government in addressing obesity., Materials and Methods: A 36-question (101-item) survey was developed by adopting, translating, and revising multiple-choice or Likert-scale questions from existing surveys to assure construct cross-cultural validity. A two-factor mixed-effects model estimated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) to measure the test-retest reliability of questions administered 2 weeks apart to a convenient sample of İstanbul high school and university students, aged 15–25 years (n = 122)., Results: The meanICC for university and high school was 0.70 and 0.63, respectively. University students were more consistent in relating the problem to society and public policy preferences. High school students were more consistent in relating the problem and solution to themselves and their immediate environments. Using a 0.5 cutoff for the ICC’s lower 95% confidence limit, followed by reevaluation of the question flow, a 19-question (36-item) survey was retained for adolescents and a 26-question (52-item) survey for young adults., Conclusion: While the survey items have moderate to excellent reliability for high school and university students, it can be administered longitudinally to suggest changes to policies and interventions, and after cross-cultural validation, it can be utilized to compare obesity perceptions across different populations., (This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)

Background and Aims: The cag A and vac A genes of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) are closely associated with the pathogenicity of bacteria. However, the significance of H. pylori babA, homB, aspA , and sabA genes is not clear in phenotypic characteristics of virulence. This study aimed to investigate the frequency and importance of these genes in patients with H. pylori positive peptic ulcer (PU)., Materials and Methods: Patients with a PU or nonulcer dyspepsia (NUD) based on the upper gastrointestinal (UGI) endoscopy findings were included in the study. Biopsy samples from antrum and corpus were cultured into Columbia agar. H pylori were characterized by urease, catalase, oxidase test, and gram staining. Genomic DNA was extracted and stored. The babA, homB, aspA , and sabA genes were determined by using polymerase chain reaction analysis., Results: A total 214 patients were included (99 PU and 115 NUD) and H. pylori could be isolated in 82 patients (36 PU and 46 NUD). The frequency of the babA (25% vs. 15.2%, p=0.25), homB (2.7% vs. 4.3%, p=1), aspA (69.4% vs. 73.9%, p=0.2), and sabA (2.7% vs. 10.8%, p=0.88) genotypes was not different between PU and NUD patients. There were some correlations between the presences of these genes., Conclusion: This study managed to determine babA, homB, aspA, and sabA genes of H. pylori by PCR. However, the frequency of these factors was not different in patients with PU and NUD. There is no role of babA, homB, aspA , and sabA genes for the development of peptic ulcer in Turkish population.

In this study, a chabazite-rich tuff (CHA) from the Bala deposit of Ankara region (Turkey) and its modified forms (CuCHA, AgCHA, FeCHA, and HCHA samples) were investigated at 273 and 298 K using volumetric apparatus up to 100 kPa. The chabazite samples were characterized by using thermal analysis (TG-DTG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy with detector X-ray energy dispersive (SEM-EDX), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), and N 2 adsorption methods. It was found that natural chabazite is composed of predominantly chabazite with small amounts of clinoptilolite and erionite. XRD showed that there are major structural changes to Fe- and H-exchanged chabazite samples. Capacity of chabazites for CH 4 ranged from 0.168 and 1.341 mmol/g. Among all the modified forms, it was observed that Ag form of chabazite zeolite had the greatest methane adsorption capacity at both temperatures.

We study the causal effect of maternal education on childhood immunization rates. We use the Compulsory Education Law of 1997, and the differentiation in its implementation across regions, as instruments for schooling of young mothers in Turkey. The Compulsory Education Law increased the compulsory years of schooling of those born after 1986 from 5 to 8 years. We find that education of mothers increases the probability of completing the full course of diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus and Hepatitis B vaccinations for their children. The results are robust to variations in regression specification and including various individual and community variables., (© 2018 The Authors. Health Economics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objectives: The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of advanced stage (stage IIIB-IVB) ovarian cancer (OC) patients with intestinal metastasis, and to investigate the factors that affect survival., Material and Methods: Patients who underwent cytoreductive surgery (CS) for FIGO stage IIIB-IVB OC with metastasis in the intestinal system, at Tepecik Research and Treatment Hospital between 2008-2014, were analyzed retrospectively. Patients with borderline ovarian tumor; those who had previously undergone radiation therapy and/or hysterectomy and patients having secondary or tertiary cytoreduction were excluded and 49 patients were included and analyzed in this study. Hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oopherectomy, pelvic and para-aortic lymph node sampling, resection of bulky lymph nodes and omentectomy were performed. Optimal cytoreduction was accepted as that which left residual tumor ≤ one cm maximum size., Results: The risk factors affecting OS interval were investigated according to Cox' regression analysis. Optimality of the primary CS (P = 0.008 and HR = 5.202) and cancer stage (P = 0.016 and HR = 6.083) were found to be statistically significant factors., Conclusions: Achieving optimal CS is the most important aim for the general surgeon carrying out an intestinal resection procedure. Although resection procedures are superior in providing the desired optimal results when compared to excision surgery, their higher complication rates and subsequent lower quality of life must be taken into consideration when choosing either resection or excision methods; surgical intervention should always be kept to the minimum possible.

Hydatid disease is a parasitic infestation caused by ingestion of eggs of echinococcal species. For Echinococcus granulosus, the definitive host is the dog, and sheeps are the usual intermediate hosts. Humans are accidental intermediate hosts, infected by ingestion of food contaminated with eggs shed by dogs or foxes. The most common organs that hydatid disease encountered are the liver and lungs. Involvement of the kidney is rare and usually accompanies the other organ involvements. Cardiac involvement of echinococcosis is also very rare. We report the case of a 31-year-old woman with a 6-year history of asthma who collapsed after strenuous activity and died despite the interventions carried out. At autopsy, cystic masses were detected in the apex of the heart, in the right kidney, and in the liver. There were no macroscopic pathologic findings in the other organs. Microscopic examination revealed the diagnosis of hydatid cyst in the heart, right kidney, and liver besides medial hypertrophy of the lung vessels. Cause of death was attributed to hydatid cyst and its complications. Patients who have symptoms akin to asthma at clinical presentation have to be further investigated for organic cardiac and pulmonary diseases such as hydatid cyst, especially in endemic countries.

The incorporation of pharmacogenomics information into the drug dosing estimation formulations has been shown to increase the accuracy in drug dosing and decrease the frequency of adverse drug effects in many studies in the literature. In this paper, an estimation framework based on the Bayesian structural equation modeling, which is driven by pharmacogenomics, is proposed. The results show that the model compares favorably with the linear models in terms of prediction and explaining the variations in warfarin dosing.

Objective: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy associated with increased risk of obesity, insulin resistance (IR) and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Low-grade chronic inflammation and imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines has been proposed to play a role in the pathogenesis. Vascular cell adhesion molecule1 (VCAM1) is among the parameters reflecting low-grade chronic inflammation whose expression is increased by pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study examined the possible association of T-1591C and T-833C single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of VCAM1 gene with the occurrence and the clinical/biochemical characteristics of PCOS., Study Design: We analyzed genotype and allele distributions of the above-mentioned SNPs in DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes of 169 patients with PCOS and 179 healthy women, by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method combined with melting curve analysis using fluorescence-labeled hybridization probes., Results: No significant associations between PCOS and the variant alleles of VCAM1-1591 (OR: 1.09, 95% CI=0.74-1.58) and -833 (OR: 1.42, 95% CI=0.59-3.43) were observed. None of the studied polymorphisms was found to affect IR indices and sVCAM levels significantly. However, PCOS women heterozygous for VCAM1-1591 polymorphism (CT) had significant increased triglyceride and decreased HDL-C in comparison with wild homozygous (TT) ones., Conclusions: Although there is no association between -1591 and -833 polymorphisms of VCAM1 gene and susceptibility to PCOS, higher triglyceride and lower HDL-C in VCAM1-1591 CT genotype suspect that heterozygous patients are prone to increased risk for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. In addition, bearing in mind that PCOS is a consequence of interaction between various genetic and environmental factors, the association between heterozygocity of VCAM1-1591 polymorphism and some lipid parameters may depend on the impact of other known or unknown polymorphisms, being in linkage disequilibrium with this locus of VCAM1 gene., (Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.)