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The concentrated solar energy which is one of the renewable energy sources, is examined in metal melting which requires high temperatures. The study is carried out for the first time in an environment where total solar radiation of 1394 kWh m−2-year and sunshine duration of 2132 h-year at the sea level in Trabzon province at 41° latitudes and 39° longitudes. In the present work, a single concentrator model of solar furnace system is presented. Parabolic dish with a diameter of 1.42 m was used for the first time with high reflection rate chromium nickel foil in the concentration of the solar rays. To store the concentrated solar beams, a metal melting furnace is designed, manufactured and tested. Total heat loss analysis of the furnace according to measured experimental values is performed for the designed solar furnace. The melting process of the aluminum metal was realized in the furnace. In the experiment, the efficiency of the system was calculated based on the measured temperatures and solar radiations. The system efficiency which consists of the parabolic solar concentrator and the solar furnace was found to be approximately 46% at the average focal temperature of 1023 K. In the melting process, the efficiency of the furnace is calculated as the ratio of stored energy to the absorbed solar energy on the surface. The total thermal efficiency 22% is calculated for the first time in the aluminum melting process and mass flow rate is 0,0667 g s−1 at this time. • A single concentrator model of solar furnace system is presented. • As an alternative, some metals such as aluminum metal are melted in the solar furnace. • Thermal efficiency analysis of the solar furnace is investigated. • The concentrated solar model has been applied in the Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The levels of heavy metals were determined in surface and core sediments from the Izmir Bay in 2009. The highest concentrations of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were found in the inner bay due to industrial activities. In contrast, maximum levels of Mn, Co, Fe and Al were observed in the outer bay, due to geochemical structure. Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, As, Cr and Co levels in the upper layer of core sediments were higher than the mean background values of bottom sediments. The enrichment of Cr, Mn, Pb, Zn, Cu and As in the bay seems to be driven by anthropogenic sources. It was found that the sediments in Izmir Inner Bay were generally polluted heavily with Cu, As, Ni, Cr, Pb and moderately with Zn according to the numerical Sediment quality guidelines of the USEPA.

An acidic mining lake located in Can, Turkey was investigated to assess its water quality status and potential risk for environment. Morphological studies and water quality sampling were conducted to determine vertical and areal distributions of numerous water quality criteria and to assess the general status of the lake. The results revealed that the lake had an average pH of 2.28 and an average electrical conductivity value of 5925 microS/cm. The dissolved oxygen ranged between 0.83 and 6.45 mg/L and demonstrated a significant vertical profile. Sulfate was found to be the dominant anion with an average level of 5912.5 mg/L depicting the extent of pyrite oxidation. Similarly, aluminum, iron and manganese levels were extremely high with averages of 290155, 172344 and 91342 microg/L, respectively. With these levels, the lake is classified to be a Class 4 water resource according to pertinent regulations and is in need of immediate action for rehabilitation.

The accumulation of metals (Iron, Aluminium, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Boron, Chromium, Nickel, Cadmium, Lead) was seasonally (November 2009 to July 2010) measured in sediment samples taken from different areas of Beyler reservoir which is an important water source for irrigation in West Black Sea region (Turkey). Metals in sediment samples were analyzed by ICP-OES. The difference between the stations except for Zn metal (p < 0.05) has not been considered as important and a statistical difference between seasons for Fe, Ni metals (p < 0.01) and Cu metal (p < 0.05) has been observed. The magnitude of metal concentrations in sediment was determined as Aluminium > Iron > Manganese > Zinc > Chromium > Copper > Boron > Nickel > Lead > Cadmium. Enrichment factor (EF) for all metals has been calculated (EF < 1). In the evaluation done by considering the EF values, it is seen that the metal concentrations found in the Beyler Dam Lake sediment stem from the natural composition of the sediment.

The venerid clam Chamelea gallina is a popular and economic foodstuff around the Mediterranean countries especially in Italy, Spain, and France. The aim of this study is to evaluate the nutritional quality of striped venus of Southern Marmara. Samples were harvested seasonally at five stations and analyzed to determine meat yield, proximate, and elemental composition. According to the results, meat yield ranged from 20.24% to 29.94%. Means of water, protein, lipid, and ash content were 67%, 10.12%, 2.57%, and 1.66%, respectively. The mean concentrations (mg/kg wet weight) of elements in tissues are as follows: B: 2.37-4.24; Cr: 0-0.76; Co: 0-0.43; Cu: 0.71-5.30; Mn: 0.30-5.94; Zn: 13.08-77.76; Ni: 0-1.22; Fe: 2.46-114.22; Al: 1.23-75.49; Pb: 0.18-3.24; Ba: 0.66-15.97; Cd: 0.04-0.69. Among the reported metal levels, only Pb and Zn in two stations exceeded the maximum critical concentrations enforced by Turkish legislation and European Commission. Therefore, we report that striped venus from Southern Marmara Sea, in general, are safe for human consumption; nonetheless, Pb and Zn levels should be closely monitored in the future.

The aim of this study was to determine the total metal accumulation (aluminium, copper, manganese, lead, cadmium and iron) in different organs and eggs of Astacus leptodactylus (Eschscholtz, 1823) and sediments total metal contents (aluminium, copper, manganese, lead, cadmium, iron, zinc, chromium, nickel) in Lake Terkos. Water and sediment samples were collected from two stations at two different depths (1 and 2 m) of Lake Terkos in May 2008. Crayfish samples were collected by trammel net at the same region. Primary hydrographic conditions, such as temperature (13.6-19.4 degrees C), salinity (0.27-0.34 per thousand), dissolved oxygen (7.04-12.30 mg l(-1)) and pH (7.42-8.51), were recorded for each sampling point. Moreover, the total organic carbon (1.65-5.44%) and the total calcium carbonate contents (19.44-41.16%) of sediment samples were determined. According to the Turkish Food Codex (J Zool 26:283-288, 2002), the maximum allowable Pb and Cd levels in crayfish are 0.5 mg/kg wet weight. Accordingly, the Pb and Cd levels determined in A. leptodactylus samples are below this limit. However, when compared with the acceptable metal limits defined by WHO, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and Ministry of Agriculture in United Kingdom (UK), it is clear that the Cu level is at the limit and the Cd results exceed the limit. When the metal contents in sediment samples from Lake Terkos are examined, it is seen that the Al, Fe, Mn, Ni and Cu contents are lower while Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb contents are higher than the crustal average values. The high values draw attention to the land-based domestic and industrial inputs. Lake Terkos sediments have high enrichment factors (EF) of Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb metals which corroborate this result. The low EFs of Fe, Ni and Cu are due to the natural (terrigeneous) inputs. Additionally, there is no Al, Fe, Ni and Cu metal enrichment in these lake sediments because of the low contamination factor (CF) values. However, it is moderately contaminated by Zn, Cr and Pb, and heavily contaminated by Cd.

Lake Beyşehir is the largest fresh water lake and also the largest reservoir for drinking, and irrigation water in Turkey. The lake has an area of 656 km2 with an average depth of 5 m. Metal concentrations of aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) were determined in Lake Beyşehir on 9 June and 19 August 2005, and 12 June and 22 August 2006. The water samples were collected from 40 sampling stations. The aim of this research is to determine metal concentrations and their seasonal and spatial variability in the lake. Generally, metal concentrations of Lake Beyşehir were found to decrease in the sequence of Fe > Al > Zn > Cr > Ni > Pb > Cu > Cd as 92.8, 81.8, 7.4, 2.7, 2.2, 1.9, 1.7 and 0.5 microg L(-1), respectively. The results showed that the mean concentrations of the metals in the lake water did not exceed WHO (World Health Organization), US EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) or TWQCR (Turkish Water Pollution and Control Regulations) drinking water guidelines. On the other hand, maximum levels of metals sporadically exceeded these standards in some sampling stations, especially for Al, Cr, Fe, and Pb.

Samples from precipitation events collected at Erdemli during February 1996-June 1997 were analyzed to determine their particulate aluminium content, in addition to pH and conductivity measurements. Backward air mass trajectories corresponding to the rainy days were analyzed to determine potential source regions of acidic and alkaline constituents transported to the Cilician Basin. Approximately 28% of the rain samples were found to be acidic and the trajectories associated with half of the acid precipitation events were from the Mediterranean Basin and the Balkan Peninsula, while the other half were from the Anatolian mainland and local sources. Rain samples were found to be alkaline (58%), with their trajectories originating from North Africa and the Middle East. As a result of its CaCO3 content, mineral dust from these arid regions significantly increased the pH of rainwater.

Aluminum salts have been used in the preparation of a number of vaccines, toxoids, and allergen injectants as an adjuvant for many years. Although aluminum allergy is rare, there are many reported cases caused by aluminum-precipitated vaccines or hyposensitization therapy. Therefore, determination of the aluminum content of these vaccines is necessary information regarding adverse reactions related to these vaccines. In the present study, the aluminum contents of several vaccines (n = 19) routinely used in Turkey were, determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry. We found that aluminum levels in the vaccines ranged from 0.0 to 1438 mg/L.

Background: To examine the aluminum content of several commercially available enteral nutrition formulas and parenteral solutions., Methods: Twelve enteral nutrition formulas and 10 parenteral solutions were commonly used in routine clinical care of patients and obtained from different medical companies in Turkey. The aluminum contents were determined by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry., Results: We found that aluminum concentration in the enteral nutrition formulas and the parenteral solutions to range from 87.6 to 961.2 ng/mL and 58.4 to 1232.0 ng/mL, respectively., Conclusions: Careful clinical and biochemical monitoring are warranted to determine whether it will be necessary to eliminate aluminum contamination of enteral and parenteral preparations used in patients, particularly infants, with reduced kidney function who may be at risk for aluminum intoxication.

In the past few years, there has been an upsurge of interest in aluminum (Al) and human health. The well-recognized manifestations of systemic Al toxicity include fracturing osteomalacia, dialysis encephalopathy, and microcytic hypochromic anemia. The role of Al in causing childhood diseases is also becoming clearer, but the safe plasma level still remains to be determined in newborns, especially in premature newborns, implying that it should be kept low. Premature infants receiving iv fluid therapy show evidence of Al loading. Additionally, the infant-feeding mixtures, especially the soy-based infant formulas, tested may be a significant additional source of Al in the diet of infants with low birthweights, and in infants and in young children with impaired renal function. Careful clinical and biochemical monitoring is warranted to determine whether it will be necessary to eliminate Al contamination of both oral and parenteral preparations used in infants and children who may be at risk for Al intoxication. In this present study, the Al content of infant feeds was measured by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometry, and also compared with those of breast milk, cow's milk, milk powder, and some starches that are commonly used for preparation of infant feed in Turkey. Our results show that Al content of commercially available powdered infant formulas, most of which are imported from Europe, ranged from 1.211 to 10.925 micrograms/g. The mean value was higher than that of breast milk. It was also found that the Al content of cow's milk in various containers was higher than that of breast milk. The highest Al level among cow's milk samples was in the aluminized carton box.