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Thirty-three honey samples were collected between 2017 and 2018 in Kastamonu Province, in order to characterise the palynological and physico-chemical properties of the honey produced in the western Black Sea region of Türkiye. Melissopalynological characteristics of the honey samples were determined based on the total pollen number in 10 g (TPN-10 g) along with the pollen taxa diversity. The physicochemical properties of the samples including humidity ratio, volatile organic compounds, total phenolic content, fructose/glucose ratio and hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) content were determined using a refractometer, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS), ultraviolet-visible spectrometry and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. Melissopalynological analysis revealed that the honey samples contain 49 taxa, of which 18 were determined at family level and 31 were determined at genus level. The most common taxon was Castanea sativa while the other important taxa were Apiaceae, Asteraceae, Amaranthaceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae and Lamiaceae. Eleven out of 33 honey samples were monofloral and the remaining 22 samples were multifloral. According to the TPN-10 g results of the honey samples, the total number of pollens in 10 g of Kastamonu honey was between 1051 and 325 108 pollen grains. The moisture ratio was obtained between 11.9 and 18.9% while the fructose + glucose values were between 35.84 and 84.1 g/100 g. HMF content varied between 0.38 and 21.31 ppm while the total phenolic content varied between 39.6 and 138.8 mg GAE/100 g. The GC–MS analysis revealed that the samples contain compounds belonging to the groups of aldehydes, aliphatic acid and its esters, alcohols, hydrocarbons, flavonoids, carboxylic acid and esters, ketones, and sugars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Researches on bee products have become popular in recent years. In fact, the content and component of bee products varies depending on many ecological and floristic factors and its nutritional and therapeutic properties are directly related to its content. Balveren (Şırnak province) beekeepers place their hives in locations with different geographical structure, floristic and topographic characteristics. This variability not only affects the quality of honey but also changes the properties of propolis. Studies on propolis, known as bee glue, have gained importance in recent years. As with other bee products, the propolis content also depends on the floristic characteristics of the region. In this study, propolis samples were collected from the regions where Balveren beekeepers stayed and their botanical origins, wax ratios, phenolic content, and mineral substance contents were analyzed. In the microscopic analysis, pollen grains belonging to 14 different families used by bees were determined. It was determined that the total phenolic and mineral contents of propolis vary completely depending on the location. With this study, the propolis properties of the hives in the region were tried to be revealed and it was aimed that this study would help the region's propolis to be used for technological and therapeutic purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beekeeping is an area open to development. There can be significant differences from region to region. Even within the same region, it is affected by many factors. In this study, the structural features and production problems of beekeeping enterprises in Malatya province were examined. The results of 77 surveys conducted between November 2020 and February 2021 for those engaged in beekeeping activities were evaluated. It was observed that the average honey yield per hive was 11.87 kg. This amount was found to be different in a statistically significant degree from Turkey's average. In this study, unlike other studies, a different result was found from the answers given to the question of the creatures known to be most harmful to the bee. Of the answers to this question, 68.8% were bee - eaters, 24.7% were wild bees, 3.9% were hedgehogs and 2.6% all of them. Consequently, considering the studies on beekeeping problems, it is noteworthy that a standard cannot be reached in general. The reason for the differences in the studies may be of regional origin. Or it may be that some distinctions are not fully made in the studies. Besides, for better results, first of all, accurate and reliable data should be obtained. For this purpose, more comprehensive data can be obtained by ensuring that beekeepers keep records about the sector. Due to regional differences, universities or provincial directorates of agriculture may take the lead in conducting surveys or field studies by the people of the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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INTRODUCTION: There has a few number of studies in children that looked for the prevalence of reactions caused by insect (hymenoptera) stings. This study was planned with the aim of investigating the prevalence of systemic, large local and local reactions due to hymenoptera stings in the general population in children. MATERIALS and METHODS: In this study, four different schools in Bursa city center and its villages were selected for research by random sampling method. A total of 3243 children in the 6-15 age group were evaluated using the questionnaire method in the study. RESULTS: Of the children, 1714 (52.9%) were boys and 1529 (47.1%) were girls. The mean age was 9.80±0,04 years. The number of children who were stung at least once in their lifetime was 1992 (61.4%), and the number of children who were stung in the last 12 months was 711 (21.9%). The frequency of reactions due to hymenoptera stings in the study population (lifetime prevalences), systemic reaction in 9 children (0.3%), large local reaction in 19 children (0.6%), local reaction in 1964 children (60.5%) were found. There were higher numbers of lifetime hymenoptera sting and rates of systemic or large local reactions in boys compared to girls (p<0,001, p<0,05, p<0,01 respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In our region, children between the ages of 6-15 frequently encounter hymenoptera stings. Since reactions due to hymenoptera stings occur at certain rates, it would be appropriate to consider these data in terms of defining possible reactions and approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey, which has many positive health effects, is fondly consumed in our country and in the world. Although honey is considered to be a micro-organism-free food because of its antimicrobial and bacteriostatic effects, studies refute this idea. In addition to primary contamination, personnel, tools and equipment used in beekeeping and honey production is a potential source of secondary contamination. In addition, honey, which can carry many microorganisms as a result of cross-contamination, is among the important foods and can threat public health. Therefore, it is thought that screening of pathogens that may be present in honey would contribute to the studies. Due to the geographical location, the diversity of climate and vegetation, Turkey is located in the upper row of honey producting countries. In this study, 900 samples examined in Kırklareli province in Northern Marmara Region. Kırklareli region has been chosen as the research area since it is considered as an important province in honey production and is a border province located in the industrial zone. The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of parasitological, bacterial, fungal and viral parameters which are important for the quality of the consumer, bee, larvae, colony and honey. According to the obtained data, positive results were found in many parameters and statistically significant results were obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beekeeping is an agricultural and animal activity that provides the output of bee products through the use of herbal resources together with Bee and labor. Turkey has a very high potential for beekeeping activities. In particular, our country, where four seasons are experienced, provides opportunities for diversity in bee breeds. Today there are about 91 million registered bee hives in the world and about 8 million of them are in Turkey. The research was carried out to measure the level of information about the consumers ' bee products and to investigate the levels of confidence and purchasing behavior. Within this scope, 308 online surveys were conducted. Data obtained were analyzed by SPSS package program. According to the results, when buying bee products, the most affected source is the newspaper/magazine ads. The most common bee product, honeycomb honey, is the least known bee product bee venom. The bee product that consumers buy and consume the most is the honey filter. The most preferred packaging for all bee products has been glass jars. When looking at consumers ' brand preferences, branded products are preferred for all bee products. Consumers buy bee products most from the market and manufacturer. The most reliable source of bee products is honeycomb honey, which is the most trusted bee product of the manufacturer itself. It has been observed that there is a difference between the level of knowledge of consumers about bee products and the level of confidence of consumers in purchasing bee products and gender, age and education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous molecular operational taxonomic unit (MOTU) survey work with diplogastrid dauers from the abdominal glands of adult female soil-dwelling andrenid bees in Turkey had suggested commensal relationships between species of the genus Andrena and a new species of Koerneria and several species from an unidentified nematode clade near "Mononchoides" (based upon comparisons with GenBank at the time). We used reverse taxonomy on dauer nematodes from Andrena optata from Turkey to successfully culture, morphotype, and sequence adult nematodes that fully matched Pristionchus maupasi and one of the MOTUs previously isolated as dauers from the abdominal glands of A. limata and A. flavipes, and previously designated as belonging to the clade near "Mononchoides." This study demonstrates the value of reverse taxonomy for resolving MOTU identification issues as the depth of the reference sequence database increases and successful cultures or environmental samples of adults are made available for morphotypic and genotypic comparisons. In addition, it has helped expand our knowledge of the potential host range and biogeographical distribution of P maupasi which was originally thought to be relatively host specific on scarab beetles, and has raised questions about the chemical ecology of dauers for this species in the wild. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the pesticide and fungicide use in Turkey is summarized and the registered fungicides that pose little or no residual hazard to honeybees are reviewed in detail. In Turkey, the economic potential of plant protection products for 2006 was about 195 million Euros with insecticides, herbicides, fungicides and others accounting for 39, 29, 23 and 9% of this amount, respectively. The active ingredients of the fungicides that pose little or no residual hazard to honeybees are as follows: copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride, folpet, prodione, vinclozoline, procymidone, maneb, propineb, ziram, sulphur, dinocap, chlorothalonil, azoxystrobin, bitertanol, dichlofluanid, fenhexamid, fenpiclonil, kresoximmethyl, pyrimethanil, tolyfluanid, trifloxystrobin, benalaxyl, metalaxyl, triforine, benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole,thiophanate methyl, dimethomorph, ımazalil, prochloraz, bromuconazole, difenoconazole, flusilazole, flutriafol, metconazole, myclobutanil, penconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole, triadimenol, fosethylal, hymexazole and oxolinic asit. Of these, the active ingredients Vınclozoline and Fenpiclonil have not been allowed for production or importation since 01 January 2009. In the article, the use of the other active ingredients are also under discussion in terms of their side effects on honeybees. In addition to these side effects to honeybees, the priority should be given to the use of active ingredients, at least for one of them that are more compatible with integrated pest management (IPM) programmes. Under circumstances when the fungicide application is necessary, the precautions for selection and application of fungicides were explained. These precautions can be exercised by farmers, beekeepers or fungicide applicators. First of all, Beekeeper and grower cooperation is the most effective way to reduce bee poisoning;its importance cannot be overstated. The pest control program nearly always can be modified so that little or no bee poisoning occurs, without undue cost or inconvenience to grower. Well-planned integrated pest management programs often are less dangerous to bees and the others pollinators. If spraying must be done during the blooming period, application must be restricted to the period after dark or very early morning in order to reduce mortality to bees that may be visiting the blooms. Although label recommendations may help reduce the impact of spraying on managed crop pollinators and hives may be covered or removed before applications, such recommendations may not be adequate to protect native pollinators in the surrounding habitat. Formulations of the fungicides are also important. Granular formulations are the least hazardous to bees. Emulsifiable formulations usually are safer to bee than wettable powders. Dust and microencapsulated formulations are the most hazardous to bees. Briefly, they include the application of right fungicides at the right time using appropriate application method. Finally, the benefits of mutual cooperation between farmers and beekeepers and new pesticide regulations in Turkey were emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microscopic analyses were conducted on pollen samples collected from the Narlıdere, Cumalıkızık, and Baraklı localities of the Bursa province located in the Euro-Siberian phytogeographical region of Turkey. Samples collected from the areas mentioned above from May to September were first classified morphologically by their color and then prepared for microscopic analysis. The date at which pollens specific to a taxon emerged was accepted as the starting date of florescence, and it was assumed that the period of florescence was continuing as long as pollens could be observed. Pollen analysis was ended up with the identification of 54 taxa belonging to 31 different families in the Bursa area. The most common one among identified taxa were the members of the family Asteraceae (by 16 %). When plants were analyzed in terms of their periods of florescence, Cichorium intybus from the Cumalıkızık area had the longest florescence period with 99 days while there were 19 other taxa from which bees could collect pollen only for 1 day. It was also found that the number of taxa in inflorescence was at a maximum (8 taxa) in the 21st (21-24 May) and 24th (11-14 June) weeks whereas it was at a minimum during 31st, 33rd and 35th weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]