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Objective: The proximal ulna has a complex and unique architectural anatomy, therefore, its fractures are difficult to manage. This paper aimed to evaluate proximal ulnar angulations that contribute to the fixation and restoration of proximal ulna fractures in the Turkish population. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 107 Turkish adult ulnae (55 right, 52 left) whose age and sex were unknown. The ulnar length (UL), proximal distance of varus angulation (PDVA), and widths at the point of varus angulation were measured with a digital caliper. The proximal ulna torsion angle (PUTA), varus angulation (VA), proximal ulna dorsal angulation (PUDA), articular angle (AA), and olecranon-diaphysis angle (ODA) were measured with a goniometer. The statistical analysis was carried out at the SPSS 21.0 program (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). Results: The median UL was 251.97 mm (minimum: 196.84 - maximum: 497.76 mm), median PDVA was 82.7 mm (minimum: 16.21 - maximum: 108.62 mm), mean total width was 15.04±1.84 mm, mean posterior-interosseous width was 13.72±2.37 mm and mean posterior-anterior width was 15.15±1.93 mm. The mean PUTA was 27.10°±9.04°, the median VA was 14° (minimum: 5° - maximum: 23°), the median PUDA was 8° (minimum: -3° - maximum: 20°), the median AA was 25° (minimum: 19° - maximum: 39°), and the mean ODA was 17.39°±5.33°. A moderate negative correlation was detected between the PUDA and ODA (rs= -0.50, p<0.001). Conclusion: The mean proximal ulnar angulations in this study can be beneficial during surgery for the fixation of proximal ulna fractures. This study revealed the correlation between proximal ulnar angulations in the Turkish population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Digital goniometer has been a limited production in Turkey. The aim of this study was to design low cost, ergonomic and functional digital goniometers to use in different joints. Methods: Two different goniometers were designed for upper-lower limb joints and hand-finger joints The joint parts in the designs were produced by 3D prototyping using the solid model drawn in the SolidWorks program. The remaining parts were designed by PVC boxes. Using the potentiometer as a voltage divider, the analogue inputs of the microcontroller system and the voltage value were digitally read as 10 bits . The measured value was converted into angle value via software. The button on the goniometer was added to the algorithm to hold the measured value. 30 young healthy adults, without musculoskeletal, neurological, systemic conditions, were included. Evaluation contained three times of active motion after one passive motion. The same procedure was repeated by another digital goniometer by the same practitioner. Pearson Correlation Analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between the obtained data. Results: Assessments were repeated by designed goniometers and another electronical goniometer. Statistically significant correlation was detected (r=0.960, p=0.001) between the findings. Conclusions: The 11 types of goniometers, which had the novel electronically design, were produced. Furthermore, health professionals could use goniometer in various clinics by means of different size and features of goniometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]