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This article examines the overlap between European Union migration controls and internal counter-terror measures in the Kurdish populated region at the Turkey-Iran border. It highlights the development of an 'externalisation creep' in the context of this overlap. We discuss how the EU's external measures aimed at people classed as 'irregular migrants and smugglers' creep into local internal border security, leading to the prioritisation, on the ground, of measures against people broadly labelled as supporting 'terrorism'. This development has resulted in the expansion of borderwork, which is associated with unexpected border control outcomes beyond those originally intended by the EU. The article draws upon an ethnographic data collection at the Turkey-Iran border, a geographical area that has seldom featured in EU-supported border controls studies. Our analysis seeks to contribute to the academic literature on externalisation by moving away from an EU-centric perspective, and instead focusing on border governance dynamics that are situated in the local histories and domestic sites of conflict, as understood by diverse border crossing survivors. This approach allows us to foreground how EU migration externalisation co-opts domestic practices in the context of borders with pre-existing forms of insecurity, and targets migrants as well as residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Democrat Party era (1950-1960) sparked radical changes in Turkey. The economic practices of the party administration during the country's administration, as well as some of the negativities it created in the political and social field, have long been on Turkey's agenda. This agenda continued even after the May 27th 1960 Military Coup removed the party from power. The Turkish Constitution of 1961, which was put into effect after the coup, created an environment suitable for looking at various problems of society from different perspectives. This environment was also reflected in the cinema, paving the way for the birth of a movement called Social Realism in Turkish Cinema. It is thought that the Social Realist Movement (1960-1965) and some of the films shot under the influence of this movement mirror the economic policies implemented during the Democrat Party era and the adverse developments it brought with it. In the study, the reflections on the harmful effects of the Democrat Party's economic policies on social realist films in Turkish Cinema are discussed. The films selected within the scope of the study were criticized through critical discourse analysis, historical, sociological, and ideological criticism methods, and the political, sociological, and class aspects of the Democrat Party's policies, as well as their economic aspects, were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the evolution of regional disparities within the present‐day borders of Turkey since 1913. Based on our estimates for 58 provinces, we find β‐convergence, an inverse U, and more recently, the beginnings of an N‐shaped pattern for value added per capita. We also find that regional disparities in Turkey exhibit a number of special features that do not easily fit the well‐studied pattern of the early industrializers. First, while per capita value added in other regions moved towards country averages, the differences between the East and the rest of the country persisted and even increased until recently. Second, spatial distribution of economic activity became more concentrated over time due to continued migration to the megacity of Istanbul. Third, we find that regional disparities in per capita value added in Turkey and other developing countries have been higher than those experienced by the early industrializers. These findings raise questions about the extent to which the regional disparities experiences of Turkey and other developing countries have been different than those of the early industrializers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural populations are particularly exposed to increasing weather variability, notably through agriculture. In this paper, we exploit longitudinal data for Turkish provinces from 2008 to 2018 together with precipitation records over more than 30 years to quantify how variability in a standardized precipitation index (SPI) affects out-migration as an adaptation mechanism. Doing so, we document the role of three potential causal channels: per capita income, agricultural output, and local conflicts. Our results show that negative SPI shocks (droughts) are associated with higher out-migration in rural provinces. A mediated-moderator approach further suggests that changes in per capita income account for more than one quarter of the direct effect of droughts on out-migration, whereas agricultural output is only relevant for provinces in the upper quartile of crop production. Finally, we find evidence that local conflict fatalities increase with drought and trigger out-migration, although this channel is distinct from the direct effect of SPI shocks on out-migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The village institutes project is an educational initiative that emerged as a rural development project in the history of the Republic. When we look at the education programmes implemented, it is seen that although the aim was to train teachers for the villages, artistic and cultural education constituted an important part of the programme. From this point of view, it can be said that the village institutes aimed to transform villages into places where modern individuals who follow the Republican revolutions live and have urban characteristics. The acceleration of migration from villages to cities and the increase in internal migration with industrialisation coincide with the period of the closure of the village institutes. Although various educational and sociological studies have been conducted on the founding and early periods of the Republic, research on the modern human type that the village institutes wanted to raise is limited in the literature. The aim of this study is to evaluate the educational programme and practices in the village institutes in the context of creating modern human beings and to examine the experiences of the students in their villages in the example of Çifteler Village Institute. The article is designed as a document-based research. The steps of the document analysis method were analysed. The studies obtained as a result of the search among postgraduate theses and academic articles on village institutes were subjected to content analysis. In addition, the letters written by the teachers graduated from Çifteler Village Institute to the school administration were also analysed in the context of the desired human type. It was observed that the education given in the village institutes had many artistic and cultural practices aiming to teach village life as well as urban consciousness, and that the education given included elements that would contribute positively to the awareness of living together. In the letters written by the graduates to the directorate of Çifteler Village Institute, it was concluded that they could not be happy in the village where they were working and that they could not reach the environments where they could exhibit the new behaviours they had acquired at school. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of lnternational Journal of Geography & Geography Education is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the relationship between the net migration rate in Turkey between 2008-2019 and the Real Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per Capita was tested with the Spatial analysis method. Net migration is expressed as the difference between the migration received by a particular settlement and the migration given. The value obtained by dividing the net migration value by the mid-year population and multiplying by one hundred or a thousand is expressed as the net migration rate. The phenomenon of migration that takes place in a certain place is one of the factors affecting per capita income. Spatial Analysis, on the other hand, determines the interaction between variables between units that are geographically close to each other. In the results of working; Provinces with strong and weak spatial relationships between net migration rate and GDP data for the specified years for Turkey were identified. Spatial distribution maps were drawn, Moran I index results, low increasing positive autocorrelation was detected in GDP data for the determined years, while high positive decreasing autocorrelation was detected for net migration rate data. Then, with the LISA clustering maps, the relationship between the provinces was low, high, and unrelated clustered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issue of migration is a topic that has been talked about and kept up to date from past to present, and it is discussed from different aspects by many disciplines. Because of its geographical location, Turkey has been exposed to international and national migration throughout its historical process, and has been and is greatly affected by the phenomenon of migration. While internal migrations between 1950-1980 in Turkey were caused by economic reasons, security problems were added to these reasons by the 1980s. Hundreds of thousands of people migrated to the cities as a result of the evacuation of the villages due to the conflicts between the PKK terrorist organization and state forces that started in the east and southeast of the country. In this study, the problems that emerged in Hakkâri, which was affected by the village evacuation, have been examined and the social, economic and cultural changes of those who experienced migration have been investigated. In this study, in-depth interview method, which is a structured qualitative research method consisting of open-ended and closed-ended questions, has been used. As a result of the study, it has been determined in line with the explanations of the participants that there are deficiencies in the infrastructure, education, health and employment areas as a result of the population increase in the city. On the other hand, problems such as housing shortage, unemployment, adaptation problems, exclusion, financial difficulties and deterioration of human relations were encountered among those who migrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adolescents' self-development processes, the problems they encounter, and the way they overcome these problems tend to vary based on the culture they are a part of. As internal migration is a phenomenon that brings change to the culture, this study explores adolescence self-construals, adjustment problems, and coping styles in the context of internal migration. A cross-sectional and correlational design was employed in the study. The study data was collected from 979 adolescents. Of those, 410 were internal migrants, whereas 569 were non-migrants from Turkey. 46% of the participants were female and 58% were male. The age range of the participants was 14–18. Results showed that heteronomous-related self-construal was observed more commonly among non-migrant adolescents who used social support to cope with stress more than their peers. There was no difference between non-migrant and internal-migrant adolescents in terms of their adjustment problems. However, there were statistically significant relationships between adolescents' self-construals, adjustment problems and coping styles in the context of internal migration. The study results and implications were also discussed based on the related literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Population & Sociétés is the property of Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) play an important role in the realization of harmonization activities. During the execution of these activities, some problems may occur in all processes from the determination of the needs to the meeting. For this reason, this study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the problems experienced by NGO officials working with immigrant groups during the activities they carried out for the integration process of immigrants. During the study, it was aimed to see whether the working contents and approaches of NGOs differ geographically and culturally. Two different provinces, Şanlıurfa and Istanbul, were selected geographically and culturally, and semi-structured interviews were conducted with NGO managers working with refugees in these two provinces. 9 participants were reached by snowball sampling method. In line with the interviews, four main themes emerged: experience of working with immigrants, integration activities, cultural values in immigrant work, and evaluations of the effectiveness of immigrant work. The data we obtained as a result of the research showed that the working and implementation styles of NGOs in these two cities are similar. It is thought that this result we have obtained is related to the fact that the intensity of internal migration in Turkey gradually reduces regional differences, as well as the similarity of countries and cities in the globalization process, and the fact that institutional structures gradually move away from local approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a critical analysis of tourism employment and sustainable development in the context of regional inequality, poverty alleviation and internal migration with special references to Turkey. It was found that although Turkey has experienced rapid tourism growth in terms of volume and value, it has contributed little to reduce unemployment and poverty rates among regions, and migration from relatively less developed regions to more developed regions for seeking a better job opportunity. It concludes that benefiting from tourism as a developmental instrument in this context is an enormously difficult task to achieve owing to the prevailing socio-economic conditions in the developing world, and thus necessitates reconfiguring hard political and economic choices, and decisions based upon complex socio-economic trade-offs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Social Research / Turkiye Sosyal Arastirmalar Dergisi is the property of Turkish Journal of Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Irregular migration has become a prominent issue around the world, particularly in Turkey. Irregular migrants, who have an impact on the country's economy, socio-cultural environment, and many other factors, have also different effects on the tourism industry. This study was conducted using a qualitative method to determine the effects of irregular migration on the holiday destination. Certain questions, within the scope of the study, were asked to 12 participants who have had a holiday in Cesme, Izmir. Responses (audio recordings) were decoded to reveal codes, categories, and themes. Five different themes were identified in this study. According to the findings of this study, it was concluded that irregular migration has negative impacts on the holiday destination. The most frequent coded dimensions are security concerns and anxiety, lack of control and supervision, deterioration in socio-cultural environment, unrest or harassment, and socio-cultural and political conflicts. A number of recommendations were made in line with the results of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Erciyes Akademi is the property of Erciyes Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Monitoring and understanding of ecosystem dynamics is essential for sustainable management of forest ecosystems. This study investigates the effects of afforestation activities and population factors on spatio-temporal changes of forest ecosystems. Geographic Information System was used to assess temporal and spatial changes between 2002 and 2014 in the Elmalar forest planning unit, located around the eastern Mediterranean city of Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. The results indicated that total forest area increased by 2,279 hectares during the 12-year period with a 20 % cumulative improvement of the forested area. The increase in the productive and total forest areas can be attributed to the afforestation activities carried out in the study area. Notably, with the Green Belt Afforestation Project of GDF carried out in the Elmalar forest planning unit, 1,574 hectares of non-forest areas were afforested which contributed to an increase in total forest areas. Forest areas converted to non-forest area were less compared to forest increased. Increased population growth, internal migrations and resettlements within the study area are the primary reasons for expansion of residential areas, which lead to increased pressure on forest resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Çalışma ve Toplum is the property of Calisma ve Toplum and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

By investigating the implications of gendered property and labour relations in agriculture for socio-economic transformation, this article extends development theories and contributes to feminist analysis of unpaid family labour. Drawing on the case of Turkey, it demonstrates that gendered patterns of agriculture limit women's mobility, access to education, and paid employment in non-agricultural sectors. Using the qualitative and quantitative methods, the paper finds that patriarchal property and labour relations prevent the movement of labour from agriculture to non-agricultural sectors, constrain labour supply, and increase subsistence earnings thereby putting upward pressure on urban wages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 18th century, one of the reasons for the migration of the reaya in Anatolia was the influential usurpers (mutegallibe) in the region. Ishak Pasha (from Eğin) was one of them. A decree about the Arapgir Sanjak captured by the Pasha stated that the people did not feel comfortable from the day they began to be governed as life-term tax farms (malikane), and after a while, it began to disperse. This article examines the social and administrative consequences of the process of Ishak Pasha (from Eğin), who was the governor of Arapgir Sanjak, from brigandage to Pasha. The Pasha, whom the people of Eğin and Arapgir complained about to Istanbul for years, could not be captured and punished despite many arrest warrants. Courts and homes were raided and tax fraud took place. However, sometimes he denied his guilt and asked for forgiveness, sometimes he hid from his influential relatives and sought their help, and sometimes he resisted the governors who came to arrest him with the support of the Kurdish tribes in the region. By taking possession of the region in the form of a life-term tax farm, he gained financial power and increased his influence administratively. The people, who were not at peace throughout the life of the Pasha, could not save themselves even after his death, and this time the other rulers in the region fell against each other for the seizure of his life-term tax farm. The state, which wanted to prevent migration from the region, intervened in the registration of the Arapgir life-term tax farm as a solution to this situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In primitive societies, individual and mass migration took place to settle in more productive and/or safer areas. In the modern world, migration occurs for similar reasons, such as obtaining a higher level of welfare, accessing educational and employment opportunities, and fleeing the dangers of war. The Todaro Paradox is an economic theory proposing that migration from rural to urban areas in developing countries can destroy the positive effect of increased urban employment opportunities. Based on the Todaro Paradox, this study sought to measure the effect of increased employment opportunities in cities and migration from rural to urban on urban unemployment in Turkey in the 1988-2019 time period. The findings obtained using ARDL bound testing reveal a statistically significant relationship between the relevant variables. Suggesting that migration from rural to urban areas in Turkey suppresses growth in employment opportunities and increases unemployment. As long as elevated expected income is not supported through rural development policies, internal migration will continue. Rising unemployment among urban populations will result in significant economic and sociological challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early marriages, which are harmful practices in terms of human rights and the best interests of children, still exists today as a problem affecting girls in particular because of gender inequality in the world and Turkey. Migration is a process that carries various risks in terms of early marriages. Early marriages are a problem that Turkey faces in its internal and external migration experiences. Early marriages in Turkey have recently come to the fore with Syrians living under temporary protection. Syrian children can be forced to marry at an early age in the insecure war environment before migration, during their migration journey and in the countries they migrated to after migration. Early marriages in the migration process; It threatens the fundamental rights of children such as security, health and education. In this study, the phenomenon of early marriage has been evaluated with a gender perspective for Syrians under temporary protection who migrated to Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of rural-urban migration in underdeveloped and developing countries, have brought about many spatial, social, economic and cultural changes in urban areas. Number of prominent slums in the 1950s in Turkey, have increased in the next decades, and many slums has occurred. Izmir was one of the metropolitan cities where slums became widespread during that period. While slums were initially created in neighborhoods close to the urban center, over time, they spread out of the urban. Kuruçeşme Neighborhood in Buca district of Izmir is a former slum neighborhood formed by internal migration. In recent years, the slums and old buildings that were demolished under the name of "Urban Transformation" practice, have been replaced by new constructions and buildings. The aim of this study is to analyze the transformation dynamics and emerging contradictions in a former slum neighborhood on the periphery of the metropolitan city. Although Buca is a densely populated settlement where urbanization and squatting problems stand out, scientific studies on this subject are limited. Therefore, this study is aimed to make an important contribution to the literature. In this descriptive study based on the findings obtained from the field; quantitative and qualitative research methods and the techniques of these methods were used together. Within the scope of the study, a structured questionnaire was applied to 350 households in Kuruçeşme Neighborhood and semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with 20 people. The transformation in Kuruçeşme which is a former slum neighborhood, shows that rent-based accumulation regimeshaped over the housing market was also implemented in a peripheral settlement of the city. The effects and contradictions of this transformation on space, population, social and economic relations have been analyzed in the light of the findings of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ekonomik Yaklaşim is the property of Ekonomik Yaklasim Dernegi (Ekonomik Yaklasim Association) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper integrates contraception into the extant migrant‐fertility framework using the case of internal migration within Turkey. Drawing from the 2013 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey data, we show that migration is positively associated with age of first modern contraceptive use. As women's migration is quickly followed by family formation, women also take up modern contraception after first childbirth, likely due to new encounters with medical professionals, differing contraceptive access and other social exposures. We also find that women whose childhoods were spent in urban areas have a higher risk of first modern contraception relative to women from rural areas, thus suggesting the enduring importance of socialization. These results show how selection processes, life‐cycle factors, and sociocultural norms jointly shape modern contraceptive behavior in Turkey. Our results also demonstrate a need for increased reproductive care in rural areas and suggest continued fertility decline with urban migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The institution of the family is affected by the small events encountered in daily life, the social change processes that occur by progressing as an accumulation, and many other internal and external developments along with them. Learn one of the important facts that have an impact on the institution of the family, the phenomenon of migration. Individuals who change individually or collectively for various reasons try to adapt to the familiar new living environment. This situation affects behaviors, expectations and experiences among family members. 1950 headed rural migration to urban areas in Turkey, gained a qualification between cities after 80 years; These migrations have accelerated changes such as the structure of the family, the roles of the parents, the education of children and children, and the perception of women. Family institution effects of the phenomenon of immigration in these places have been evaluated. Turkey has understood that a dominant force for change in the family structure of internal migration. Adhering to old traditions in new living environments after migrations; Considering that there are problems such as economic life difficulties in modern cities, crowded population, dispersed urbanization and transportation. Significant changes occurred such as marriage, the position of the father in the family, the number of children, the inclusion of women in business life, and working and training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The migration of individuals from one place to another is based on numerous economic and socio-cultural reasons. In the context of these reasons, development differences between regions are also expected to affect migration. In this context, this study aims to investigate the net migration rates differences in Turkey on a provincial basis and to determine the factors affecting the net migration rates. For this purpose, the spatial pattern of the net migration rate was examined, and by reviewing the variables that are expected to be related to migration, the impacts of these variables on the net migration rate have been revealed. Thus, it was seen that as the population growth rate and the gross domestic product increase, the net migration rate increases; and as the population density increases, the net migration rate decreases, that is, the province becomes a province of emigration. Finding of the study shows that the net migration rate is influenced not only by the characteristics of a site but also by the net migration rates and characteristics of neighboring settlements. In fact, geography is an important factor that should be taken into consideration in the examination of the factors affecting the net migration rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Especially in the second half of the last century, migration, which gained a universal dimension and considered one of the most important problems to be overcome in terms of ensuring sustainability in social life at national and international level, has turned into a phenomenon that is viewed with much more suspicion, anxiety, and suspicion today. According to the statements of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, when considered together with the fact that almost one person in the world is forcibly displaced every two seconds due to conflict, persecution, hunger, or war, it will be much easier to understand the size of the threats that migration can bring with its current sphere of influence. One of the most important problems of the concept of immigration, which is mostly associated with vital and economic reasons, is the social incompatibility experienced due to cultural differences. In this study, more than half a century of internal migration mobility no reduction, as well as most foreign immigration in the world, most widely used hosting one of the illegal immigration traffic routes meaning of the phenomenon of migration in Turkey and the importance of referring in general, Izmir special immigration due to cultural adaptation problems aimed to reveal the identity of cultural institutions and the role of public libraries in facilitating the process. Within the scope of the study, firstly, the responsibilities of public libraries, which are open to the use of city residents in the central districts of the city, which are the main migration focus, and are obliged to provide priority services to different user foci, in the process of forming a common urban culture in the context of their duties and functions. Then, the relations with the public libraries of the citizens who came to Izmir with internal, especially external migration and trying to establish a new life in this city, the place and importance of these relations in the city and the city culture were emphasized. In the research, which was built with semi-structured description management, evaluations were made on the examples in order to concretize the role of public libraries in the adaptation of the immigrants to the city and the integration of urban culture without any problems. Despite good examples and collaborations put forward, it has been determined that the service philosophy on this issue is far from the expected level, apart from limited and individual-oriented efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal migrations, which involve population movements within the borders of a country for economic, political or social reasons, is seen as both a cause and a result of regional imbalances. In this framework, the effect increasing internal migrations have on developed and underdeveloped regions may differ through the effect of the different socio-cultural and economic conditions between regions. The aspect of imbalance is directly related to the extent to which migration affects parameters such as wage, production, consumption, human capital levels, entrepreneurial migration, unemployment, and household income in regions with different stages of development. This study analyzes the effect internal migration has on regional imbalances in Turkey's NUTS-2 regions during 2008-2019 using the bootstrap quantile regression method. According to the analysis findings, internal migration increases growth in all NUTS-2 regions, but this effect is stronger at higher income levels. In this context, as a region's income levels increase, the effect of net migration on growth also increases. When considering the migration direction to be from low-income regions to high-income regions, internal migration has been found to increase interregional disintegration in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Journal of the Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences is the property of Cukurova University Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Understanding transmission dynamics that link wild and domestic animals is a key element of predicting the emergence of infectious disease, an event that has highest likelihood of occurring wherever human livelihoods depend on agriculture and animal trade. Contact between poultry and wild birds is a key driver of the emergence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), a process that allows for host switching and accelerated reassortment, diversification, and spread of virus between otherwise unconnected regions. This study addresses questions relevant to the spillover of HPAI at a transmission hotspot: what is the nature of the wild bird–poultry interface in Egypt and adjacent Black Sea-Mediterranean countries and how has this contributed to outbreaks occurring worldwide? Using a spatiotemporal model of infection risk informed by satellite tracking of waterfowl and viral phylogenetics, this study identified ecological conditions that contribute to spillover in this understudied region. Results indicated that multiple ducks (Northern Shoveler and Northern Pintail) hosted segments that shared ancestry with HPAI H5 from both clade 2.2.1 and clade 2.3.4 supporting the role of Anseriformes in linking viral populations in East Asia and Africa over large distances. Quantifying the overlap between wild ducks and H5N1-infected poultry revealed an increasing interface in late winter peaking in early spring when ducks expanded their range before migration, with key differences in the timing of poultry contact risk between local and long-distance migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of migration can be expressed as the relocation of persons or communities from one settlement to another for political, economic and/or social reasons. However, this situation can be in the form of moving from one point within the country to another point (internal migration) and also between the countries (external migration) is taking place. Especially recently there has been a very serious migration phenomenon from the eastern and southeastern geographies of Turkey, especially Syria, to Turkey and to European countries through Turkey. With these migrations, the ethnic, cultural and demographic structures of the regions change temporarily or permanently. In our provinces of Balıkesir and Çanakkale, which are called TR22 Regions (especially in transitions to Europe), this migration phenomenon is very intense. However, the fact that these provinces still share the first ranks among our oldest provinces in terms of median age is the main theme of study. The main topics of study, migration and median age concepts, will be supported by the data on them and are planned to be descriptive in this sense. Furthermore, the causes of median age height in the region will be analyzed to examine whether migration can change this structure. The study confirms that the region is on migration routes, but it is observed that the population of the region is quite old compared to the median age of Turkey. Therefore, that it constitutes a negative situation for investments in the region in terms of economic activities and employment. It is considered that young people who grew up in the region and/or received education migrated to neighboring provinces and metropolises, and that the population that came with external migrations was limited to unqualified labor with contribution to agriculture and animal husbandry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Sciences Research / Sosyal Bilimler Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of ODU Journal of Social Sciences Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Folklor / Edebiyat is the property of Cyprus International University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study examines threat perception amongst internal migrant groups in Turkey by proposing the 'hometown cluster-based intergroup threat model.' It contributes to the existing literature in two important respects. First, this study generates hometown clusters by measuring the social distance between migrants. Second, four dimensions of threat perception – culture, language, religion, and economics – are analyzed to reveal the development of conflict amongst internal migrant groups. The results reveal that in Gebze, a city inhabited mostly by migrants, threat perceptions are activated by both hometown clusters and ethno-religious identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly is the property of Turkish Cultur & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Folklor / Edebiyat is the property of Cyprus International University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aims to determine the effect of internal migration and various socio-demographic and socio-economic factors on maternal and child health services utilization in Turkey. In this context, prenatal care, giving birth at health-care facilities, and postnatal care have been examined. The data of Turkey Demographic and Health Survey were used in the study. The best conditions for maternal and child health services utilization were those who lived in urban, then, respectively, those who were rural to urban migrants, urban to rural migrants, and rural women. Rural people constituted the most disadvantaged group in terms of health-care utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article empirically investigates the impact of internal migration on women's empowerment in urban areas of Turkey. Based on data from a nationally representative household survey, we find that migration exerts a positive impact in urban settings through improvements in educational attainment and labor market outcomes. Migration contributes to women's empowerment by raising their education levels and lowering the gap in schooling between men and women. Migration also allows migrants, both men and women and particularly those with tertiary education, to access jobs and occupations in high wage regions like Istanbul. However, unlike in education, a gender wage gap persists even after migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on original data, this article discusses rural‒urban mobilities and the contemporary employment‒migration relationship. Starting with the observation of reduced rural population but maintained family-farm numbers, it engages with multiple issues, including rural employment, the process of urban migration, settlement in the city, the relation of migrants to the rurality and (return) counter-migration. It supports the thesis that migration is not so much about a ‘movement from one place to another’, the classical migration definition, and more about a coupling of practices (related to mobilities, residence, employment, etc.) with places over time. Thus, migration and counter-migration are conceptualized as socio-spatial strategies, conceptualized as ‘multi-place living’ or ‘dual life’, which are based on variable engagements with rural farming, urban wage labour and return movements (for retirement, refuge, etc.). The newly emergent and growing dual/multi-place structures that result from this are re-shaping village life in particular, expressed in various ways, such as in a changing village demography and function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal migration, where individuals leave where they live and move to another residential area within the same country due to the social, political or economic reasons, affect the both the migration-receiving and emigrating regions. Internal migration that accompany regional differentiations depending on time and space, gave rise to social and economic differentiations on a regional basis with the redistribution of the population. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of internal migration on regional inequality in Turkey.. In this context the effect of internal migration on regional inequality will be analyzed with panel data econometrics. Level 1 based migration data concerning the years of 2008-2015 was used for the migration statistics. The findings of the study are as follows; internal emigration increases regional inequality, whereas receiving internal migration decreases the regional inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal migration, which has been continuing without slowing down since 1950s in Turkey, has started to reduce the quality of life in especially the metropolis that let in excessive numbers of immigrants for the last 15-20 years. From the perspective of the regions of outgoing migrations, production decreases here due to the population and labor force transfers. The net migration rate, which is a measure of incoming and outgoing migrations balance, needs to be examined closely. In this study, the determinants of net migration 12 regions of Turkey in NUTS1 level, which are rate divided into 4 categories, were analyzed for 2008-2014 period using ordered panel logit regression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boğaziçi Journal: Review of Social, Economic & Administrative Studies is the property of Bogazici University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the last couple of decades, Turkey has become an important country of immigration. In parallel, a new scholarly field has developed to study this largely unrecognized phenomenon. In this paper, I take stock of this new literature. I first show how students of immigration into Turkey had to define the field in relation to the powerful existing fields studying emigration from Turkey and internal migration in Turkey, as well as how they distinguished between "old" and "new" immigration. I then study the emergence of this field under the lead of Ahmet _Ic, duygu and Kemal Kiris, ci. Later, with the establishment of two central research centres (CARIM and MiReKoc,), the field gained important institutional anchors and attracted many new scholars. Today, the field is characterized by a strong dynamism, a plurality of talented scholars and a diversity of concerns and approaches. Even though the field is still at an early stage, it is bound to grow rapidly, as the phenomenon of migration into Turkey remains a highly strategic and lasting phenomenon. It is therefore crucial for the field to become self-aware of its strength and weaknesses. Consequently, in the final section, I identify important future directions for the field, especially the need for scholars to better understand the diverse political ramifications (foreign and domestic politics) associated with immigration into Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Internal migration movements in Turkey have been a major concern for policy makers, city planners and academicians for decades. To anticipate and regulate these movements it is crucial to understand the factors behind these movements; namely the push and pull factors specific to regions. In this study it is aimed to discover the most effective determinants of the recent internal migration movements in Turkey. With this aim the internal migration patterns in 2008-2012 are examined by provinces in the context of push and pull factors of migration using a macro approach. A panel dataset is constructed by employing the available data covering time series of the economic, social and environmental aspects of provinces as well as the provincial migration movements. With this dataset it is attempted to find out the determinants of internal migration in Turkey by using panel data analysis methods. The economic factors such as job and high income opportunities; factors related to better living conditions such as education, health care and security are expected to play a significant role in pulling internal migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)